| 1. |
- Cardwell, Chris R, et al.
(författare)
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Interbirth Interval Is Associated With Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Risk
- 2012
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Ingår i: Diabetes. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 61:3, s. 702-707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Short interbirth interval has been associated with maternal complications and childhood autism and leukemia, possibly due to deficiencies in maternal micronutrients at conception or increased exposure to sibling infections. A possible association between interbirth interval and subsequent risk of childhood type 1 diabetes has not been investigated. A secondary analysis of 14 published observational studies of perinatal risk factors for type 1 diabetes was conducted. Risk estimates of diabetes by category of interbirth interval were calculated for each study. Random effects models were used to calculate pooled odds ratios (ORs) and investigate heterogeneity between studies. Overall, 2,787 children with type 1 diabetes were included. There was a reduction in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in children born to mothers after interbirth intervals andlt;3 years compared with longer interbirth intervals (OR 0.82 [95% CI 0.72-0.93]). Adjustments for various potential confounders little altered this estimate. In conclusion, there was evidence of a 20% reduction in the risk of childhood diabetes in children born to mothers after interbirth intervals andlt;3 years.
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| 2. |
- Holmberg, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Higher prevalence of autoantibodies to insulin and GAD65 in Swedish compared to Lithuanian children with type 1 diabetes
- 2006
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Ingår i: Diabetes Research & Clinical Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8227. ; 72:3, s. 308-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compared the prevalence of beta-cell autoantibodies and genetic risk factors in Sweden and Lithuania. Ninety-six patients from Sweden and 96 from Lithuania matched for age and gender (1–15 years old, median age 9.0 years) were included. We analyzed autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and the protein tyrosine phosphatase like IA-2 (IA-2A) as well as risk-associated polymorphisms of HLA, insulin and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) genes. The frequency of patients positive for IAA and GADA was higher in Sweden than in Lithuania (p=0.043 and 0.032). The differences remained even when the patients were matched for HLA, insulin and CTLA-4 risk genotypes. Patients with low levels of IAA had higher levels of HbA1c and ketones at diagnosis. The frequency of the risk haplotype DR4-DQ8 was higher in Swedish than in Lithuanian patients (p=0.004), as well as the high-risk combination of DR4-DQ8 and DR3-DQ2 haplotypes (p=0.009). Our results suggest that autoimmune process against insulin and GAD65 is more common at diagnosis in children in areas with high incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D), independent of genetic risk markers. Furthermore, the disease in patients with insulin autoantibodies seems to be clinically milder.
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| 3. |
- Skrodeniene, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Associations between HLA class II haplotypes, environmental factors and type 1 diabetes mellitus in Lithuanian children with type 1 diabetes and controls
- 2010
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Ingår i: Polish Annals of Medicine. - Warsaw, Poland : Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o.. - 1230-8013. ; 17:1, s. 7-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction. The onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is determined by genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Aim. The aim of our work was to identify associations between human leukocytes antigen (HLA) class II alleles, environmental factors and T1D in Lithuania. Materials and methods. Our case-control study included 124 diabetic children (mean age 9.19±3.94 years) and 78 controls (mean age 10.77±3.36 years). The age ranged from 0 to 15 years. HLA-DRB1, DQA1 and DQB1 alleles were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction. Information concerning the environmental factors was collected via questionnaires. Results. Logistic regression model indicated that three haplotypes: (DR3)-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201, (DR4)-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 and (DR1)-DQA1 *010-04-DQB1*0501, increased the T1D risk statistically significantly 18.1, 12.3 and 3.4 times, respectively, while (DR11/12/13)-DQA1*05-DQB1*0301 haplotype decreased the risk of T1D 9.1 times. Several different regression models included environmental factors and different sets of risk and protective haplotypes. The results suggest that living in a remote area with lower population density during pregnancy increased the risk of T1D, as well as short breastfeeding, introduction of eggs before 5th month of age and infections during the last 6 months before diagnosis. Smoking during pregnancy as well as rubella and varicella virus infections seemed to decrease the risk of T1D. These associations were revealed while evaluating only environmental factors and when different HLA haplotypes together with environmental factors were included in the regression model. Discussion. The HLA typing shows that the differences in the incidence of T1D between Lithuania and neighboring countries cannot be explained only by genetics, but lifestyle and/or environmental factors should be considered. A number of studies presented here, have shown conflicting results regarding environmental factors and their associations with T1D. Conclusions. Both genetic and environmental factors play a major role in diabetes development and protection. However, even quite rapidly ongoing changes of environmental factors and lifestyle in Lithuania have not helped us to reveal any clear picture.
