| 1. |
- Bengtson, Curt, et al.
(författare)
-
Deposition and Uptake of Nitrogen Oxides in Scots Pine needles (Pinus Sylvestris L.)
- 1982
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The deposition and uptake of nitrogen oxides in Scots pine needles were studied in exposure systems in the field and at the laboratory. For NO2 the deposition and uptake is a first order process determined by the stomatal conductance. The deposition velocities per needle area unit were during summer conditions determined to 0.65-1.67 mm x s-1 for daytime and 0.28 -0.78 m x s-1 for night time condition. Long term exposure of current needles to a concentration of 200 ug /m3 led to a decrease in transpration (stomatal conductance) after about 10 days exposure. One year old needles did not show any physiological effects at these concentrations. Short term studies of the deposition of NO showed that this was substantially lower than that for NO2
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| 2. |
- Boström, Curt-Åke, et al.
(författare)
-
Luftkvalitetsmätningar i 15 tätorter vintern 1998/99
- 1999
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- På uppdrag av Vägverket Region Sydöst har IVL i samarbete med 15 kommuner inom regionen utfört mätningar av trafikrelaterade luftföroreningar i 15 tätorter under vinterhalvåret 1998/99. Mätningarna har skett med diffussionsprovtagare veckovis. Totalt mättes i sex veckor fördelade över vintersäsongen. De ämnen som ingick i studien var kväveoxider, flyktiga organiska föreningar (VOC inkl bensen) och ozon. I varje tätort har mätningar skett i två olika miljöer, dels i en trafikbelastad dels i en urban bakgrundsmiljö. Mätningarna har visat att med diffusionsprovtagare och en samordnad strategi kan man få ett jämförelsematerial användbart för bedömning av luftföroreningssituationen i många tätorter och trafikmiljöer. Mätningarna har även visat på vilken skillnad som kan förväntas i halt mellan förmodade hårt belastade miljöer och den urbana bakgrunden. Även i mindre tätorter kan halterna av trafikrelaterade luftföroreningar bli relativt höga i förhållande till gräns-/rikt-värden och miljökvalitetsnormer. En djupare analys (som ej ingått i projektet) av erhållna resultat skulle sannolikt ge möjlighet till ytterligare bedömningar om nuvarande och framtida luftföroreningssituation i de tätorter som deltagit i projektet.
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| 3. |
- Brorström, Eva, et al.
(författare)
-
Transformation of polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons During sampling in ambient Air by Exposure to different oxidized Nitrogen Compounds and Ozone
- 1982
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It has been reported earlier that individual PAH can undergo chemical transformation when exposed to gases such as NO2 and O3. In this paper the possibility of artifact formation due to such transformations during sampling in ambient air is discussed. Addition of 1 ppm NO2 or 120 ppb HNO3 (g) during ambient air samling caused degradation of reactive PAH on particles and formation of the corresponding monoitro-PAH. The degradation due to NO2 exposure increased int he presence of acid on the particles. Addition of 100 ppb HNO2 (g) had not detectable effect. The results indicate that NO2 concentrations within the range normally formed in urban air may cause degradation of some reactive PAH. In the case of O3 addition (200 ppb), degradation was obtained in one of the experiments only
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| 4. |
- Brännström, Åke, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
A Method for Estimating the Number of Infections From the Reported Number of Deaths
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At the outset of an epidemic, available case data typically underestimate the total number of infections due to insufficient testing, potentially hampering public responses. Here, we present a method for statistically estimating the true number of cases with confidence intervals from the reported number of deaths and estimates of the infection fatality ratio; assuming that the time from infection to death follows a known distribution. While the method is applicable to any epidemic with a significant mortality rate, we exemplify the method by applying it to COVID-19. Our findings indicate that the number of unreported COVID-19 infections in March 2020 was likely to be at least one order of magnitude higher than the reported cases, with the degree of underestimation among the countries considered being particularly high in the United Kingdom.
