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| 2. |
- Blunden, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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State of the Climate in 2012
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 94:8, s. S1-S258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For the first time in serveral years, the El Nino-Southern Oscillation did not dominate regional climate conditions around the globe. A weak La Ni a dissipated to ENSOneutral conditions by spring, and while El Nino appeared to be emerging during summer, this phase never fully developed as sea surface temperatures in the eastern conditions. Nevertheless, other large-scale climate patterns and extreme weather events impacted various regions during the year. A negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation from mid-January to early February contributed to frigid conditions in parts of northern Africa, eastern Europe, and western Asia. A lack of rain during the 2012 wet season led to the worst drought in at least the past three decades for northeastern Brazil. Central North America also experienced one of its most severe droughts on record. The Caribbean observed a very wet dry season and it was the Sahel's wettest rainy season in 50 years. Overall, the 2012 average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces ranked among the 10 warmest years on record. The global land surface temperature alone was also among the 10 warmest on record. In the upper atmosphere, the average stratospheric temperature was record or near-record cold, depending on the dataset. After a 30-year warming trend from 1970 to 1999 for global sea surface temperatures, the period 2000-12 had little further trend. This may be linked to the prevalence of La Ni a-like conditions during the 21st century. Heat content in the upper 700 m of the ocean remained near record high levels in 2012. Net increases from 2011 to 2012 were observed at 700-m to 2000-m depth and even in the abyssal ocean below. Following sharp decreases in to the effects of La Ni a, sea levels rebounded to reach records highs in 2012. The increased hydrological cycle seen in recent years continued, with more evaporation in drier locations and more precipitation in rainy areas. In a pattern that has held since 2004, salty areas of the ocean surfaces and subsurfaces were anomalously salty on average, while fresher areas were anomalously fresh. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2012 was near average, with a total of 84 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010 and 2011, the North Atlantic was the only hurricane basin that experienced above-normal activity. In this basin, Sandy brought devastation to Cuba and parts of the eastern North American seaboard. All other basins experienced either near-or below-normal tropical cyclone activity. Only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity-all in Bopha became the only storm in the historical record to produce winds greater than 130 kt south of 7 N. It was also the costliest storm to affect the Philippines and killed more than 1000 residents. Minimum Arctic sea ice extent in September and Northern Hemisphere snow cover extent in June both reached new record lows. June snow cover extent is now declining at a faster rate (-17.6% per decade) than September sea ice extent (-13.0% per decade). Permafrost temperatures reached record high values in northernmost Alaska. A new melt extent record occurred on 11-12 July on the Greenland ice sheet; 97% of the ice sheet showed some form of melt, four times greater than the average melt for this time of year. The climate in Antarctica was relatively stable overall. The largest maximum sea ice extent since records begain in 1978 was observed in September 2012. In the stratosphere, warm air led to the second smallest ozone hole in the past two decades. Even so, the springtime ozone layer above Antarctica likely will not return to its early 1980s state until about 2060. Following a slight decline associated with the global 2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production reached a record 9.5 +/- 0.5 Pg C in 2011 and a new record of 9.7 +/- 0.5 Pg C is estimated for 2012. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased by 2.1 ppm in 2012, to 392.6 ppm. In spring 2012, 2 concentration exceeded 400 ppm at 7 of the 13 Arctic observation sites. Globally, other greenhouse gases including methane and nitrous oxide also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 32% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Concentrations of most ozone depleting substances continued to fall.
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| 3. |
- Arndt, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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State of the Climate in 2016
- 2017
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 98:8, s. S1-S280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.
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| 4. |
- Arndt, D. S., et al.
(författare)
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STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2017
- 2018
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Ingår i: Bulletin of The American Meteorological Society - (BAMS). - : American Meteorological Society. - 0003-0007 .- 1520-0477. ; 99:8, s. S1-S310
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 12. |
- Samperio Ventayol, Pilar, et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial detection by NAIP/NLRC4 elicits prompt contractions of intestinal epithelial cell layers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 118:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut epithelium serves to maximize the surface for nutrient and fluid uptake, but at the same time must provide a tight barrier to pathogens and remove damaged intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) without jeopardizing barrier integrity. How the epithelium coordinates these tasks remains a question of significant interest. We used imaging and an optical flow analysis pipeline to study the dynamicity of untransformed murine and human intestinal epithelia, cultured atop flexible hydrogel supports. Infection with the pathogen Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Tm) within minutes elicited focal contractions with inward movements of up to similar to 1,000 IECs. Genetics approaches and chimeric epithelial monolayers revealed contractions to be triggered by the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome, which sensed type-III secretion system and flagellar ligands upon bacterial invasion, converting the local tissue into a contraction epicenter. Execution of the response required swift sublytic Gasdermin D pore formation, ion fluxes, and the propagation of a myosin contraction pulse across the tissue. Importantly, focal contractions preceded, and could be uncoupled from, the death and expulsion of infected IECs. In both two-dimensional monolayers and three-dimensional enteroids, multiple infection-elicited contractions coalesced to produce shrinkage of the epithelium as a whole. Monolayers deficient for Caspase-1(-11) or Gasdermin D failed to elicit focal contractions but were still capable of infected IEC death and expulsion. Strikingly, these monolayers lost their integrity to a markedly higher extent than wild-type counterparts. We propose that prompt NAIP/NLRC4/Caspase-1/Gasdermin D/myosin-dependent contractions allow the epithelium to densify its cell packing in infected regions, thereby preventing tissue disintegration due to the subsequent IEC death and expulsion process.