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| 4. |
- Skrodeniene, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental risk factors in prediction of childhood prediabetes
- 2008
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Ingår i: Medicina (Kaunas). - 1010-660X .- 1648-9144. ; 44:1, s. 56-63
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The damage of beta cells occurs during the asymptomatic prodromal period called prediabetes before onset of diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by the presence of islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs). The aim of this study was to find out what environmental factors predict ICA seroconversion in healthy schoolchildren in Lithuania.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sera from 3053 nondiabetic schoolchildren living in Lithuania were investigated for ICAs. ICAs were measured in undiluted sera by indirect immunofluorescence method. All ICA-positive and randomly selected ICA-negative children were invited to participate in the study. Response rate in the families of ICA-positive children was 100% and in ICA-negative-76.5%. Data from 13 ICA-positive and 199 ICA-negative schoolchildren were included in the analysis. Information on the environmental factors was collected via questionnaires.RESULTS: Proportions of breastfed children were similar in ICA-positive and ICA-negative schoolchildren. Full cow's milk was introduced at one month of age or earlier more often in ICA-positive than ICA-negative schoolchildren (8.3% and 1.1%, respectively; P=0.05). Cereal before 3 months of age was introduced more often in ICA-positive than ICA-negative schoolchildren (7.7% and 0.5%, respectively; P=0.01). The mothers of cases took medicine during pregnancy more often than mothers of controls did (61.5% and 14.1%, respectively; P<0.001). More than half (53.8%) of ICA-positive children lived in homes where family members were smoking indoors, while this was recorded only for 26.6% of controls (P=0.04).CONCLUSIONS: Early introduction of cow's milk and cereal, the intake of medicine during pregnancy, and indoor smoking of family members are risk factors that predict the development of prediabetes among Lithuanian children.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Skrodeniene, Erika, et al.
(författare)
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HLA class II alleles and haplotypes in Lithuanian children with type 1 diabetes and healthy children (HLA and type 1 diabetes)
- 2010
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Ingår i: MEDICINA-LITHUANIA. - : Lithuanian Medical Association, Kaunas University of Medicine, Vilnius University. - 1010-660X. ; 46:8, s. 505-510
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a slowly progressive autoimmune disease. The genetic background of type 1 diabetes mellitus is polygenic with the major disease locus located in the human leukocytes antigen (HLA) region. High risk and protective alleles, haplotypes, and genotypes have been determined in Lithuanian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children. Material and methods. In this case-control study, 124 children with diabetes (55 males and 69 females; mean age, 9.2 +/- 3.9 years) were tested for HLA class II and compared with 78 healthy controls (43 males and 35 females; mean age, 10.8 +/- 3.4 years; range, 0-15 years). HLA DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction. Results. TID risk-associated haplotypes (DR4)-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302, (DR3)-DQAI*0501-DQB1*0201, and (DR1)-DQA1*0101-04-DQB1*0501 were more prevalent among children with diabetes than controls (50.0%, 41.1%, and 37.9% vs. 10.3%, 5.1%, and 24.4%, Pandlt;0.001). The haplotypes (DR4)-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 and ( DR3)-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 increased T1D risk by 8.75 and 12.93 times, respectively (Pandlt;0.001). Protective haplotypes (DR2)-DQA1*0102-B1*0602, (DR11/12/13)-DQAI*05-DQB1*0301, and (DR13)-DQA1*0103-DQB1*0603 were significantly more prevalent among controls than children with diabetes (25.6%, 33.3%, 19.2% vs. 0%, 3.2%, 0%; Pandlt;0.001). These frequencies are quite similar to those from neighbor countries with varying incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions. HLA class II haplotypes associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus positively or negatively were the same in Lithuanian children as in other European Caucasian populations. Differences in incidence and clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes might be due to different environmental factors and/or lifestyle.
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