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| 5. |
- Ekström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Direkt mätning av bilavgaser i trafiken - Trafikantinformation i realtid och analys av utsläppssamband
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ett nytt system har testats för att medvetandegöra enskilda bilister om deras respektive bilars miljöpåverkan. Information om miljöskadliga ämnen i avgaserna kommunicerades direkt till den enskilde bilföraren via en stor skylt intill vägbanan. Detta kombinerade mät- och informationssystem bygger på den s k FEAT-tekniken som är en väl beprövad teknik för fjärranalys av bilavgaser. Mätdata har använts för att undersöka hur utsläpp av kolmonoxid, kväveoxid, och kolväten beror av parametrar som fordonstyp, drivmedel, årsmodell, fabrikat och körmönster. En jämförelse med emissionsfaktorer i utsläppsmodellen COPERT III har också genomförts. A novel system for awareness raising among car drivers concerning their cars' impact on air quality has been tested. Information about pollutants in the vehicle exhaust was communicated to individual drivers using a variable sign by the roadway. This integrated measurement and information system is based on the so call FEAT-technique which is a well established method for remote sensing of vehicle emissions. Measurement data has been used to investigate how emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons depend on factors like fuel, model year, vehicle make and driving pattern. A comparison with emission factors in the emission model COPERT III has also been carried out.
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| 6. |
- Ekström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
-
Mätmetoder för uppföljning av avgasemissioner från tunga fordon
- 2003
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En genomgång av olika metoder för emissionsmätningar på tunga fordon har utförts. Fokus för studien har legat på metoder för mätning av emissioner vid 'verklig körning'. Metodernas användbarhet har bedömts, dels med avseende på förbättring av emissionsfaktorer för tunga fordon, dels för så kallade efterlevnadskontroller (in-use compliance) av tunga fordon. A survey of available methods for emission measurements of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) has been performed. The primary focus has been on measurements of real-world emissions. Each method has been evaluated with respect to its applicability for emission factor determination and with respect to in-use conformity testing of HDVs.
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| 7. |
- Farooq, Zia, 1986-
(författare)
-
Navigating epidemics : by leveraging data science and data-driven modelling
- 2024
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ours is an era of global change—including climate change, land-use change, urbanization, increased mobility of humans, species and goods, and environmental shifts. Concurrently, we are witnessing a tangible increase in the rate of (re)emerging infectious diseases, mostly driven by global change factors. This complex landscape of infectious diseases necessitates strategies underpinned by computational tools such as data-driven models to enhance our understanding, response, and predictions of potential epidemics.In this thesis, I leveraged data science algorithms and developed data-driven models that extend beyond specific pathogens, providing insights to prepare for future epidemics, with a focus on Europe. I delved into three temporal contexts: 1) retrospective analyses to understand the contribution of global change factors—specifically climate change and human mobility—fuelling the disease outbreaks and expansion (papers I & IV), 2) develop model to improve disease severity estimation during an outbreak for immediate response (paper III), and 3) future disease transmission risk trajectories under various projected scenarios of global change (paper II)—each playing a crucial role in proactive public health planning and response.In paper I, we assessed the predictive ability and the influence of eco-climatic factors on West Nile virus (WNV)—a pathogen with multiple hosts and mosqutio-vectors, and of public health concern in Europe. Utilizing an advanced machine learning classifier XGBoost, trained on a diverse dataset encompassing eco-climatic, sociodemographic predictors to the WNV presence/absence data, the model accurately predicted the WNV risk a season ahead. Furthermore, by employing an explainable AI algorithm, we uncovered both local and European-level drivers of WNV transmission. Higher temperatures in summer and spring, along with drier winters, were pivotal in the escalated frequency of WNV outbreaks in Europe from 2010 to 2019.In paper II, we projected the WNV risk under climate change and socioeconomics scenarios by integrating augmenting the outputs of climate ensemble into machine learning algorithms. We projected transmission risk trends and maps at local, national, regional and European scale. We predicted a three to five fold increase in WNV transmission risk during the next few decades (2040-60) compared 2000-2020 under extreme climate change scenarios. The proportion of diseasereported European land areas could increase from 15% to 23-30%, putting 161 to 244 million people at risk. Western Europe remains at largest relative risk of WNV increase under all scenarios, and Northern