| 1. |
- Abdallah, J., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical construction and installation of the ATLAS tile calorimeter
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 8, s. T11001-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper summarises the mechanical construction and installation of the Tile Calorimeter for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider in CERN, Switzerland. The Tile Calorimeter is a sampling calorimeter using scintillator as the sensitive detector and steel as the absorber and covers the central region of the ATLAS experiment up to pseudorapidities +/- 1.7. The mechanical construction of the Tile Calorimeter occurred over a period of about 10 years beginning in 1995 with the completion of the Technical Design Report and ending in 2006 with the installation of the final module in the ATLAS cavern. During this period approximately 2600 metric tons of steel were transformed into a laminated structure to form the absorber of the sampling calorimeter. Following instrumentation and testing, which is described elsewhere, the modules were installed in the ATLAS cavern with a remarkable accuracy for a structure of this size and weight.
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| 2. |
- Abdallah, J., et al.
(författare)
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The optical instrumentation of the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 8, s. P01005-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tile Calorimeter, covering the central region of the ATLAS experiment up to pseudorapidities of +/-1.7, is a sampling device built with scintillating tiles that alternate with iron plates. The light is collected in wave-length shifting (WLS) fibers and is read out with photomultipliers. In the characteristic geometry of this calorimeter the tiles lie in planes perpendicular to the beams, resulting in a very simple and modular mechanical and optical layout. This paper focuses on the procedures applied in the optical instrumentation of the calorimeter, which involved the assembly of about 460,000 scintillator tiles and 550,000 WLS fibers. The outcome is a hadronic calorimeter that meets the ATLAS performance requirements, as shown in this paper.
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| 3. |
- Ghafur, Ala A., et al.
(författare)
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Tectonic Development of Northeastern part of the Arabian Plate: Examples from Pirmam and Bana Bawi Anticlines in the Kurdistan Region of North Iraq
- 2023
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Ingår i: Results in Geophysical Sciences. - : Elsevier. - 2666-8289. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Pirmam and Bana Bawi anticlines are two elongated anticlines located in the central northern part of the Kurdistan Region of north Iraq (KRI), in the northeastern part of the Arabian Plate. We have used satellite images and geological maps to interpret the presented data and to calculate the rates of uplift and down wards (subsidence) amounts, besides estimating the rates of deposition and incision of some alluvial fans and stream terraces. Most of the achieved data were checked in the field. In the Pirmam anticline the rate of the uplift and subsidence is 8.613 mm/ 100 year and 7.962 mm/ 100 year, respectively, whereas in the Bana Bawi anticline the rates are 3.036 mm/ 100 year and 4.365 mm/100 year, respectively. The indications of the lateral growth are the presence of water gaps, wind gaps, en-echelon plunging, whale-back shape and different types of valleys. We have calculated the depositional and incision rates in the Kori and Bastoora streams. They are 5.204 mm/ 100 year and 5.555 mm/ 100 year, respectively in the former, whereas in the latter are 3.469 mm/100 year and 8.731 mm/ 100 year, respectively. Moreover, we have calculated the depositional and incision rates in old and recent alluvial fans. In the former, they are 1.665 mm/ 100 year and 0.722 mm/ 100 year, respectively, whereas in the latter are 3.036 and 4.365 mm/ 100 years, respectively.
