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- Rytter, Elisabet, 1960-
(författare)
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Effect of Dietary Antioxidants on Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Metabolic Factors : Studies in Subjects with Overweight and with Type 2 Diabetes
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Observational studies have indicated that fruit and vegetables, and dietary antioxidants may play an important role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, potentially by affecting pathogenic mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Clinical trials investigating the effects of supplementation with single or a few antioxidants in high doses have, however, shown inconsistent results and thus have not been able to support the observational findings. It was therefore hypothesised that a supplement, containing a combination of antioxidants mainly extracted from fruit and vegetables, and supplied at moderate doses, might act more beneficially than single antioxidants given at pharmacological doses. The effects of such a supplement were investigated in two interventional studies described in this thesis. The effects on antioxidant status, metabolic control, oxidative stress and inflammation were investigated in overweight men and in patients with type 2 diabetes, subjects that could be expected to have elevated levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory activity. The results of the studies did not support the hypothesis that supplementation with antioxidants from fruit and vegetables may have beneficial effects by counteracting oxidative stress and inflammation, despite markedly increased plasma antioxidant concentrations. However, interesting associations were observed in diabetes patients at baseline between intake of antioxidant rich food as well as levels of antioxidants in plasma, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. These associations are compatible with the hypothesis that a high intake of fruit and vegetables and dietary antioxidants decrease oxidative stress levels, have anti-inflammatory effects and a beneficial influence on glycaemic control. The results also indicated that glycaemic control may affect the level of oxidative stress. The absence of beneficial effects from antioxidants might to some extent be explained by the initial levels of oxidative stress and inflammation and by the antioxidative status in the subjects included in the studies. Since the levels generally were comparable with those observed in healthy subjects, this might have decreased the ability to observe any beneficial effects of supplementation with additional antioxidants. Continued investigations are needed to characterise the individuals who potentially might benefit from antioxidant supplementation. In view of apparent positive effects from a high intake of fruit and vegetables found in observational studies and until more knowledge is available from interventional trials about possible benefits and potential risks of antioxidant supplementation it still seems reasonable to recommend a diet rich in fruit and vegetables.
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| 2. |
- Sørensen, Mette, et al.
(författare)
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Health position paper and redox perspectives - Disease burden by transportation noise; Noise, disease, and redox processes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Redox Biology. - 2213-2317. ; 69
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transportation noise is a ubiquitous urban exposure. In 2018, the World Health Organization concluded that chronic exposure to road traffic noise is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. In contrast, they concluded that the quality of evidence for a link to other diseases was very low to moderate. Since then, several studies on the impact of noise on various diseases have been published. Also, studies investigating the mechanistic pathways underlying noise-induced health effects are emerging. We review the current evidence regarding effects of noise on health and the related disease-mechanisms. Several high-quality cohort studies consistently found road traffic noise to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that road traffic and railway noise may increase the risk of diseases not commonly investigated in an environmental noise context, including breast cancer, dementia, and tinnitus. The harmful effects of noise are related to activation of a physiological stress response and nighttime sleep disturbance. Oxidative stress and inflammation downstream of stress hormone signaling and dysregulated circadian rhythms are identified as major disease-relevant pathomechanistic drivers. We discuss the role of reactive oxygen species and present results from antioxidant interventions. Lastly, we provide an overview of oxidative stress markers and adverse redox processes reported for noise-exposed animals and humans. This position paper summarizes all available epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical evidence of transportation noise as an important environmental risk factor for public health and discusses its implications on the population level.
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