| 1. |
- Dolan, Chris, et al.
(författare)
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What is sexual about conflict-related sexual violence? Stories from men and women survivors
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Affairs. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0020-5850 .- 1468-2346. ; 96:5, s. 1151-1168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the prominent attention that the problem of conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) has recently garnered globally, we still know far too little about what is sexual about sexual violence, according to whom, as well as why and how this matters in our efforts to prevent and redress its harms. A growing theoretical, political, legal and ethical imperative to ask questions about the sexual part of sexual violence across both war and peace is nonetheless emerging. This article therefore turns to the accounts of male and female survivors of CRSV at the at the Refugee Law Project (RLP) in Kampala, Uganda. In our reading of their accounts, we explore how the participants understand the possible imbrication of the perpetrator's sexual desire and pleasure with the violence they inflicted, as well as how they deem such intermeshing impossible or deeply problematic in and to the gendered frames that govern how they think about the distinctions between violence and sex, as well as themselves as sexual, social, embodied subjects. Read together, these conflicted and conflicting testimonies offer a vantage point from which to rethink some of the reductive truisms that persist in dominant policy-friendly accounts of wartime sexual violence—namely that such violence is about power and not about ‘sex’. The participants’ accounts thus urge us, as scholars and policy advocates, to resist reducing the multi-layered experiences of victim/survivors of sexual violence to fit into the palatable narratives of victimhood that prevail in humanitarian, juridical and policy spaces.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Conflict Related Sexual Violence against Men
- 2023
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Ingår i: Gender and Violence against Political Actors Edited by Elin Bjarnegård and Pär Zetterberg. - Philadelphia : Temple University Press. - 9781439923306
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Fearless Fighters and Submissive Wives: Negotiating Identity among Women Soldiers in the Congo (DRC)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Armed forces and society. - 0095-327X .- 1556-0848. ; 39:4, s. 711-739
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article addresses an underreported aspect of contemporary warring in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): the experiences of women soldiers and officers in the Congolese national armed forces (Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo [FARDC]). It thus addresses an empirical gap in scholarly and policy knowledge about female soldiers in national armies on the African continent, and the DRC in particular. Based on original interviews, the article explores the way female soldiers in the FARDC understand their identities as “women soldiers” and offers new insight into women soldiers’ role and responsibilities in the widespread violence committed against civilians in the DRC. Moreover, it explores how their understanding of themselves as “women soldiers” both challenges and confirms familiar notions of the army as a masculine sphere. Such insight is important for better understanding the gendered makeup of the military and for contributing to a knowledge base for Security Sector Reform in this violent (post)conflict setting.
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| 6. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Knowing Masculinities in Armed Conflict?: Reflections from Research in the Democratic Republic of Congo
- 2018
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Ingår i: The Oxford handbook of gender and conflict / edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes and Nahla Valji.. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199300983 ; , s. 532-545
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on interviews and ethnographic fieldwork with members of the Congolese military, this chapter explores conceptions of militarized masculinity, particularly in the context of sexual violence perpetrated by Congolese government forces during the protracted conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The chapter opens with a review of the feminist research regarding the interconnectedness of gender, militarization, and war, comparing these theories with the conceptions of masculinity articulated by Congolese soldiers. While portions of the interviews were consistent with prevailing research framings, the chapter documents various points of dissonance. These include differences in the articulation of what characteristics make one a “good soldier”; the recurring articulations of vulnerability and failure; and a perception of rape as the action of an emasculated man. The chapter concludes with the authors’ reflection on their experience carrying out their research and the ethics of research in a post-colonial context.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Making sense of violence: voices of soldiers in the Congo (DRC)
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Journal of Modern African Studies. - 0022-278X .- 1469-7777. ; 46:1, s. 57-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last years the DRC has made itself known in the world for terrible acts of violence committed by armed men – militia and the regular army – against the civilian population. The voices of the soldiers and combatants have so far been absent in the accounts of this violence. This silence is problematic, both because it makes it harder to understand such violence, but also because it reinforces stereotypes of African warriors as primitive and anarchic, driven by innate violence and tribal hatred. Enquiry into the particular discursive as well as material circumstances of the armed conflict in the DRC, which might better redress the complex and interrelated context in which ‘people in uniforms’ commit violence, is consequently impeded. The story we recount here emerges from soldiers within the main perpetrator of violence in the DRC today: the Integrated Armed Forces. The soldiers' interview texts challenge the dominant representation of soldiers and combatants in the DRC. The soldiers made sense of the prevalence of violence (in which they too had participated) in several interrelated ways, none of which reflected any expression of ‘natural’ (if dormant) violent tendencies, hatred or vengefulness for the enemy.