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| 4. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(författare)
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Indicating the Role of Geological Conditions in Shaping the Hareer Anticline, Iraqi Kurdistan Region
- 2021
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Ingår i: Open Journal of Geology. - : Scientific Research Publishing. - 2161-7570 .- 2161-7589. ; 11:12, s. 696-711
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Hareer anticline is within the High Folded Zone, facing southwards towards the Low Folded Zone. Both zones are part of the Outer Platform of the Arabian Plate. Moreover, both zones are part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt located within the Zagros Foreland Basin. Although the Hareer anticline is a double plunging anticline oriented in a NW-SE trend, both plunges are abnormal. The northwestern plunge is gradually passing to the southwestern limb of the Pirat anticline; although there is a very shallow syncline in between them, giving a right-hand en-echelon form to the plunge. Whereas, the southeastern plunge disappears between the Kamosk anticline located southeast wards and the Shakrook anticline is located southwards. Both the Hareer and the Kamosk anticlines are thrusted over the Shakrook anticline by means of two long thrust faults that run almost parallel to the Hareer anticline. It is clearly observed that the anticline is growing northwest wards; according to the recognized geomorphological and structural features. High-Quality satellite images were interpreted to elucidate the abnormal form of the Hareer anticline. The interpreted data and different types of geomorphological features including the estimation of the rate of stream incision were checked in the field.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(författare)
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Structural and geomorphological study of Bradost, Chinara, Shireen and Sare Musa anticlines, Iraqi Kurdistan Region
- 2023
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Ingår i: Heliyon. - : Elsevier. - 2405-8440. ; 9:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Bradost and Chinara mountains are two well-known geomorphic features in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region (IKR), forming two anticlines, besides Shireen and Sare Musa anticlines, which are located north of the Bradost anticline, all four anticlines trend NW – SE. The four anticlines are dissected by the Greater Zab River that swings along its course within the anticlines due to tens of very old landslides and/or plunges. The four studied anticlines are dissected by different thrust faults, which extend for a few kilometers. The thrust faults trend NW – SE; however, locally they deflect from the main trend. The Lower Jurassic rocks are the oldest exposed rocks in the studied area, whereas the rocks of the Bekhme Formation form the carapace of the Bradost and Chinara anticlines. Different structural and geomorphological features were interpreted from satellite images and those which are accessible were checked in the field, all of them indicate the four anticlines exhibit lateral growth. We have measured different aspects to elucidate the type of folds. The four anticlines are Detachment folds, with shallow decollement, which ranges in depth between (100–250) m.
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| 7. |
- Sadiq, Sakar, et al.
(författare)
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Mechanism of Haibat Sultan Mountain Landslide in Koya, North Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 8:8, s. 535-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Haibat Sultan Mountain is a long range with elevation of about 860 m (a.s.l.); the PilaSpi Formation forms its carapace in Koya vicinity, with relief difference of about 300 m from Koisanjaq plain. The PilaSpi Formation consists of well thickly to massively bedded dolostone and dolomitic limestone with thickness of about 120 m in Koya vicinity. The main trend is NW - SE being a limb of Bustana anticline representing part of the southwestern limb, with dip amount that ranges from (15 - 30). On 11th of November 2015 a landslide had occurred after a heavy rainfall along Koya - Dukan main road. The type of the slide was plane sliding due to daylight slope, which was formed afterthe road cut. The length of the slide area: along the road is 90 m with height of 40 m forming almost a parallelogram shape; the thickness of the slid beds is about 2.5 m. The estimated volume of the slid mass is 9000 m3. The main cause of the landslide is the presence of daylight slope, high slope angle; more than the dip angle, presence of old crack surfaces which are filled by reddish brown clayey residual soil. After the he heavy rain fall, which lasted for 20 hours, the infiltrated rain water in the bedding planes in the well bedded, cracked, and jointed beds has increased the pore pressure and decreased the internal friction angle; therefore, the sliding has occurred. The root of the slid mass is below the base of the paved road; therefore, that part which is above the paved road has slid. The remaining part is highly cracked and partly accumulated in the base of the slid mass. Fortunately, the height of the slid mass is only 40 m and the relief difference between the crown area and the toe area is about 50 m; otherwise the slid mass would be larger than the present slid mass. From the field inspection, it is very clear that the involved area is very unstable and in critical equilibrium. The presence of daylight bedding above the crown area, clayey soil in the fractures and open joints and steep slope all are very favorable conditions for triggering the unstable slope, consequently developing of another landslide with larger mass.
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| 8. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan, et al.