Europe under extreme scenarios. With the current rate of spread and in the absence of intervention or vaccines the virus will have sustained suitability even under low carbon emission scenarios in currently endemic European regions.In paper III, we developed a method to quantify an important epidemiological parameter-case fatality ratio (CFR)— commonly used measure to assess the disease severity during novel outbreaks. In our model, we accounted for the time lags between the reporting of a cases and that of the case fatalities and the probability distribution of time lags and derived the CFR and distribution parameters using an optimization algorithm. The method provided more accurate CFR estimations earlier than the widely used estimators under various simulation scenarios. The method also performed well on empirical COVID-19 data from 34 countries. In paper IV, we modelled annual dengue importations in Europe and the United States driven by human mobility and climate. Travel rates were modelled using a radiation model based on population density, geographic distance, and travel volumes. Dengue viraemic travellers were computed considering local mosquito bite risk, travel-associated bite probability, and visit duration. A dynamic vector life-stage model quantified the climatic suitability of transmissionpermissive local areas. Dengue importations linearly increased in Europe and the U.S. from 2015-2019, rising by 588% and 390%, respectively, compared to 1996-2000 estimates, driven by increased travel volumes (373%) and dengue incidence rates (30%) from endemic countries. Transmission seasons lengthened by 53% and 15% in Europe and the U.S., respectively, indicating increasingly permissive climates for local outbreaks. These findings apply to other diseases such as chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever, sharing common intermediate host vectors, namely Aedes mosquitoes.This thesis highlights Europe's increasing vulnerability to infectious diseases due to global change factors, putting millions at risk. It emphasizes the significance of advanced modelling and innovative data streams in anticipating epidemic risks. Developing digital early warning systems to track disease drivers and taking urgent climate change mitigation and adaptation measures are crucial to anticipate and reduce future epidemic risks. The outcomes of this research can be used to develop technology-driven decision support tools to aid public health authorities and policymakers in making evidence-based decisions during and inter-epidemic periods.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Ferm, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
A simple Method for Determination of gaseous nitrous Acid in the Atmosphere
- 1983
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A denuder technique for sampling an analysing nitrous acid at sub ppb level is described. After sampling teh denuder is leached in waer and the NO2-concentration is determined spectrophotometrically. The detection limit for 24 hours sampling is better than 0.02 ppb. PAN might be an important interference in background air during summertime conditions. The method was tested on synthetic gas mixtures of NO, NO2 and HNO2. It has been appeared that HNO2 can be formed by heterogeneous rections at surfaces. Measurements in the city of Gothenburg indicate that the major pathwy for HNO2-formation in urban air is the reaction between NO, NO2 and water vapor.
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| 10. |
- Ferm, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Mätning av CO, NO2 och NO i och utanför fordon i trafik.
- 1983
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Halterna av CO, NO och NO2 har uppmätts i gaturummet genom mobila mätningar med kontinuerligt registrerande instrument. Undersökningen har genomförts i Göteborg i december 1982. Halterna av CO, NO och NO2 inne i ett fordon är lika högt som halterna utanför fordonets friskluftsintag. CO-halterna kring fordonet steg kraftigt vid köbildning framför trafikljus. NO-halterna steg när bilen låg bakom många fordon som accelererade eller hade hög fart. NO2-halter var höga när bilen åkte efter ett dieseldrivet fordon. Mobila mätningar har gjorts både längs innerstadsgator och tillfartsvägar. CO-halten var högst för innerstadsgatorna och NO-halten högst för tillfartslederna, medan NO2-halterna var relativt jämt fördelad.
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| 11. |
- Flodström, Eje, et al.
(författare)
-
Uppdatering av utsläpp till luft från arbetsfordon och arbetsredskap för Sveriges internationella rapportering
