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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 4. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Jönsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Titrating polyelectrolytes - Variational calculations and Monte Carlo simulations
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3654 .- 1541-5740. ; 100:1, s. 409-417
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variational methods are used to calculate structural and thermodynamical properties of a titrating polyelectrolyte in a discrete representation. In the variational treatment, the Coulomb potentials are emulated by harmonic repulsive forces between all monomers; the force constants are used as variational parameters. The accuracy of the variational approach is tested against Monte Carlo data. Excellent agreement is obtained for the end-to-end separation and the apparent dissociation constant for the unscreened Coulomb chain. The short-range screened Coulomb potential is more difficult to handle variationally, and its structural features are less well described, although the thermodynamic properties are predicted with the same accuracy as for the unscreened chain. The number of variational parameters is on the order of N2, where N is the number of monomers, and the computational effort scales like N3. In addition, a simplified variational procedure with only two parameters is pursued, based on a rigid-rod approximation of the polymer. It gives surprisingly good accuracy for certain physical properties.
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| 7. |
- Jönsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Variational approach to correlations in charged polymers
- 1993
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007. ; 71:3, s. 376-379
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A deterministic algorithm for calculating polymer properties is presented. It is based on a variational approach where the bond and Coulomb potentials are approximated by a quadratic trial energy. The parameters which describe average atom positions and Gaussian fluctuations, are the solutions of matrix equations. By a judicious choice of parameter representations and the use of incremental matrix inversion, an efficient iterative algorithm is constructed that is several orders of magnitude faster than Monte Carlo methods. The method is explored numerically at realistic temperatures with results that agree within 5% with those of Monte Carlo calculations.
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| 8. |
- Jönsson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Variational approach to the structure and thermodynamics of linear polyelectrolytes with Coulomb and screened Coulomb interactions
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0022-3654 .- 1541-5740. ; 99:4, s. 1251-1266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A variational approach, based on a discrete representation of the chain, is used to calculate free energy and conformational properties in polyelectrolytes. The true bond and Coulomb potentials are approximated by a trial isotropic harmonic energy containing force constants between all monomer-pairs as variational parameters. By a judicious choice of representation and the use of incremental matrix inversion, an efficient and fast-convergent iterative algorithm is constructed, that optimizes the free energy. The computational demand scales as N3 rather than N4, as expected in a more naive approach. The method has the additional advantage that in contrast to Monte Carlo calculations the entropy is easily computed. An analysis of the high- and low-temperature limits is given. Also, the variational formulation is shown to respect the appropriate virial identities. The accuracy of the approximations introduced is tested against Monte Carlo simulations for problem sizes ranging from N = 20 to 1024. Very good accuracy is obtained for chains with unscreened Coulomb interactions. The addition of salt is described through a screened Coulomb interaction, for which the accuracy in a certain parameter range turns out to be inferior to the unscreened case. The reason is that the harmonic variational Ansatz becomes less efficient with shorter range interactions. As a byproduct a very efficient Monte Carlo algorithm was developed for comparisons, providing high statistics data for very large sizes-2048 monomers. The Monte Carlo results are also used to examine scaling properties, based on low-T approximations to end-end and monomer-monomer separations. It is argued that the former increases faster than linearly with the number of bonds.
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| 9. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Ullner, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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A Monte Carlo study of titrating polyelectrolytes
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 104:8, s. 3048-3057
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monte Carlo simulations have been used to study three different models for linear, titrating polyelectrolytes in a salt-free environment: (i) a rigid polymer with rigid bonds (rigid rod); (ii) a flexible polymer with rigid bonds; and (iii) a flexible polymer with flexible bonds. The use of a very efficient pivot algorithm has made it possible to simulate very long chains, with up to several thousand titrating groups. The results have been compared to a mean field approximation for a rigid rod and variational results emanating from a Flory type approach. It is found that the rigid rod mean field model gives a qualitatively correct description for the apparent dissociation constant for all three models. At room temperature, the energy contribution to the apparent dissociation constant often dominates over the entropic term, which partly explains the relative success of this approach. In the case of flexible bonds, both the conformational behavior and the behavior of the apparent dissociation constant are well described by a variational ansatz with a quadratic term, largely thanks to the harmonicity of the bonds themselves. The approach is less successful for rigid bonds, which becomes evident for highly charged chains where a harmonic entropy term is incorrect. This can be remedied by replacing it with an expression valid in the strong coupling regime. Empirical scaling expressions have also been found, primarily for the end-to-end distance.
