| 1. |
- Dujeancourt, Erwan
(författare)
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Labor, firm and wealth effects of gender and sexuality
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The prevalence of LGBTQ+ individuals, which stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and additional identities, is steadily increasing in society. Global surveys conducted in 2023 indicate that 9% of adults in the world identify as LGBTQ+ individuals, with the proportion increasing to 18% among the youngest generation (Jackson, 2023). This demographic shift emphasizes the necessity for further economic research regarding LGBTQ+ populations. The aim of this thesis is therefore to explore the role of gender and sexuality in labor, firm, and wealth disparities.The first paper, "Sexual Orientation, Entrepreneurship, and Firm Survival," draws on Swedish population and business registry data from 1995–2020. The findings reveal that sexual minority men are 7.8% less likely to engage in entrepreneurship than comparable heterosexual men, while sexual minority women are 4.8% more likely to do so than their comparable heterosexual counterparts. Additionally, it examines the survival rates of firms founded by sexual minorities, where disparities are found particularly for ventures led by sexual minority women. The results show that both external factors (such as attitudes toward sexual minorities and the density of same-sex couples) and internal factors (e.g., the presence of a romantic partner) may contribute to the differential survival of ventures founded by sexual minority women.The second paper, "Wealth, Gender and Sexual Orientation – Evidence from Siblings," analyzes administrative data to explore wealth differentials across genders and sexual orientations. This study shows nuanced patterns, such as a wealth penalty for men in same-sex couples below the P80 percentile and a persistent wealth penalty for women below the P95 percentile.The third paper, "Sexual Orientation and Multiple Job Holding: Evidence from Swedish Administrative Data," investigates the incidence of multiple job holdings among sexual minority individuals. This paper finds that sexual minority individuals are significantly more likely to hold multiple jobs, with the drivers of providing self-insurance for men and career mobility for women. Notably, holding multiple jobs among sexual minority women is associated with reduced unemployment and increased earnings growth.In the fourth paper, “The Role of Legal Gender Change in Labor Market Outcomes,” a cohort of over 900 transgender individuals in Sweden who underwent legal gender changes is studied. A comparative approach reveals disparities in labor market outcomes, showing a reduced likelihood of employment and lower salary for transgender individuals compared to their cisgender siblings. Furthermore, transgender men have lower salaries, while transgender women have higher salaries but encounter challenges in finding employment after changing their legal gender. These findings highlight the vulnerable economic standing of transgender individuals in Sweden.Through empirical analysis, this thesis underscores socioeconomic (in)equalities and their drivers across both sexuality and gender, offering insights into the economic opportunities and challenges of a growing population group.
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| 2. |
- Gustafsson, Anders, 1985-
(författare)
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Industrial policy : Political considerations, payoffs, and peculiar incentives
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four independent papers. They deal with some aspects of industrial policy, namely public supports to firms that are intended to support innovation and growth at the firm level, using Swedish data. Two papers study the efficiency of current Swedish policies by estimating the effects of subsidies and public loans to firms, respectively.The results on subsidized firms suggests that there are some positive effects on profits and productivity, but these diminish and disappear over time. The results of public loans are more positive with long lasting effects on productivity and sales but only for smaller firms. Public loans do not lead to an increase in the number of employees in the firms that receive them.The third paper studies the selection of firms for subsidies and the incentives firms have to seek them. By modeling the decision to seek subsidies as a trade off between producing in the market and seeking grants, the results suggest that firms with low market productivity might self-select into seeking grants. The empirical results are in line with the theoretical predictions.The final paper studies the incentives that politicians have to implement programs and policies that they know will be inefficient. Since a lack of political action can make the politicians look incompetent, incumbentens have incentives to implement policies even though they know that these will be ineffective, to signal competence towards the voters.