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges rapportering av utsläpp till luft till Klimatkonventionen (UNFCCC) samt till Konventionen om gränsöverskridande luftföroreningar (CLRTAP) har under de ca fem senaste åren i fallet arbetsfordon och arbetsredskap till stora delar vilat på en genomgripande "bottom-up" inventering utförd av IVL under 1999 avseende 1997 års utsläpp. Till viss del är därmed svenska officiella utsläppsdata för denna sektor föråldrade. Föreliggande projekts syfte har varit att, med utgångspunkt från den förra inventeringen från 1999, göra en uppdatering av de nationella utsläppen från arbetsfordon och arbetsredskap, där hänsyn tas till bl a:• förändringar i bestånd och andra aktivitetsrelaterade data (t ex driftstider) sedan den förra inventeringen, reella sådana eller genom att ny kunskap på området tagits fram• införandet av avgaskrav inom EU på dieselmotorer i arbetsfordon stegvis från 1999• ny kunskap om emissionsfaktorer för arbetsfordon och arbetsredskapBaserat på den förra inventeringen från 1999 har inom föreliggande projekt nya "bottom-up"-beräkningar av de nationella utsläppen från arbetsfordon och arbetsmaskiner utförts för åren 1998 och 2002. Utifrån dessa har sedan de årsvisa utsläppen från arbetsfordon och arbetsmaskiner för hela perioden 1990-2002 räknats om för samtliga de ämnen som idag redovisas avseende utsläpp relaterade till diesel- och bensinanvändning inom den mobila sektorn i Sveriges internationella rapportering (CO2 inkl bränsleförbrukning CH4, N2O, NOx, SO2, NMVOC, CO, NH3,samt partiklarform av TSP, PM10och PM2.5). För de nya "bottom up"-beräkningarna har för aktuella uppgifter på bestånd av arbetsfordon uppdelade på näringsgren i hög grad utnyttjats statistik tillgänglig via trafikregistret kombinerat med företagsregistret. För uppgifter om fordonsbestånd och aktivitetsdata avseende arbetsredskap (gräsklippare och trimmers) har för första gången utnyttjats SCB's OMNIBUS-undersökning - som riktas mot svenska hushåll - med gott resultat.Jämfört med inventeringen från 1999 har i den nya inventeringen utsläppen av CO2 minskat marginellt (ca 3%), utsläppen av NOx, CH4 och N2O minskat i betydande omfattning, främst till följd av ändrad (förbättrad) beräkningsmetodik, medan utsläppen av NMVOC och partiklar ökat till följd av nya emissionsfaktorer.Kunskapen om - såväl som modeller och verktyg för beräkningar av - utsläppen från arbetsmaskiner och arbetsredskap är jämförelsevis fortfarande begränsad, och osäkerheterna i de beräknade utsläppen får bedömas som relativt stora. Det föreligger ett stort behov av förbättrad statistik avseende bestånd och aktivitetsdata, men också ett forskningsbehov, för att kunna uppnå bättre precision i nationella utsläppsberäkningar. Oaktat detta ger rapporten förslag på hur man utan större insatser kan uppdatera de framtida utsläppsberäkningarna avsedda för Sveriges internationella rapportering, så att de speglar framtida förändringar i såväl bestånd som i emissionsprestanda.
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| 12. |
- Flodström, Eje, et al.
(författare)
-
Uppdatering av utsläpp till luft frånarbetsfordon och arbetsredskap för Sveriges internationella rapportering
- 2004
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges rapportering av utsläpp till luft till Klimatkonventionen (UNFCCC) samt till Konventionen om gränsöverskridande luftföroreningar (CLRTAP) har under de ca fem senaste åren i fallet arbetsfordon och arbetsredskap till stora delar vilat på en genomgripande "bottom-up" inventering utförd av IVL under 1999 avseende 1997 års utsläpp. Till viss del är därmed svenska officiella utsläppsdata för denna sektor föråldrade. Föreliggande projekts syfte har varit att, med utgångspunkt från den förra inventeringen från 1999, göra en uppdatering av de nationella utsläppen från arbetsfordon och arbetsredskap, där hänsyn tas till bl a:• förändringar i bestånd och andra aktivitetsrelaterade data (t ex driftstider) sedan den förra inventeringen, reella sådana eller genom att ny kunskap på området tagits fram• införandet av avgaskrav inom EU på dieselmotorer i arbetsfordon stegvis från 1999• ny kunskap om emissionsfaktorer för arbetsfordon och arbetsredskapBaserat på den förra inventeringen från 1999 har inom föreliggande projekt nya "bottom-up"-beräkningar av de nationella utsläppen från arbetsfordon och arbetsmaskiner utförts för åren 1998 och 2002. Utifrån dessa har sedan de årsvisa utsläppen från arbetsfordon och arbetsmaskiner för hela perioden 1990-2002 räknats om för samtliga de ämnen som idag redovisas avseende utsläpp relaterade till diesel- och bensinanvändning inom den mobila sektorn i Sveriges internationella rapportering (CO2 inkl bränsleförbrukning, CH4, N2O, NOx, SO2, NMVOC, CO, NH3, samt partiklar i form av TSP, PM10 och PM2.5). För de nya "bottom-up"-beräkningarna har för aktuella uppgifter på bestånd av arbetsfordon uppdelade på näringsgren i hög grad utnyttjats statistik tillgänglig via trafikregistret kombinerat med företagsregistret. För uppgifter om fordonsbestånd och aktivitetsdata avseende arbetsredskap (gräsklippare och trimmers) har för första gången utnyttjats SCB's s k OMNIBUS-undersökning - som riktas mot svenska hushåll - med gott resultat.Jämfört med inventeringen från 1999 har i den nya inventeringen utsläppen av CO2 minskat marginellt (ca 3%), utsläppen av NOx, CH4 och N2O minskat i betydande omfattning, främst till följd av ändrad (förbättrad) beräkningsmetodik, medan utsläppen av NMVOC och partiklar ökat till följd av nya emissionsfaktorer.Kunskapen om - såväl som modeller och verktyg för beräkningar av - utsläppen från arbetsmaskiner och arbetsredskap är jämförelsevis fortfarande begränsad, och osäkerheterna i de beräknade utsläppen får bedömas som relativt stora. Det föreligger ett stort behov av förbättrad statistik avseende bestånd och aktivitetsdata, men också ett forskningsbehov, för att kunna uppnå bättre precision i nationella utsläppsberäkningar. Oaktat detta ger rapporten förslag på hur man utan större insatser kan uppdatera de framtida utsläppsberäkningarna avsedda för Sveriges internationella rapportering, så att de speglar framtida förändringar i såväl bestånd som i emissionsprestanda.