(författare)
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Age Estimation of Qara Chattan Landslide, Using Exposure Dating Method, Sulaimaniyah, Northeast Iraq
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - London : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 7:2, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The northeastern part of Iraq; the Kurdistan Region is a mountainous area with rough topography that increases in relief differences and roughness towards north and northeast. Among those mountains is Pera Magroon with highest peak at elevation of 2773 m (a.s.l.) and relief difference with the southern plain of about 1000 m. Pera Magroon Mountain represents a double plunging anticline trending NW – SE; with many minor complications on both limbs. The oldest exposed rocks in the anticline belong to Late Jurassic, whereas the rocks of the Qamchuqa Formation form the carapace of the mountain. The southwestern limb is steeper than the northeastern one; almost being vertical. A very old and large landslide had occurred along the southwestern limb of Pera Magroon anticline ended near Qara Chattan village; therefore, it is called “Qara Chattan Landslide”. The landslide is a rock slide type with rectangular tongue-shaped and crescent-like toe area. The slid blocks belong to Qamchuqa Formation, range in size up to 3 m3; but the average size is about 1 m3. The Qara Chattan Slide had happened; most probably above an area that was originally an old alluvial fan. The slid mass has swiped the alluvial fan sediments as the large blocks were moving in very high speed down the slope during the sliding. However, on both sides of the landslide the remnant of the alluvial fan sediments can be seen in form of longitudinal and narrow masses; like embankments. To estimate the age of Qara Cahttan Landslide, the exposure dating method is used depending on the size, depth and length of the existing valleys, the age of the nearby landslide and alluvial fans, and historical data acquired from archaeological site. Accordingly, the age of the landslide is estimated to be few thousand years; during the Holocene.
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| 9. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(författare)
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Flood Hazards in Erbil City Kurdistan Region Iraq, 2021: A Case Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Engineering. - : Scientific Research Publishing Inc.. - 1947-3931 .- 1947-394X. ; 14:12, s. 591-601
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Erbil city is constructed in a flat plain with moderate gradient increasing northwards, the plain is dissected by tens of ephemeral wadis. The maximum elevation in the high lands NE of Erbil city is 1062 m (a.s.l.), whereas the elevation of the center of Erbil city is 420 m (a.s.l.). The average gradient from the highest part to the center of the city is 2.15%, increasing towards northeast to reach 4.79%. The mean annual rainfall is 365 mm, while the average monthly rainfall is about 24.42 mm. The site of the city is mainly covered by alluvial fan sediments. Towards northeast, however, the exposures of the Bia Hassan Formation, which consists of alternation of conglomerate and claystone cover considerable areas (82 km2) and form the high lands NE of Erbil city. The exposed rocks are thick claystone alternating with coarse conglomerate. Two very heavy torrential rain events have caused flash floods in Erbil city on 30th October and 17th December 2021. The rainfall intensities were 52 mm/day and 60 mm/day, respectively, causing destructive floods. The most affected areas were Zirin (north of Erbil) and Dara Too (northeast of Erbil), respectively, with very heavy property damages and tens of fatalities. The main reasons for the floods were the partially constructed embankments of the 150 m ring-road, and the urban development within large and wide drainage basins. Different climate data were used for the purpose of this article, with field checks.
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| 10. |
- Sissakian, V. K., et al.
(författare)
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Indicating the Possibility of Activation of Large and Old Landslides and Risk Estimation Using Remote Sensing and Field Data, Examples from the Iraqi Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- 2020
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Ingår i: Geotectonics. - Russia : Pleiades Publishing Inc. - 0016-8521 .- 1556-1976. ; 54:2, s. 240-255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Majority of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region is a mountainous area with relief differences that attain up to 1000 m, and locally more. The presence of dense net of rivers, streams and large valleys with diverse lithologies have initiated hundreds of mass movements of different types and sizes, active and dormant. In the current study, we have selected different landslides from different parts of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. In all selected cases, the landslides have shifted the facing rivers, streams or valleys. The slid masses are of hard and thick carbonates and/or claystones; however, clastic rocks are encountered too. At each studied landslide, we have presented the satellite image, detailed description of the geology, size of the involved area, cause of the slide, marking the original trace of the shifted river, stream or valley; if still exists. We have performed field work for some of them and presented more detailed data and field photos. Moreover, we have applied Landslide Possibility Index (LPI) at each case to indicate the possibility of re-activation or otherwise.
