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| 2. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 5. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 6. |
- Haenssle, H A, et al.
(författare)
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Man against machine: diagnostic performance of a deep learning convolutional neural network for dermoscopic melanoma recognition in comparison to 58 dermatologists.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Annals of Oncology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-8041 .- 0923-7534. ; 29:8, s. 1836-1842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNN) may facilitate melanoma detection, but data comparing a CNN's diagnostic performance to larger groups of dermatologists are lacking.Google's Inception v4 CNN architecture was trained and validated using dermoscopic images and corresponding diagnoses. In a comparative cross-sectional reader study a 100-image test-set was used (level-I: dermoscopy only; level-II: dermoscopy plus clinical information and images). Main outcome measures were sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) for diagnostic classification (dichotomous) of lesions by the CNN versus an international group of 58 dermatologists during level-I or -II of the reader study. Secondary end points included the dermatologists' diagnostic performance in their management decisions and differences in the diagnostic performance of dermatologists during level-I and -II of the reader study. Additionally, the CNN's performance was compared with the top-five algorithms of the 2016 International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) challenge.In level-I dermatologists achieved a mean (±standard deviation) sensitivity and specificity for lesion classification of 86.6% (±9.3%) and 71.3% (±11.2%), respectively. More clinical information (level-II) improved the sensitivity to 88.9% (±9.6%, P=0.19) and specificity to 75.7% (±11.7%, P<0.05). The CNN ROC curve revealed a higher specificity of 82.5% when compared with dermatologists in level-I (71.3%, P<0.01) and level-II (75.7%, P<0.01) at their sensitivities of 86.6% and 88.9%, respectively. The CNN ROC AUC was greater than the mean ROC area of dermatologists (0.86 versus 0.79, P<0.01). The CNN scored results close to the top three algorithms of the ISBI 2016 challenge.For the first time we compared a CNN's diagnostic performance with a large international group of 58 dermatologists, including 30 experts. Most dermatologists were outperformed by the CNN. Irrespective of any physicians' experience, they may benefit from assistance by a CNN's image classification.This study was registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (DRKS-Study-ID: DRKS00013570; https://www.drks.de/drks_web/).
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| 7. |
- Liopyris, Konstantinos, et al.
(författare)
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Expert agreement on the presence and spatial localization of melanocytic features in dermoscopy.
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Journal of investigative dermatology. - 1523-1747. ; 144:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dermoscopy aids in melanoma detection; however, agreement on dermoscopic features, including those of high clinical relevance, remains poor. Herein we attempted to evaluate agreement among experts on 'exemplar images' not only for the presence of melanocytic-specific features but also for spatial localization. This was a cross-sectional, multicenter, observational study. Dermoscopy images exhibiting at least one of 31 melanocytic-specific features were submitted by 25 world experts as 'exemplars'. Using a web-based platform that allows for image mark-up of specific contrast-defined regions (superpixels), 20 expert readers annotated 248 dermoscopic images in collections of 62 images. Each collection was reviewed by five independent readers. A total of 4,507 feature observations were performed. Good-to-excellent agreement was found for 14 of 31 features (45.2%), with 8 achieving excellent agreement (Gwet's AC >0.75) and 7 of them being melanoma-specific features. These features were: 'Peppering /Granularity' (0.91); 'Shiny White Streaks' (0.89); 'Typical Pigment network' (0.83); 'Blotch Irregular' (0.82); 'Negative Network' (0.81); 'Irregular Globules' (0.78); 'Dotted Vessels' (0.77) and 'Blue Whitish Veil' (0.76). By utilizing an exemplar dataset, good-to-excellent agreement was found for 14 features that have previously been shown useful in discriminating nevi from melanoma. All images are public (www.isic-archive.com) and can be used for education, scientific communication and machine learning experiments.