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| 13. |
- Grennfelt, Peringe, et al.
(författare)
-
Icke fotokemiska omvandlingsreaktioner för kväveoxider i atmosfären och i nederbörd.
- 1982
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Föreliggande rapport är en litteratursammanställning över icke fotokemiska omvandlingsreaktioner för kväveoxider av betydelse i atmosfären och i nederbörd. Rapporten redovisar jämvikts- och kinetikdata ur litteraturen för mörkerreaktioner i vilka NO, NO2, NO3, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5, HNO2 samt HNO3 deltar. En bedömning görs av relevansen i dessa data, varefter förslag lämnas till lämpliga värden på jämvikts- och hastighetskonstanter. Vidare görs, utifrån föreslagna värden, en bedömning av reaktionernas betydelse i olika typer av atmosfärssystem. Av teoretiska uppskattningar framgår att ett flertal mörkerreaktioner under vissa förhållanden kan vara av betydelse vid omvandlingen av den primära emittenten NO till NO2 och vidare till sekundära produkter som HNO2 och HNO3.
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| 14. |
- Gustafsson, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
-
Mercury management in non-ferrous metal industry in China – a baseline study
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Non-Ferrous metal (NFM) industry (producing e.g. Copper, Zink and Lead) is a major source of mercury emissions to the atmosphere. In 2011 there were over 8 000 smelters for NFM in China with varying production capacity and technological status. Emissions of mercury are controlled by mercury contents in ores or concentrates, the process technology used in the specific plant, the presence of air pollution control technologies, or mercury capture technologies. The development of emission inventories is thus complex and requires large amounts of information. In this report available information on China´s NFM sector is presented along with a summary of existing emission estimates for mercury. Finally, recommendations for improvement of these emission inventories are provided. This study was initiated within the framework of the bilateral environmental cooperation agreement between Sweden and China, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Ministry of Environmental Protection in China (MEP). The two authorities started cooperating on mercury, in conjunction with the first international negotiating meeting on a global binding instrument on mercury, held in Stockholm in June 2010. In 2012, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute was appointed to lead a base-line study with the aim to compile available information on mercury emissions from the non-ferrous metal industry in China, along with information on abatement measures other sector information. Den här rapporten finns endast på engelska.
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| 15. |
- Hallquist, Åsa M., et al.
(författare)
-
Particle and gaseous emissions from individual diesel and CNG buses
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 13:10, s. 5337-5350
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study size-resolved particle and gaseous emissions from 28 individual diesel-fuelled and 7 compressed natural gas (CNG)-fuelled buses, selected from an in-use bus fleet, were characterised for real-world dilution scenarios. The method used was based on using CO2 as a tracer of exhaust gas dilution. The particles were sampled by using an extractive sampling method and analysed with high time resolution instrumentation EEPS (10 Hz) and CO2 with a non-dispersive infrared gas analyser (LI-840, LI-COR Inc. 1 Hz). The gaseous constituents (CO, HC and NO) were measured by using a remote sensing device (AccuScan RSD 3000, Environmental System Products Inc.). Nitrogen oxides, NOx, were estimated from NO by using default NO2/NOx ratios from the road vehicle emission model HBEFA3.1. The buses studied were diesel-fuelled Euro III–V and CNG-fuelled Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicles (EEVs) with different after-treatment, including selective catalytic reduction (SCR), exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and with and without diesel particulate filter (DPF). The primary driving mode applied in this study was accelerating mode. However, regarding the particle emissions also a constant speed mode was analysed. The investigated CNG buses emitted on average a higher number of particles but less mass compared to the diesel-fuelled buses. Emission factors for number of particles (EFPN) were EFPN, DPF = 4.4 ± 3.5 × 1014, EFPN, no DPF = 2.1 ± 1.0 × 1015 and EFPN, CNG = 7.8 ± 5.7 ×1015 kg fuel−1. In the accelerating mode, size-resolved emission factors (EFs) showed unimodal number size distributions with peak diameters of 70–90 nm and 10 nm for diesel and CNG buses, respectively. For the constant speed mode, bimodal average number size distributions were obtained for the diesel buses with peak modes of ~10 nm and ~60 nm. Emission factors for NOx expressed as NO2 equivalents for the diesel buses were on average 27 ± 7 g (kg fuel)−1 and for the CNG buses 41 ± 26 g (kg fuel)−1. An anti-relationship between EFNOx and EFPM was observed especially for buses with no DPF, and there was a positive relationship between EFPM and EFCO.