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| 13. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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An MOPSO method for mapping multimedia applications onto MP-SoC architectures
- 2011
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Ingår i: Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE). - 0840-7789. ; , s. 001361-001364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- System level modeling and design space exploration has an important role in Multi processor embedded system on chip design. Y-chart modeling is a well-known method for solving design space exploration problem. One of the most important stages in Y-chart approach is mapping an application onto architecture. In this paper, MOPSO algorithm has been proposed to obtain optimized solutions for mapping. The proposed method is tested using the MJPEG application as a case study in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Simulation results show that proposed algorithm will provide the designer with accurate solutions with a considerable reduction in design time. Finally a number of multi objective optimization results are simulated and verified by the Sesame framework.
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| 14. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-objective algorithms for the application mapping problem in heterogeneous multiprocessor embedded system design
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Supercomputing. - : Springer New York LLC. - 0920-8542 .- 1573-0484. ; 75:8, s. 4150-4176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design at the Electronic System-Level tackles the increasing complexity of embedded systems by raising the level of abstraction in system specification and modeling. Two important steps in this process are evaluation of a single design configuration and design space exploration. The exponential size of the design space, along with the complex task of simulating a single design point, makes it impossible to explore the design space efficiently in almost all MPSoC design situations. In order to overcome this problem, one or both of the main steps of the design process (i.e., simulation and exploration) must be accelerated. In this paper, for the first part of the design process, high-level analytical models for application mapping and evaluation are presented in order to accelerate the evaluation of a single design configuration. In the second part of the design process, two multi-objective optimization algorithms that are based on particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing have been proposed for performing design space exploration. Considering multimedia applications as case studies, each of these methods produces a set of near-optimal points. Simulation results show that the proposed methods can lead to near-optimal design configurations with acceptable accuracy in a reasonable time.
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| 15. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Novel Heuristic Mapping Algorithms for Design Space Exploration of Multiprocessor Embedded Architectures
- 2016
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 24th Euromicro International Conference on Parallel, Distributed, and Network-Based Processing, PDP 2016. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. ; , s. 801-804
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electronic System level design has an important role in the multi-processor embedded system on chip design. Two important steps in this process are evaluation of a single design configuration and design space exploration. In the first part of design process, high-level simple analytical models for application mapping and evaluation are used and modified aiming at accelerating the evaluation of a single design configuration. Using the analytical model the design space is pruned and explored at high speed with low accuracy. In the second part of the design process, two Multi Objective Optimization Algorithms based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Simulated Annealing have been proposed to perform design space exploration of the pruned design space with higher accuracy taking advantages of low-level architectural simulation engines. The results obtained by proposed algorithms will provide the designer more accurate solutions within an acceptable time. Considering the MJPEG application as the case study, each of these methods produces a set of near-optimal points. Simulation results show that the proposed methods can lead to near-optimal design configurations with acceptable accuracy in reasonable time. © 2016 IEEE.
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| 16. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Run-time mapping algorithm for dynamic workloads on heterogeneous MPSoCs platforms
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 21st Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design, DSD 2018. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. ; , s. 373-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Task mapping exploration plays an important role in the high performance achieved by heterogeneous multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) platforms. The dynamic of application workloads in modern MPSoC-based embedded systems are consistently growing. Nowadays, the execution of different applications is done concurrently and these applications compete for resources in such systems. This paper presents a novel run-time mapping algorithm for multimedia applications. The objective of application mapping is to minimize execution time in a predefined budget of energy consumption. This algorithm is divided to two phases: design-time and run-time. During design-time, application clustering is combined with design space exploration, then a set of rules for mapping is extracted by using Association Rule Mining techniques, and after that, during run-time, feature extraction and application classification is performed based on the rule sets. The evaluation of the proposed algorithm is done by using a heterogeneous MPSoC system with several applications that have different communication and computation behaviors. The experimental results revealed that during run-time, applications were correctly classified by the proposed algorithm and the best resources selected for mapping accurately. The results clearly showcase the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness.