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| 8. |
- Maurotti, Samantha, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of C-Peptide Replacement Therapy on Bone Microarchitecture Parameters in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Calcified tissue international. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0827 .- 0171-967X. ; 107, s. 266-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C-peptide therapy protects against diabetic micro- and macrovascular damages and neuropatic complications. However, to date, the role of C-peptide in preventing diabetes-related bone loss has not been investigated. Our aim was to evaluate if C-peptide infusion improves bone quality in diabetic rats. Twenty-three male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group; sham diabetic control group; diabetic plus C-peptide group. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection and C-peptide was delivered subcutaneously for 6weeks. We performed micro-CT and histological testing to assess several trabecular microarchitectural parameters. At the end, diabetic plus C-peptide rats had a higher serum C-peptide (p=0.02) and calcium (p=0.04) levels and tibia weight (p=0.02) than the diabetic control group. The diabetic plus C-peptide group showed a higher trabecular thickness and cross-sectional thickness than the diabetic control group (p=0.01 and p=0.03). Both the normal control and diabetic plus C-peptide groups had more Runx-2 and PLIN1 positive cells in comparison with the diabetic control group (p=0.045 and p=0.034). Diabetic rats receiving C-peptidehad higher quality of trabecular bone than diabetic rats not receiving this treatment. If confirmed, C-peptide could have a role in improving bone quality in diabetes.
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| 9. |
- Russo, Pasquale, et al.
(författare)
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Lactobacillus plantarum strains for multifunctional oat-based foods
- 2016
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Ingår i: LWT - Food Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0023-6438. ; 68, s. 288-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fermented oat-based foods offer attractive prospects within the market of non-dairy functional products, since they are suitable substrates for the delivery of probiotic microorganisms, and are significant sources of dietary fiber, both insoluble and soluble such as β-glucan, good quality fat and other phytochemicals important for human health.In the present work, whole oat flour was fermented with probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strains to produce new functional foods with improved nutritional and technological features. Viability of the probiotic and the main technological, physico-chemical, nutritional and sensorial parameters were monitored at 7, 14 and 21 days of cold storage. The microbial survival was higher than 5x108 cfu g-1 at the end of the shelf life. After the fermentation step, viscosity was higher in products inoculated with the exopolysaccharide-producing L. plantarum strain Lp90. However, a subsequent viscosity reduction was detected in all the samples throughout the storage period, consistent with the observed concentration decrease of the oat β-glucan. Vitamin B2 content was about two-fold higher in products fermented by the riboflavin-overproducing LpB2, and in these samples the riboflavin concentration further increased during cold storage.
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| 10. |
- Russo, Teresa, et al.
(författare)
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Indications for Digital Monitoring of Patients With Multiple Nevi: Recommendations from the International Dermoscopy Society
- 2022
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Ingår i: Dermatology Practical and Conceptual. - : Mattioli1885. - 2160-9381. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: In patients with multiple nevi, sequential imaging using total body skin photography (TBSP) coupled with digital dermoscopy (DD) documentation reduces unnecessary excisions and improves the early detection of melanoma. Correct patient selection is essential for optimizing the efficacy of this diagnostic approach. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to identify, via expert consensus, the best indications for TBSP and DD follow-up. Methods: This study was performed on behalf of the International Dermoscopy Society (IDS). We attained consensus by using an e-Delphi methodology. The panel of participants included international experts in dermoscopy. In each Delphi round, experts were asked to select from a list of indications for TBSP and DD. Results: Expert consensus was attained after 3 rounds of Delphi. Participants considered a total nevus count of 60 or more nevi or the presence of a CDKN2A mutation sufficient to refer the patient for digital monitoring. Patients with more than 40 nevi were only considered an indication in case of personal history of melanoma or red hair and/or a MC1R mutation or history of organ transplantation. Conclusions: Our recommendations support clinicians in choosing appropriate follow-up regimens for patients with multiple nevi and in applying the time-consuming procedure of sequential imaging more efficiently. Further studies and real-life data are needed to confirm the usefulness of this list of indications in clinical practice.
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