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| 16. |
- Hoffman, Tove, et al.
(författare)
-
Association between guilds of birds in the African-Western Palaearctic region and the tick species Hyalomma rufipes, one of the main vectors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The migratory behavior of wild birds contributes to the geographical spread of ticks and their microorganisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the dispersal and co-occurrence of Francisella and spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) in ticks infesting birds migrating northward in the African-Western Palaearctic region (AWPR). Birds were trapped with mist nests across the Mediterranean basin during the 2014 and 2015 spring migration. In total, 575 ticks were collected from 244 birds. We screened the ticks for the species Francisella tularensis, the genus Francisella, and SFGR by microfluidic real-time PCR. Confirmatory analyses and metagenomic sequencing were performed on tick samples that putatively tested positive for F. tularensis during initial screenings. Hyalomma rufipes was the most common tick species and had a high prevalence of Francisella, including co-occurrence of Francisella and SFGR. Metagenomic analysis of total DNA extracted from two H. rufipes confirmed the presence of Francisella, Rickettsia, and Midichloria. Average nucleotide identity and phylogenetic inference indicated the highest identity of the metagenome-assembled genomes to a Francisella-like endosymbiont (FLE), Rickettsia aeschlimannii, and Midichloria mitochondrii. The results of this study suggest that (i) FLE- and SFGR-containing ticks are dispersed by northbound migratory birds in the AWPR, (ii) H. rufipes likely is not involved in transmission of F. tularensis in the AWPR, and (iii) a dual endosymbiosis of FLEs and Midichloria may support some of the nutritional requirements of H. rufipes.
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| 17. |
- Hoffman, Tove, et al.
(författare)
-
Co-occurrence of Francisella and spotted fever group Rickettsia in avian-associated Hyalomma rufipes
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI. - 2076-2607. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The migratory behaviour of wild birds aids in the geographical spread of ticks and their microorganisms. Ticks are known to harbor both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria - such as species of the genera Francisella, Rickettsia,and Midichloria - and multiple bacterial species may occur within them. Francisella occurs in different tick taxa andconsists of closely related pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. Spotted fever group Rickettsia are transmitted to humans by different tick genera and are emerging human pathogens in Europe. The aims of this study were to investigate dispersal of Francisella as well as co-occurrence of Francisella and spotted fever group Rickettsia in ticks infesting northward migrating birds in the African-Western Palaearctic region.Materials and methods: Birds were trapped using mist nets at bird observatories in Spain, Italy, Greece, and Israel during their spring migration of 2014 and 2015. Ticks were screened for the genus Francisella, the species Francisella tularensis, and spotted fever group Rickettsia by microfluidic qPCR. Ticks with putative positive results for F. tularensiswere subjected to confirmation analyses, metagenomics analysis, enrichment, and whole genome sequencing.Results: There was a high prevalence of Francisella species (76.7%) and co-occurrence of Francisella species and spotted fever group Rickettsia (50.6%) in the tick species Hyalomma rufipes. Two H. rufipes yielded putative positive test results for the human pathogen F. tularensis during initial screening. Metagenomics analysis revealed presence of Francisella sp., Rickettsia sp., and Midichloria sp. DNA in the two H. rufipes ticks. The levels of Rickettsia and Midichloria DNA were relatively high while the level of Francisella DNA was low and required enrichment for the construction of metagenome-assembled genomes. Phylogenetic inference and calculations of the average nucleotide identity (ANI) indicated that: i) the Francisella genomes belonged to the Francisella-like endosymbiont (FLE) group in Clade 1 of Francisella and had highest sequence identity to an FLE found in Ornithodoros moubata (ANI: 96.7/97.0%), ii) the Rickettsia genomes had highest resemblance to Rickettsia aeschlimannii (ANI: 98.8 - 99.9%), and iii) the Midichloria genomes resembled Midichloria mitochondrii (ANI: 91.5 - 92.3%).Conclusions: The results of this study suggest ticks containing Francisella species, FLEs, and spotted fever groupRickettsia are dispersed by northbound migratory birds in the African-Western Palaearctic and suggest H. rufipes may not be involved in the transmission of F. tularensis in the study region. Future studies should aim at confirming the prevalence of Francisella spp. and spotted fever group Rickettsia in H. rufipes, in addition to focusing on the influence of FLEs on H. rufipes and their interaction with pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Midichloria.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Jerksjö, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Comparing emission rates derived from remote sensing with PEMS and chassis dynamometer tests - CONOX Task 1 report
