| 1. |
- Carlson, Raul, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Establishing common primary data for environmental overview of product life cycles. Users, perspectives, methods, data and information systems
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report describes how information about the environmental performance of products over their life cycles can be accessed anywhere and by any stakeholder throughout the product life cycle. Particular consideration has been given to different ways of performing a life cycle assessment (LCA). The report covers different users of environmental product information, the various methods and tools used to produce and disseminate that information, and the primary data needed for those methods and tools. The report also outlines an information system organisation for potential use as a cooperative approach to supporting stakeholders of product life cycles with environmental information. Chapter 2 contains a comprehensive (albeit not exhaustive) list of perspectives from which a stakeholder may environmentally view and assess products. A number of examples are given to describe reasons people have in practice for applying each perspective. The intention is to ensure that users find the methods and tools in chapter 3 to be truly relevant. Chapter 3 lists and presents methods and tools for assessing environmental performance, for acquiring information about environmental impacts, and for providing information on environmental properties of products. Particular emphasis is placed on the different types of LCA that have been identified, how they differ, how to use them, and their differing data requirements. Chapter 4 lists and presents the data and information that are used or produced by the methods and tools described in Chapter 3. This chapter includes discussion of data availability, data quality issues and data formatting. Chapter 5 proposes an information system organisation and design taking into account all perspectives and practical needs as described in Chapter 2, as well as all information and data issues described in Chapter 4. Particular attention is paid to the need for compatibility with existing systems, the technical and economic feasibility of building small systems instead of large ones, and the necessity of a short payback time for all investments, particularly those in the private sector. In chapter 6 the authors present outline recommendations for further work.
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| 2. |
- de Zwart, Dick, et al.
(författare)
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Toward Harmonizing Ecotoxicity Characterization in Life Cycle Impact Assessment
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 37:12, s. 2955-2971
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecosystem quality is an important area of protection in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Chemical pollution has adverse impacts on ecosystems on a global scale. To improve methods for assessing ecosystem impacts, the Life Cycle Initiative hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme established a task force to evaluate the state-of-the-science in modeling chemical exposure of organisms and the resulting ecotoxicological effects for use in LCIA. The outcome of the task force work will be global guidance and harmonization by recommending changes to the existing practice of exposure and effect modeling in ecotoxicity characterization. These changes will reflect the current science and ensure the stability of recommended practice. Recommendations must work within the needs of LCIA in terms of 1) operating on information from any inventory reporting chemical emissions with limited spatiotemporal information, 2) applying best estimates rather than conservative assumptions to ensure unbiased comparison with results for other impact categories, and 3) yielding results that are additive across substances and life cycle stages and that will allow a quantitative expression of damage to the exposed ecosystem. We describe the current framework and discuss research questions identified in a roadmap. Primary research questions relate to the approach toward ecotoxicological effect assessment, the need to clarify the method's scope and interpretation of its results, the need to consider additional environmental compartments and impact pathways, and the relevance of effect metrics other than the currently applied geometric mean of toxicity effect data across species. Because they often dominate ecotoxicity results in LCIA, we give metals a special focus, including consideration of their possible essentiality and changes in environmental bioavailability. We conclude with a summary of key questions along with preliminary recommendations to address them as well as open questions that require additional research efforts.