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| 11. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(författare)
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The Miocene Sequence in Iraq, a Review and Discussion on the Stratigraphy, Paleogeography and Economic potential
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 6:3, s. 271-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Miocene Sequence (23.03 – 5.33 Ma), in Iraq has large diversity inlithofacies, biofacies, depositional environments, tectonic effect, and geographicaldistribution. The Savian movements caused development of broad and shallowbasins, which had covered large areas in the Iraqi territory, as compared with theearlier Oligocene sequence, which was characterized by great sea level dropcausing very limited depositional basins, the main intraplate basin becamenarrower due to the tilting of west Arabia.The Miocene Sequence, in Iraq includes 11 stratigraphic units, some of themhave not formation order, and these are: Serikagni, Euphrates, Ghar, DhibanAnhydrite, Jeribe, Fatha, Nfayil, Injana, Mukdadiya, Govanda Limestone and RedBed Series. However, some of these units have age that is not limited to theMiocene, they have range of either younger or older than Miocene.The main major event that had occurred during the Miocene was the changefrom the dominating marine phase in the Early Miocene to continental phaseduring the Late Miocene. This main change is attributed to the major thrusting,which occurred during the collision of the Sanandaj – Sirjan Zone with theArabian Plate. This event also is considered as the beginning of the Neotectoniceffect in Iraq. Many formations were terminated; others were started with differentlithological and depositional environments, as well as different faunalassemblages.The faunal assemblages, depositional environments, paleogeography, lithologyof each exposed stratigraphic units are reviewed and discussed. Moreover, thetectonic effect on each exposed unit in different tectonic zones is discussed too,beside the mutual relation between the exposed units.
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| 12. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan K., et al.
(författare)
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The Origin and Genesis of the Dokan Conglomerate, NE Iraq
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 6:3, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The "Dokan Conglomerate" is a new lithostratigraphic unit of Pleistocene age added to the Iraqi stratigraphic column within the Quaternary Period. The conglomerate is exposed northwest of Sulaimaniyah, starting from Khalikan anticline, near KaniWatman village; it extends on the top of the anticline for about 5 Km, and is exposed also along the southern and eastern banks of Dokan Lake. The Dokan Conglomerate consists of almost monotype clasts, which are derived mainly from the Qamchuqa Formation, well cemented by calcareous materials forming very hard beds; however, locally, sandstone and claystone are interbedded with the conglomerate beds. The thickness of the conglomerate reaches up to 300 m, but generally varies between (100 – 200) m.The Dokan Conglomerate is thickly well bedded to massive, either horizontally capping Tanjero, Shiranish, Kometan and Qamchuqa formations, on the top of Khalikan anticline, or overlies them along the northeastern limb of the anticline; with clear dipping beds. The origin and the mode of deposition of the Dokan Conglomerate are given, discussed and its deposition is tectonically correlated with the growth and development of Khalikan anticline, besides the effect of a large normal fault that is responsible for development of the depression, which is used as Dokan Reservoir. Geomorphological and structural evidences are given too; to confirm the mode of deposition. The estimated age of the conglomerate is Pliocene? – Pleistocene.
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| 13. |
- Sissakian, Varoujan, et al.
(författare)
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Landslides in Hareer Anticline, Central Northern Part of Iraq
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering. - : Scientific Press International Limited. - 1792-9040 .- 1792-9660. ; 7:2, s. 25-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hareer anticline is a double plunging anticline with NW – SE trends, very strange and special hinge zone, hence its northwestern plunge is normal but towards southeast the hinge zone becomes very wide. The northeastern limb is very gentle with dip amount that ranges from (5 – 15) whereas the southwestern limb is very steep with dip amount that ranges from (45 – 85). The well bedded and very hard carbonates of the Bekhme Formation form the carapace of Hareer Mountain, with small exposures of the Qamchuqa Formation in the southwestern limb within few deeply cut valleys. The main reasons of the landslides are the presence of soft to fairly hard succession of marl and limestone in the lowermost part of the Bekhme Formation and the steeply dipping beds of the southwestern limb of Hareer anticline. The wet climate during the sliding and the gravitational forces have played significant role in triggering and acceleration of the two landslides that have moved short distance from the mountain. This is attributed to the presence of cliffs of the Khurmala and Pila Spi Formation at the end of the slope; the cliffs played as retaining walls to stop the sliding. To estimate the age of the two landslides in Hareer anticline, the Exposure Dating Method is used. The diverted and blocked valleys, the developed small alluvial fans from the slid mass and the weathering status of the rock blocks within the slid mass are used to estimate the age of the two landslides. The age is estimated to be few thousand years, which means during late Holocene.
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