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report a newly developed method is presented to enable improved comparisons of emission results from remote sensing measurements with those from PEMS routes or from chassis dynamometer standard driving cycles, which together will help to corroborate measurements and better understand real-driving emissions of in particular NOX from late model diesel light-duty vehicles, e.g. Euro 5 and Euro 6 passenger cars. The method utilizes information and data commonly available from remote sensing measurements, such as speed, acceleration and road grade, together with crucial vehicle information, such as vehicle segment, engine/fuel type and Euro classification. From this information the vehicle specific power (VSP) is calculated on an individual vehicle level, which is used as input to simulations with the TU Graz PHEM model to derive instantaneous fuel rates on an individual or aggregated vehicle level. The derived fuel rates are used to convert emissions expressed as gram pollutant emitted per kg fuel burned from the remote sensing measurements into gram pollutant emitted per vehicle distance driven (e.g. g/km). By dividing large remote sensing datasets into VSP bins, the proposed method can be used to convert remote sensing emission rates to any test cycle, such as the WLTP, for further comparisons.
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| 20. |
- Jerksjö, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Remote emission sensing compared with other methods to measure in-service conformity of light-duty vehicles : On behalf of the Swedish Innovation Agency and the Swedish Transport Administration
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The emission performance of light-duty vehicles (LDVs) was investigated based on various datasets from remote sensing, PEMS and chassis dynamometer measurements. The focus of the investigation was on NOX from early Euro 6 diesels and based on three different datasets:- Data collected from dedicated remote sensing measurements carried out in Sweden, used to recruit vehicles for PEMS and dynamometer tests. - A large remote sensing dataset from measurements carried out in six European countries, compared with a large number of PEMS RDE data.- Data collected by means of remote sensing, mini-PEMS and a point sampling particle number instrument at a PTI-station. The results of the analysis show:- A good agreement between remote sensing and PEMS as regards real-world NOX emission reductions from Euro 5 through the various steps of Euro 6.- For Euro 6ab diesel LDVs:o A good agreement in NOX emissions between remote sensing and PEMS with data broken down on vehicle model and engine alliance level. o A reasonable agreement between remote sensing and PEMS for individual vehicles, demonstrating remote sensing capability to identify vehicles exceeding the Euro 6 NOX limit.o Large variations for both remote sensing and PEMS - a factor of 30-40 between the highest and lowest emitters - in NOX emissions between individual vehicles. - For diesel LDV PM emissions the remote sensing data mirrors the evolution of the increasingly stricter emission standards from Euro 1 onwards, ultimately requiring newer vehicles to be equipped with DPFs, reducing real-world PM emissions by more than 90%.- Remote sensing can be used as a stand-alone, cost-effective method for surveying the RDE performance of the diesel LDV fleet and supplement in-use compliance programs.- Screening for suspected high-emitters with remote sensing and confirmatory measurements with mini-PEMS can be a potential approach to enhance PTI emission testing, e.g., by incorporating NOX and PN tests under real driving conditions.
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| 21. |
- Kindbom, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Kortlivade klimatpåverkande luftföroreningar (SLCP)
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- IVL has on commission from the Swedish Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives (Miljömålsberedningen) compiled information on present and future emissions of Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP) in Sweden, as well as performed an analysis of further emission reduction potentials and associated costs in 2030. Main results from the study: According to the Swedish emission projections, which take current legislation into account, the national total emissions of all SLCPs will be lower in 2030 compared to today. The trend, however, is different for different sources. Emissions from road traffic are expected to decline significantly. From other mobile sources reductions are also expected, but to a lesser extent than from road traffic. Emissions from residential combustion of biomass are expected to remain at about the same level as at present, why these emissions in relative terms will increase in importance. Mobile sources and residential combustion, which produce emissions from combustion of fuels, emit all SLCPs except HFCs. The agricultural sector is the main emission source for CH4 both today and in the future. For NMVOC emissions from the “solvent and product use” sector is the dominating source. CH4 from the agricultural sector, as well as NMVOC from product and solvent use, are both reduced only slightly to 2030 according to the projections. Emissions of CH4 and NMVOC from other sources are projected be reduced to a greater extent. Agriculture will thus be of relatively greater importance for emissions of CH4 in the future, as will solvent and product use for NMVOC emissions. Emissions of HFCs are expected to decline significantly in the future and there is most likely no cost-effective potential for further reductions of HFC emissions. There is currently no comprehensive Swedish analysis available of cost-effective measures to reduce emissions of SLCP in Sweden 2030. Best available knowledge suggests that there will be technical emission reduction measures available, with a potential to reduce emissions in 2030 beyond currently projected emissions. This report is only available in Swedish.