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| 3. |
- Holmquist, Hanna, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Choosing a rain coating – life cycle assessment to guide substitution of hazardous durable water repellent chemistry
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many actors in the textile industry are currently substituting hazardous long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). One application of PFAS in the textile industry is in finishing to impart water (and oil) resistance to the textile (chemicals that provide this function are called durable water repellents; DWR). In a review of properties of the DWRs that are alternatives to DWRs containing long-chain PFASs, we could show that several of the alternatives also have hazardous properties and that a substitution of the DWR may lead to a shift in the environmental burden of the garment, e.g. by the need of more frequent wash or shorter life length. It is clear that to achieve an environmentally sound substitution thorough assessment of the alternatives is needed. The project Substitution in Practice of Prioritized Fluorinated Chemicals to Eliminate Diffuse Sources (SUPFES, www.supfes.eu, funded by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) under grant agreement No. 2012-2148) set out to guide this substitution by assessment of the DWR alternatives, both with regards to their functionality and the environmental consequences of their use. In life cycle assessments (LCA) the environmental performance of four different types of garments (two types of shell jackets, an ambulance jacket and a children’s overall), meeting different user protection needs, are investigated. The LCAs are intended to make possible a holistic assessment where toxicological hazards as well as risks of problem shifting (e.g. between impact categories) are addressed. Connected with technical performance testing of the DWR alternatives the LCAs allow for a unique possibility to include also functionality aspects. One important prerequisite for the LCAs is the availability of characterisation factors for (eco)toxicological effects and a review of existing characterisation factors (CF) for textile chemicals showed that CFs are missing for many DWR-related substances. The calculation of new CFs with UseTox 2.01 made it clear that several of the DWR-related substances are particularly difficult to model due to physical-chemical properties affecting their fate. In addition, many of the substances are persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) or very persistent and very mobile (vPvM) and as such their environmental consequences may not be well captured by existing life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods, if for example relevant accumulation compartments are not included in the models. In this contribution we will report on our results from the SUPFES project’s screening LCAs on the four garments and these results’ implications for the DWR substitution case. Which DWR alternative will provide sufficient functionality and environmental soundness, making possible a substitution lasting in the long run? We will also use these cases as basis for the discussion about LCIA methods and practices suitable in substitution cases involving PBT or vPvM substances in general, and PFAS in particular.
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| 4. |
- Holmquist, Hanna, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Implementing a life cycle perspective in chemical alternatives assessment - the case of per- an polyfluoroalkyl substances in textile applications
- 2018
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Informed chemical substitution is about eliminating chemicals that give rise to unacceptable (eco)toxicological risks, while avoiding problem shifting within a product’s or chemical’s life cycle, or between types of impacts. For this reason, the life cycle perspective becomes crucial. Chemical alternatives assessment (CAA) has been increasingly in focus in the last years, and life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle thinking are part of the more comprehensive CAA methods available. However, more detailed guidance is lacking and few practical examples have been published. A substitution case of current relevance is the phase-out of hazardous per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from durable water repellent (DWR) textile applications. Alternatives are sought which offer sustained technical performance but an improved environmental and human health profile compared to the hazardous PFAS. To support an informed substitution of hazardous PFAS, and complement our previous hazard assessment, we have conducted an LCA to compare environmental and human health impacts across DWR alternatives on a functional basis. Based on this case we were also able to further elaborate on the inclusion of the life cycle perspective in a CAA framework by identifying both possibilities and challenges. We conclude that the inclusion of a life cycle perspective in CAA is crucial for an informed and sustainable substitution, as lack of life cycle thinking can lead to problem shifting. We show that LCA, with its focus on function, is a tool that can identify such problem shifting as well as the key chemical properties to be considered. Consideration of (eco)toxicological effects in such an assessment can however turn out to be difficult, especially for substances such as the PFAS if they are outside the domain of the LCIA model. In the case under study here we conclude that the DWR should be selected with three main considerations: (i) the intrinsic hazard properties of the chemistry, selecting the DWR associated with the lowest hazard but, (ii) providing the functionality as needed and, (iii) giving the garment the longest life length.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Barbro, 1954, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic Children's Foodscapes: Images and Reflections
- 2009
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Ingår i: Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study of the different food messages that children encounter and their own reflections of these messages was carried out among fifty-nine children from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The children took photos of their "foodscapes," including school, home, shops, streets, cafés and restaurants. The themes were healthy and unhealthy food, everyday and festive food and their favorite food. The children were well aware of common understandings of healthy/unhealthy food. They labeled fruit, vegetables and fiber-rich foods as healthy and foods rich in sugar, fat and salt as unhealthy. Unhealthy eatables belonged to festive contexts, such as cozy evenings and birthday parties. The everyday food in school and at home was considered healthier, often consisting of well-composed meals including vegetables. The children's favorite foods belonged to both the healthy and unhealthy categories. The children also dealt with the contradictions between everyday healthy food and unhealthy festive food, which involved adjusting to different social and spatial contexts.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Noda, H., et al.