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| 12. |
- Ullner, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The electrostatic persistence length calculated from Monte Carlo, variational and perturbation methods
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - 0021-9606. ; 107:4, s. 1279-1287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Monte Carlo simulations and variational calculations using a Gaussian ansatz are applied to a model consisting of a flexible linear polyelectrolyte chain as well as to an intrinsically stiff chain with up to 1000 charged monomers. Addition of salt is treated implicitly through a screened Coulomb potential for the electrostatic interactions. For the flexible model the electrostatic persistence length shows roughly three regimes in its dependence on the Debye-Hückel screening length, κ-1. As long as the salt content is low and κ-1 is longer than the end-to-end distance, the electrostatic persistence length varies only slowly with κ-1. Decreasing the screening length, a controversial region is entered. We find that the electrostatic persistence length scales as √ξp/κ, in agreement with experiment on flexible polyelectrolytes, where ξp is a strength parameter measuring the electrostatic interactions within the polyelectrolyte. For screening lengths much shorter than the bond length, the κ-1 dependence becomes quadratic in the variational calculation. The simulations suffer from numerical problems in this regime, but seem to give a relationship half-way between linear and quadratic. A low temperature expansion only reproduces the first regime and a high temperature expansion, which treats the electrostatic interactions as a perturbation to a Gaussian chain, gives a quadratic dependence on the Debye length. For a sufficiently stiff chain, the persistence length varies quadratically with κ-1 in agreement with earlier theories.
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| 13. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 14. |
- Andersson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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A general model for jet fragmentation
- 1983
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. - 0170-9739. ; 20:4, s. 317-329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a general condition on quark fragmentation which gives a hadron distribution satisfying Lorentz invariance and causality. The hadronization can be described as an iterative cascade process, symmetric with respect to iteration from the quark and the antiquark ends. The possible particle distributions are strongly restricted, with few free parameters related to the total multiplicity and corelations in rapidity. These parameters can be given an appealing interpretation in terms of the expected area and perimeter dependence of Wilson loop integrals.
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| 15. |
- Andersson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Recent developments in the Lund fragmentation model
- 2003
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the XXXII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics. - 9812384030 ; , s. 7-10
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new fragmentation model for multigluon strings is presented
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| 16. |
- Andersson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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The lambda-measure and the generalised dipoles in the Lund model
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nuclear Physics, Section B. - 0550-3213. ; 646:1-2, s. 102-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate that the multiple gluon emission phase space in the dipole cascade model has a strong linear correlation with the number of gluons emitted. The number of gluons per unit available phase space at a certain resolution scale is found to be remarkably independent of the cms energy and global event properties like thrust, and even changes in the ordering variable or resolution scale. We show that the distribution of sizes of gluon-gluon dipoles in a parton cascade has stability properties which are sufficient to account for those of the phase space variable. We observe that certain more abstract entities, defined in the context of hadronisation and related to the gluon emission phase space, share those properties of colour dipoles and name them generalised dipoles. We also present an analytical model to qualitatively describe our findings. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Andersson, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Elimination of Rent Control in the Swedish Rental Housing Market : Why and How?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Housing Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1052-7001 .- 2691-1337. ; 21:2, s. 159-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- If housing market rent control is completely eliminated, welfare gains may arise from tenant redistribution. The amount of such welfare gains is estimated at approximately SEK 20 billion (approximately USD 3 billion) for inner Stockholm. In addition, welfare gains may arise from the production of new housing. We demonstrate that total deregulation is preferable to partial deregulation limited to new housing. Furthermore, inefficient overproduction of new housing would follow partial deregulation. Tenants facing rent increases if rent control were phased out would suffer welfare losses, and should be compensated to fulfill the Pareto criterion. Various compensation models could be used, as analyzed here. The amounts necessary to fully compensate tenants in attractive submarkets may be substantial. The Pareto criterion is not necessarily a desirable guideline for politicians if it implies huge wealth redistribution; it is still, however, a natural criterion in connection to all welfare economic analysis.
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| 19. |
- Andersson, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Financing roads and railways with decentralized real estate taxes : The case of Sweden
- 2012
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Ingår i: The annals of regional science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0570-1864 .- 1432-0592. ; 48:3, s. 839-853
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Roads and railways in Sweden are mainly financed with national government taxes. However, the regional distribution of benefits differs widely from that of tax payments. As a consequence, overspending is likely to occur. A condition for efficiency is that the collective of users should pay for such projects. Therefore, we propose a new regional order for financing projects: government expenditures for transportation projects should be transferred to regions as well as the real estate tax to finance them. We present estimates of the size of such expenditures and of the income from real estate taxes following decentralization to regions.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Andersson, Roland, et al.
(författare)
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Internal rents and the ownership of state properties : experiences from Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Corporate Real Estate. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1463-001X .- 1479-1048. ; 13:1, s. 64-76
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that general‐ and special‐purpose properties have to be dealt with differently by the public sector.Design/methodology/approach – Application of standard economic theory concerning pricing of properties and infrastructure. The issues are analyzed based on experiences from Swedish state‐owned properties.Findings – The distinction results in quite different public property management strategies. Special‐purpose properties have no short‐run alternative use and have limited rental and capital values, unlike general‐purpose properties. Thus, to apply a required rate of return based on assumed capital values universally will lead to inefficient use. For special‐purpose properties, short‐run marginal costs (SRMCs) should be charged – no more.Practical implications – General properties owned by the state represent a suitable case for privatization. For special‐purpose properties, only SRMCs should be charged.Originality/value – The paper makes a distinction between two kinds of state‐owned properties; general‐ and special‐purpose properties, and analyzes the important consequences in property management.
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