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| 22. |
- Lindborg, Regina, et al.
(författare)
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A landscape perspective on conservation of semi-natural grasslands.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-8809. ; 125:1-4, s. 213-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current agri-environmental schemes and subsidies for conservation and restoration of semi-natural grasslands do not explicitly assess land use changes affecting whole landscapes, but have so far focused on single objects and small areas. In this paper, we discuss a landscape perspective versus a “single object” perspective when conserving semi-natural grassland in agricultural landscapes. The focus is on the values biodiversity, cultural heritage, a vital countryside, and effects on economy when land use changes. We conclude that when land use change in the landscape surrounding an object, important additional effects on the different values are found. For example, a countryside where animals graze former arable fields and where marginal habitats are managed will have a positive effect, not only on the biodiversity associated to semi-natural grasslands, but also for the image of a vital and dynamic landscape. An increased number of roads, on the other hand, may negatively affect cultural heritage and decrease biodiversity in grasslands, leading to negative effects on the value of common goods through isolation. Placing objects in a larger spatial context and combining several different aspects into a landscape perspective, will improve long-term preservation of values associated to semi-natural grasslands.
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| 23. |
- Lindborg, Regina, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating biodiversity trajectories using scenarios – Lessons from two contrasting agricultural landscapes
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 91:2, s. 499-508
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agriculture is the major land use at a global scale. In addition to food production, multifunctionality of landscapes, including values and ecosystem services like biodiversity, recreation and culture, is now focus for management. This study explores how a scenario approach, involving different stakeholders, may help to improve landscape management for biodiversity conservation. Local farmers and executives at the County Administrative Board were invited to discuss rural development and conditions for farmland biodiversity in two Swedish landscapes. The potential biodiversity for three future land use scenarios for the two landscapes was discussed: nature conservation, outdoor recreation and energy production, and compared with current and historical landscapes in each region. Analyses of habitat areas, connectedness and landscape diversity suggested that the energy and recreation scenarios had a negative impact on farmland biodiversity, whereas the nature conservation scenario, the current and historically reconstructed landscapes had a higher potential for biodiversity. The farmers appreciated the nature conservation scenario, but also the energy production scenario and they highlighted the need of increased subsidies for management of biodiversity. The farmers in the high production area were less interested in nature quality per se. The executives had similar opinions as the farmers, but disagreed on the advantages with energy production, as this would be in conflict with the high biodiversity and recreational values. The local physical and socio-economical conditions differ between landscapes and potentially shaped the stakeholders emotional attachment to the local environment, their opinions and decisions on how to manage the land. We stress the importance of incorporating local knowledge, visions and regional prerequisites for different land uses in conservation, since site and landscape specific planning for biodiversity together with a flexible subsidy system are necessary to reach the conservation goals within EU.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Pleijel, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Trafikavgasers effekter på grödor och andra nyttoväxter i närheten av vägar. Slutrapport inom IVLs forskningsprogram rörande effekter på närmiljön av luftföroreningar från väg-trafik
- 1993
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- De undersökningar som IVL utfört vid E6 söder om Göteborg visar: att etenhalterna i vägens närhet är tillräckligt höga för att orsaka biologiska effekter på känsliga organismer såsom indikatorväxten petunia, att ozonhalterna i vägens närhet är betydligt lägre än i de regionala bakgrundshalterna, vilket avspeglas i signifikant mindre bladskador på indikatorväxten subklöver i närheten av motorvägen efter en ozonepisod, samt att tillväxten hos subklövern minskade med ökat avstånd från vägen, att den betydligt mindre ozonkänsliga rödklövern, till skillnad från subklövern hade ökad tillväxt med ökat avstånd från vägen, att det finns en tendens till något bätte avkastning hos stråsäd i närheten av vägen, men att omfattningen och orsaken till tillväxtstimuleringen är svårbedömd
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