(författare)
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Development of Evaluation Model for Substation Damage
- 2011
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Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0885-8977 .- 1937-4208. ; 26:3, s. 1920-1926
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Society's demand for power is constantly increasing. To overcome the strains, substations are more commonly being built within urban areas. This has its shortcomings, since a substation poses a level of risk. For the first time, the development of an evaluation model for costs associated with substation incidents in urban areas was achieved by Toshiba with the cooperation of the Chalmers University of Technology. This paper discusses an evaluation model for quantifying damages in comparison between a gas-insulated transformer (GIT) and an oil-immersed transformer (OIT) in urban areas. The related damage costs associated with transformer failure during its operation are studied within this paper. The findings from the case study, utilizing a hypothetical scenario setting, were that the damage cost of OIT is in the range of U.S.$1M-$4M and that of the GIT is about U.S.$0.5M-$1.2M.
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| 8. |
- Peters, Gregory, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon footprints in the textile industry
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Textiles and Clothing. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 9780081001691 - 9780081001875 ; , s. 3-30
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Peters, Greg, et al.
(författare)
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LCA on fast and slow garment prototypes
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report summarises the environmental assessment work done in the Mistra Future Fashion program focussed on the potential to improve the environmental performance of garments and adapt them to a circular economy. The approaches examined in this report include reducing the environmental impacts from fast-fashion trends by making garments from paper-based materials, or by extending garment life cycles.This assessment considers two paper-based garments. One is made primarily from paper pulp but enhanced with a polylactic acid polymer. This garment is worn between two to five times before being recycled as newspaper. The other fast garment is made of paper pulp, polylactic acid and nanocellulose. It has a similar life cycle but is composted after use life. These garments are compared with a standard t-shirt. The report also considers a slow-paced scenario in which a polyester garment passes between several owners and is regularly changed to maintain its appeal. It is updated with a transfer sublimation overprint three times, making the garment darker each time. Later it is joined with an outer shell of new material using laser technology to make a cropped, box-cut jacket.The assessment was performed using environmental life cycle assessment. More particularly, the assessment was based on attributional process analysis with cutoff allocation procedures and comparison with a traditional reference garment life cycle. Key environmental effect categories considered here include climate change (greenhouse gas emissions), freshwater eutrophication, freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer).The results indicate that the environmental outcomes of the paper-based garments can be competitive with the reference garment, particularly when the user is assumed to throw away a fully functional reference garment after five uses. This assumption may be true for some users, but the number of uses is considerably lower than the typical or the potential lifespan of the reference garment. The main factor assisting the paper-based garments is the reduction in the impacts per mass associated with material manufacturing (fibres, spinning, knitting), and also their lighter masses. Avoided impacts in the use phase play a secondary role on account of their location in Sweden with its low-carbon energy mix. The long-life garments are also competitive compared with their reference garments. This is primarily a consequence of how extending garment life avoids the production of new garments. The environmental impacts associated with transfer sublimation dye reprinting and laser processing do not significantly impact the overall environmental performance of the extended longlife garments, though confidentiality of data prevents a full assessment of these.The garments in this report are pilot products and explorative scenarios rather than attempts to model existing business or behavioural patterns. The reader should therefore take care to keep the results in context when interpreting them. Nevertheless, the results suggest the value of pursuing the potential associated with these garment life cycles. We should also bear in mind that while the reference garments in this assessment are based on typical usage patterns, other more sustainable patterns are feasible.