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| 17. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Run-time mapping algorithm for dynamic workloads using association rule mining
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of systems architecture. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1383-7621 .- 1873-6165. ; 91
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Task mapping exploration plays an important role in the high performance achieved by heterogeneous multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) platforms. The dynamic of application workloads in modern MPSoC-based embedded systems are consistently growing. Nowadays, the execution of different applications is done concurrently, and these applications compete for resources in such systems. To cope with the dynamism of application workloads at runtime and improve the efficiency of the underlying system architecture, this paper presents a hybrid task mapping algorithm for multimedia applications. That consists of two phases: design-time and run-time. During design-time, static mapping exploration is performed, and the applications are clustered based on their efficient mapping, then a set of rules for mapping is extracted by Association Rule Mining techniques. During run-time, when a new application enters to the system, this application is classified to one of the existing clusters using the rule sets extracted at design-time phase. The objective of application mapping is to minimize execution time in a predefined budget of energy consumption. A heterogeneous MPSoC system is used to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The experimental results revealed that during run-time by using the proposed algorithm, suitable resources regarding energy consumption and execution time are selected for mapping.
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| 18. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Run-time mapping algorithm for dynamic workloads using process merging transformations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2017 17th International Conference on Embedded Computer Systems: Architectures, Modeling, and Simulation, SAMOS 2017. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. ; January, s. 188-195
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exploration of task mappings has an important role to achieve high performance in heterogeneous multi-processor system-on-chip (MPSoC) platforms. The application workloads in modern MPSoC-based embedded systems are becoming increasingly dynamic. Different applications concurrently execute and contend for resources in such systems. In this paper, a run-time algorithm is proposed to analytically evaluate the system throughput of to-be-executed applications (modelled as Kahn Process Networks, KPNs) in order to quickly determine a proper resource binding for these applications. Merging transformations on the KPNs are applied to capture the cases in which the number of processes in the KPN is larger than the number of available processing resources, thereby modeling the effects of binding multiple processes to a single processor. We evaluated our algorithm using a heterogeneous MPSoC system with several applications. Our experimental results revealed that during runtime, the performance of selected mapping with regard to available resources is close to the optimal performance obtained by exhaustive search and simulation. Therefore, the results clearly confirm that our algorithm is effective.
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| 19. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Run-time resource allocation for embedded Multiprocessor System-on-Chip using tree-based design space exploration
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2017 12th IEEE International Conference on Design and Technology of Integrated Systems in Nanoscale Era, DTIS 2017. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc..
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic nature of application workloads in modern MPSoC-based embedded systems is growing. To cope with the dynamism of application workloads at run time and to improve the efficiency of the underlying system architecture, this paper presents a novel run-time resource allocation algorithm for multimedia applications with the objective of minimizing energy consumption for predefined deadlines. This algorithm is based on a novel tree-based design space exploration (DSE) method, which is performed in two phases: design-time and run-time. During design time, application clustering is combined with the tree-based DSE, and after that, feature extraction and application classification is performed during run-time based on well-known machine learning techniques. We evaluated our algorithm using a heterogeneous MPSoC system with several applications that have different communication and computation behaviors. Our experimental results revealed that during runtime, more than 91% of the applications were classified correctly by our proposed algorithm to select the best resources for allocation. Therefore the results clearly confirm that our algorithm is effective.
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| 20. |
- Sinaei, Sima, et al.
(författare)
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Tree-based algorithm for design space exploration and mapping application onto heterogeneous platforms
- 2018
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Ingår i: 2017 19th International Symposium on Computer Architecture and Digital Systems, CADS 2017. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. ; January
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Application task mapping onto a given heterogeneous processors has been known as one of the most significant problems in system level design of embedded systems. The huge number of mapping configurations as well as the complexity of evaluating a mapping, makes the task of finding optimal solutions a really time-consuming task. This paper proposes a novel tree-based exploration algorithm to solve the mapping problem. The algorithm prunes the design space such that it can be explored in less time while it still includes desirable points. The proposed Algorithm perform exploration in multilevel and in each level uses Genetic Algorithm for searching among mapping configuration. Simulation results reveal that multi-level explorations lead to find near-optimal mapping efficiently, with more than 91% accuracy in less time.
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| 21. |
- Vidmar, T., et al.
(författare)
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Equivalence of computer codes for calculation of coincidence summing correction factors - Part II
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied Radiation and Isotopes. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-8043 .- 1872-9800. ; 109, s. 482-486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to check for equivalence of computer codes that are capable of performing calculations of true coincidence summing (TCS) correction factors. All calculations were performed for a set of well-defined detector parameters, sample parameters and decay scheme data. The studied geometry was a point source of Ba-133 positioned directly on the detector window of a low-energy (n-type) detector. Good agreement was established between the TCS correction factors computed by the different codes.
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