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| 3. |
- Mutarindwa, Samuel
(författare)
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Institutions, regulations, performance and stability of African banks
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four independent papers preceded by the introductory chapter linked through the thesis title. The first two papers focus on determinants of bank stability, while the other two focus on the determinants of bank performance.Paper one assesses the effects of bank compliance with Basel III liquidity and capital requirements on lending and stability. African banks complying with the liquidity threshold above median lend more but are less stable. However, banks above the median capital requirement are more stable but lend less. Compliance depend on central banks’ supervision, regulatory quality, and legal systems.Paper two investigates how legal systems and institutions influence central banks’ provision of supervisory guidance on corporate governance, and via this channel, affect governance and stability of banks. The publication of supervisory guidance on corporate governance helps banks to improve internal governance and stability, conditional on countries’ legal traditions and institutional quality.Paper three investigates why legal traditions matter for law development, institutions for creditors and investors, as well as the development of banking systems. The paper provides strong supports for the law and finance theory that legal traditions strongly matter for legal systems development in common law countries but provide partial support for the influence of institutions on bank systems development.The fourth paper investigates the role of ownership on bank efficiency. A novel approach is applied which addresses the incidental parameter problem associated with Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). Results show both cost and profit efficiency’ superiority of foreign and privately-owned banks.
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| 4. |
- Habibi, Arash
(författare)
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International trade, global value chains and sustainable development
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three articles that explore the challenges of international trade, focusing on environmental (article 1), social (article 2), and macroeconomic considerations (article 3). Articles 1 and 3 delve deeper into the complexities of international trade due to globalization. Articles 1 and 2 address how international trade interacts with crucial aspects of sustainable development, namely carbon pricing and gender equality. Overall the thesis dives into sectoral heterogenities and highlights the need for policies that consider sectoral aspects due to the distinct characteristics of each sector.The first article examines the impact of carbon pricing on carbon leakage which is a counteractive mechanism for the effectiveness of carbon pricing. The study confirms that fuel excise taxes, rather than carbon taxes or emission trading schemes, are the primary drivers of carbon leakage. Structural gravity estimates show that carbon pricing based on carbon taxes and emission trading schemes (ETS) does not cause carbon leakage, but fuel excise taxes and ETS exemptions have a significant impact. This finding is supported when looking at carbon prices in different sectors. Thus, policymakers should consider adjusting fuel excise taxes accordingly.The second article delves into the effectiveness of anti-discrimination references in trade agreements on promoting gender equality in developing countries. The research demonstrates that the location and language of these references significantly influence their impact. The results indicate that such references are more likely to improve gender-related labor conditions when they appear in legally binding sections and are associated with hard modal verbs like “shall” or “should”, in contrast to those that appear in aspirational sections and are associated with softer modal verbs like “may” or “might”. Furthermore, the results highlight a significant effect of these references in the agriculture sector, which hosts most of the female labor force in developing countries.Finally, the third article investigates the non-linear relationship between exchange rates and industrial production in various sectors of the U.S. economy. Employing a non-linear autoregressive distributed lags model, the research reveals short-run and long-run non-linear effects of exchange rate fluctuations on the production of non-energy materials, durable manufacturing, consumer goods, and business equipment. These findings underscore the role of import contents of exports on sectoral production.
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| 5. |
- Petreski, Aleksandar
(författare)
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Green Finance in Real Estate, Housing Price Volatility and Rental Swaps
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four papers that explore several aspects of the housing market in Sweden: financing of the housing construction sector, price volatility patterns of apartment and house segments and the role of the swap rental market in access to housing and household mobility.The first paper explores the effect of a firm’s reputation of being a green bond issuer on its financing costs. Results show that repeated green bond issuance reduces the real estate firm’s cost of capital and cost of equity and that past green bond issuance is positively related to present green bond issuance.The second paper empirically investigates the differences in idiosyncratic price volatility patterns between apartment and house segments at transaction level, using new spatial-temporal form of garch model. Results show that the segment of apartments shows stronger mean-reversion and auto-correlation, in contrast to houses. Volatility effects increase with wider geographical distances between observations.The third paper investigates the effect of rental swaps on the waiting time of households queuing for permanent tenancy in rental market. Numerical comparative statics from a calibrated search & match model show that active swap market, increases waiting times for less than one year, in average.The final paper in the thesis empirically investigates the household propensity to swap and the effects of the rental swap market on the horizontal and vertical mobility of households. The results show that the swap market increases mobility of locally bounded short-distance movers and helps to make a slight neighbourhood upgrade.
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