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| 10. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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A Function‐Based Approach for Life Cycle Management of Chemicals in the Textile Industry
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:1273, s. 1-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Consumer products such as clothes and footwear sometimes contain chemical substances with properties that pose a risk to human health and the environment. These substances, restricted by law or company policy, are in focus for chemicals management processes by textile retailers. However, complex and non‐transparent supply chains, and limited chemical knowledge, makes chemicals management challenging. Therefore, a function‐based approach for life cycle management (LCM) of chemicals was developed, based on results of previous projects and evaluated using a two‐step Delphi process. The resulting approach aims to help retailers identify and substitute hazardous substances in products, and consists of three parts: (i) a function‐based chemicals management concept model for different levels of chemical information within the supply chain, (ii) tools for non‐chemists which explain chemical information, and (iii) a continuous provision of knowledge to stakeholders (e.g., retailers) in a network. This approach is successfully implemented by over 100 retailers in the Nordic countries, providing the textile industry with practical and robust tools to manage and substitute hazardous chemicals in products and production processes. We conclude that the developed approach provides an explicit link, communication, and knowledge sharing between actors in the supply chain, which has proven important in chemicals LCM.
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| 11. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977
(författare)
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Advancing life cycle assessment of textile products to include textile chemicals. Inventory data and toxicity impact assessment
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Textile products are used by almost everybody throughout the world, fulfilling basic human needs such as keeping us warm and contributing to our social position. Every year the global textile industry delivers close to 100 million metric tonnes of new products to the market. The volume of products gives a hint also to the magnitude of the environmental burden of the textile industry.The major environmental impacts of textile products arise from emissions of toxic substances and use of water and energy in the production phase of the life cycle. Among these, impacts from emissions of toxic substances are particularly difficult to assess. In this thesis life cycle assessment (LCA) is used to study the environmental impact of textile products. The holistic perspective of LCA reduces the risk that new solutions for textile production technology, aimed at reducing pollution, will simply shift the environmental impact from one life cycle phase to another, or from one type of environmental impact to another. The objective of the research has been to develop LCA methodology for assessing toxicity impacts so that LCA can provide holistic guidance towards improving the environmental performance of textile products. However, LCA face challenges concerning both inventory and modelling of toxicity impacts of textile chemicals.Three research questions are answered: (1) does LCA provide additional knowledge regarding toxicity impacts compared to other less time-consuming environmental assessment methods, (2) which LCA data gaps are most important to fill in order to cover the most common processes and chemicals in the textile industry, and (3) can methodology be developed to fill prioritized LCA data gaps at a reasonable demand of time and competence?It is concluded that the main benefit of using LCA to assess the toxicity impact of textile chemicals lies in the potential for expressing the environmental performance quantitatively, in comparison to qualitative, semi-quantitative and management routine-focused methods. The thesis presents a framework for systematizing the life cycle inventory of textile processes and methodology for matching the inventory results with characterisation factors in the impact assessment. The framework includes a set of 30 life cycle inventories of common textile processes. The framework, methods and life cycle inventories are transparently documented in order to enable inclusion of additional processes in the future.
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| 12. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Calculating the toxicity footprint of Swedish clothing consumption
- 2017
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Ingår i: 1. 8th International Conference on Life Cycle Management, 3-6 September, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- One of the major environmental challenges of the textile industry is the emissions of toxic substances during the production of textiles. It is therefore vital that toxicity impact potential is included when calculating the environmental impact of textile products with life cycle assessment (LCA). Generally, toxicity is considered a weak point in LCA, and specifically for LCA of textile products there is a lack of guidance in the literature. This paper shares the experiences from using USEtox 2.0 for calculating the toxicity footprint of Swedish clothing consumption. The most commonly occurring garments, production processes and related toxic emissions were inventoried for the Swedish clothing consumption. The selected case offered the possibility to compare a variety of bio-based as well as synthetic materials and their production processes. The inventoried substances were matched against existing databases for USEtox characterization factors (CF): the USEtox databases and COSMEDE. For the substances that did not have any CF, USEtox 2.0 was used to calculate new CF. The potential contribution to freshwater ecotoxicity from the Swedish clothing consumption was calculated to 7.9 billion CTUe which can be interpreted as 7.9 cubic kilometres of freshwater where 50% of the species in the ecosystem are exposed daily to a concentration above their EC50. It was found that background processes in the life cycle (exhaust gases from fuel combustion, leakage of substances from mining waste etc.) accounted for 5.5 billion CTUe, or 70%. Direct emissions of toxic substances from the foreground processes (dyestuff, solvents, pesticides etc.) accounted for 2.4 billion CTUe, or 30%. It is important to note that there is a considerable amount of uncertainty in these values.An interesting discovery was that the wet treatment (dyeing and finishing) had the largest contribution to freshwater ecotoxicity impact, both regarding background and foreground processes. The cotton fibre production, infamous for its use of pesticides, had only the second largest contribution, followed by the yarn production. The paper concludes that emissions of toxic substances from textile production are an important environmental aspect to include in LCA studies of textile products. The results also contribute to the understanding of the order of magnitude that use and emissions from textile chemicals have in relation to a nations total clothing consumption. Sharing the experiences from the study can facilitate the inclusion of toxic substances in future LCA studies of textiles and other products.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Three methods for strategic product toxicity assessment - the case of the cotton T-shirt
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 20:7, s. 903-912
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The use and emission of chemicals and the intrinsic toxic properties of some of these chemicals are an important topic in the textile industry. Quantitative evaluation of toxic impacts is a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach, termed “toxic footprint” in this article. We ask whether calculation of toxic footprints is a useful method to steer the textile industry towards more sustainable use of chemicals. Methods: Three different methods by which strategic product toxicity assessment can be performed within the context of LCA are illustrated and compared using a wet treatment process for a cotton T-shirt as the basis of a case study. The methods are the USEtox model chosen for the European Product Environmental Footprint work, the Score System presented in the European Commission’s Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for the Textiles Industry, and the Strategy Tool presented by Askham. The methods are compared in terms of their ease of use and whether the results give a consistent evaluation of a set of chemicals. Results and discussion: New USEtox characterisation factors for textile chemicals were calculated and used for this article. The results show that the three methods do not give a consistent evaluation of the different wet treatment chemicals. Both the Score System and the Strategy Tool are very concerned with persistent contaminants such as the optical brightener in this case study, which is deemed to be less important by USEtox. The calculations also show how the results generated by the USEtox model depend on whether users apply (1) only the recommended characterisation factors or (2) these and the interim characterisation factors or (3) these and the new characterisation factors calculated for this article. Conclusions and recommendations: With current policy initiatives such as the Product Environmental Footprint now being applied for textile products, toxicity assessment will by default be performed in the LCA of textiles. It is important that the results are relevant and representative as the intended users are supposed to take actions based on them. Confidence in the results is crucial for a scientific method, and therefore, this exploratory comparison exercise shows how benchmarking can be a tool to make the differences in background assumptions explicit, to better understand the differences in the results, and help create such confidence.
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| 16. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977
(författare)
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Towards Sustainable Use of Chemicals in the Textile Industry: How life cycle assessment can contribute
- 2015
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of chemicals in the textile industry is a topic that has been given increasing attention in recent years. Hazardous chemicals are found in textile consumer products on a regular basis, and there is an increased awareness of the health and environmental impact caused by emissions of hazardous chemicals in the countries where textile production occurs. There is a need for practical tools that can be used to assess and reduce the exposure of people and nature to harmful chemicals.Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a quantitative tool that evaluates the environmental pressures and benefits associated with the full life cycle of products or services, potentially comprising a broad range of environmental impact categories, such as climate change, acidification, resource depletion and toxicity. However, accounting for the use and emission of chemicals is a weak point in LCA practice and calculating the toxicity impact is a weak point of LCA methodology, and therefore, toxicity impacts are habitually excluded from LCA studies. The drawbacks of excluding toxicity in environmental evaluations are especially critical in assessment of textile products since the textile industry is an intense user of chemicals, both for fibre production and during the textile manufacturing process. The research presented in the thesis and the two papers intends to improve LCA methodology and practice so that use and emissions of textile chemicals can be included in LCA studies of textile products, and the results thereof can provide useful guidance to decision makers in the textile industry. Three research questions are answered: 1) if the toxicity impact potential of textile chemicals is covered in LCA studies of textile products, 2) if the environmental performance ranking of textile products will be affected by including the toxicity impact potential of textile chemicals in LCA studies and 3) what the main challenges are in using LCA to assess the toxicity impact potential of textile chemicals. The research method has been designed to explore the challenges and suggest improvements to LCA methodology based on literature studies, case studies and triangulation with other applicable methods for calculation of toxicity impact potential. It is concluded that the toxicity impact potential of textile chemicals is today only to a marginal extent covered in LCA studies of textile products. The use and emission of textile chemicals are in general excluded from life cycle inventories. In some cases where textile chemicals have been included in the inventory they are still excluded from the toxicity assessment. It is further concluded that the total environmental performance ranking of textile products can be affected by including the toxicity impact potential of textile chemicals in LCA studies. In addition, quantification of toxicity impacts in LCA allows for the comparative significance of chemicals to be revealed. By providing such knowledge LCA allows thus for comparison of the effectiveness of different management interventions. Several challenges have been identified which must be overcome for LCA to contribute to the sustainable use of chemicals in the textile industry. The main challenges are the complexity of calculating toxicity impact potential in LCA: the complexity of the textile production chain; the diversity in both the use and properties of textile chemicals; the lack of guidance in the area in the literature and the lack of validation methods. If these challenges are addressed, LCA can contribute to a sustainable use of chemicals in the textile industry with its quantitative approach, its life cycle perspective and its holistic view of environmental impact.
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| 17. |
- Roos, Sandra, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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USEtox characterisation factors for textile chemicals based on a transparent data source selection strategy
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 23:4, s. 890-903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Life cycle assessments (LCAs) of textile products which do not include the use and emission of textile chemicals, such as dyes, softeners and water-repellent agents,will give non-comprehensive results for the toxicity impact potential. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to provide a set of characterisation factors (CFs) for some of the most common textile chemicals and (2) to propose a data source selection strategy in order to increase transparency when calculating new CFs. Methods A set of 72 common textile-related substances was matched with the USEtox 2.01, USEtox 1.01 and the COSMEDE databases in order to investigate coverage and coherence. For the 25 chemicals that did not already have established CFs in any of these databases, new CFs were calculated. A data source selection strategy was developed and followed in order to ensure consistency and transparency,and USEtox 2.01 was used for calculations. The parameters that caused the most uncertainty were identified during the modelling and strategies for handling them were developed. Results and discussion Of the 72 textile-related substances, 48 already had calculated recommended or indicative CFs in existing databases, which showed good coherence. The main uncertainty identified during the calculation of 25 new CFs was the selection of input data regarding toxicity and degradation in water. However, for substances such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the acid dissociation constant (pKa) and partitioning coefficients (Kow and KOC)also require special considerations. Other input parameters had less than one order of magnitude impact on the CF result for essentially all substances. Conclusions The paper presents a strategy for how to provide a complete set of toxicity CFs for a given list of substances. In addition, such a set of CFs for common textile-related substances is presented. The data source selection strategy provides a structured and transparent way of calculating additional CFs for textile chemicals with USEtox. Consequently, this study can help future LCA studies to provide relevant guidance towards environmentally benign chemical management in the textile industry.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Sandin, Gustav A, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental assessment of Swedish clothing consumption - six garments, sustainable futures
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this work was to map and understand the current environmental impact of Swedish clothing consumption. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impact of six garments: a T-shirt, a pair of jeans, a dress, a jacket, a pair of socks, and a hospital uniform, using indicators of climate impact (also called “carbon footprint”), energy use, water scarcity, land use impact on soil quality, freshwater ecotoxicity, and human toxicity. The environmental impact of the six garments was then scaled up to represent Swedish national clothing consumption over one year.In addition to fulfilling this aim, the report is a unique and rich source of transparently documented inventory data on a large number of textile processes – hopefully this can be of use for other LCA practitioners. The report updates Roos et al. (2015), which was the first detailed LCA study of Swedish clothing consumption at the national level. Since the publication of the first edition, several LCA studies of textile production processes and global apparel consumption have been published, which have enabled us to refine the inventory model and benchmark the results.The work was done in Mistra Future Fashion, a cross-disciplinary research program in 2011-2019 which aimed to enable a systemic change in the Swedish fashion industry leading to sustainable development in industry and society.
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