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| 8. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Maskulinitet och sexualiserat våld i krig och fred
- 2013
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Ingår i: Internationella relationer - könskritiska perspektiv. Paulina de los Reyes, Maud Eduards, Fia Sundevall (red.). - Stockholm : Liber. - 9789147097470 ; , s. 113-128
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Internationella relationer är en introduktion till genusanalytiska frågeställningar och tolkningar av den internationella ordningen. Boken belyser vikten av könskritiska perspektiv på internationella relationer och ger exempel på skilda sätt att förstå och förklara den internationella ordningens betydelser för människors liv i olika delar av världen. Här ställs frågor om hur globalisering och konflikter samspelar med föreställningar om manligt och kvinnligt. Författarna analyserar och diskuterar könskodade maktstrukturer och ojämlik resursfördelning - både lokalt och globalt. Med utgångspunkt i IR-fältets klassiska temaindelningar lyfter artiklarna fram nya perspektiv och problem, vilket vidgar och fördjupar förståelsen av fältet, såväl vetenskapligt som politiskt. Internationella relationer - könskritiska perspektiv vänder sig till studenter i internationella relationer och angränsande ämnen, men också till andra som är intresserade av könskritiska tolkningar av hur den internationella ordningen fungerar.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? : Perceptions, Prescriptions, Problems in the Congo and Beyond
- 2013
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- All too often in conflict situations, rape is referred to as a 'weapon of war', a term presented as self-explanatory through its implied storyline of gender and warring. In this provocative but much-needed book, Eriksson Baaz and Stern challenge the dominant understandings of sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings. Reading with and against feminist analyses of the interconnections between gender, warring, violence and militarization, the authors address many of the thorny issues inherent in the arrival of sexual violence on the global security agenda. Based on original fieldwork in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as research material from other conflict zones, Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? challenges the recent prominence given to sexual violence, bravely highlighting various problems with isolating sexual violence from other violence in war. A much-anticipated book by two acknowledged experts in the field, on an issue that has become an increasingly important security, legal and gender topic.
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| 11. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Sexuellt våld och ett kontinuum mellan krig och fred
- 2021
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Ingår i: Feministiska perspektiv på global politik, edited by Emil Edenborg, Sofie Tornhill and Cecilia Åse.. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144140209
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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The Complexity of Violence : A critical analysis of sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report, the first in Sida’s gender-based violence series, draws on an original case study, including extensive interviews with members of thearmed forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). By critically exploring and convincingly challenging existing stereotypes and narratives about sexual violence in conflict settings, the authors reveal the need for a nuanced understanding of SGBV, including its invisible victims. Their analysis transcends reductionist explanations that separate SGBV from other forms of violence that afflict war-torn societies, and haunt post-war contexts. They thus provide invaluable insights into the complex circumstances in which SGBV occurs.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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What Can We/Do We Want to Know? : Reflections from Researching SGBV in Military Settings
- 2018
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Ingår i: Social Politics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1072-4745 .- 1468-2893. ; 25:4, s. 521-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores methodological challenges that arose in two perpetrator-centered research projects on sexual and gender-based violence in two different armed forces contexts: the British Army and the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo. We examine how the interplay between research subjects’, in this case perpetrators’, performances and our own desires and investments as researchers shape the knowledge we produce. Ultimately, we seek to encourage continuing (self)critical discussions on how various discursive framings and ethico-political desires shape the stories we hear as well as those that we tell.
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| 16. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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WHORES, MEN, AND OTHER MISFITS: UNDOING ‘FEMINIZATION’ IN THE ARMED FORCES IN THE DRC
- 2011
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Ingår i: African Affairs. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1468-2621 .- 0001-9909. ; African Affairs Advance Access published August 5:2011, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global attention focused on sexual violence in the DRC has not only contributed to an image of the Congolese army as a vestige of pre-modern barbarism, populated by rapists, and bearing no resemblance to the world of modern armies; it has also shaped gender and defence reform initiatives. These initiatives have become synonymous with combating sexual violence, reflecting an assumption that the gendered dynamics of the army are already known. Crucial questions such as the ‘feminization’ of the armed forces are consequently neglected. Based on in-depth interviews with soldiers in the Congolese armed forces, this article analyses the discursive strategies male soldiers employ in relation to the feminization of the army. In the light of the need to reform the military and military masculinities, the article discusses how globalized discourses and practices render the Congolese military a highly globalized sphere. It also highlights the particular and local ways in which military identities are produced through gender, and concludes that a simple inclusion of women in the armed forces in order to render men less violent might not have the pacifying effect intended.
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| 17. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Why Do Soldiers Rape? Masculinity, Violence, and Sexuality in the Armed Forces in the Congo (DRC)
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Studies Quarterly. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1468-2478 .- 0020-8833. ; 53:2, s. 495-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the ways soldiers in the Congo speak about the massive amount of rape committed by the armed forces in the recent war in the DRC. It focuses on the reasons that the soldiers give to why rape occurs. It discusses how the soldiers distinguish between ‘‘lust rapes’’ and ‘‘evil rapes’’ and argues that their explanations of rape must be understood in relation to notions of different (impossible) masculinities. Ultimately, through reading the soldiers’ words, we can glimpse the logics—arguably informed by the increasingly globalized context of soldiering—through which rape becomes possible, and even ‘‘normalized’’ in particular warscapes.
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| 18. |
- Eriksson Baaz, Maria, 1971, et al.
(författare)
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Willing Reform? An Analysis of Defence Reform Intitiatives in the DRC
- 2013
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Ingår i: Globalization and Development: Rethinking Interventions and Governance, Bigsten (ed.). - London and New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. - 9780415635684 ; , s. 193-213
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The key challenge for achieving sustained development in developing countries relates to quality of domestic governance, which in turn is strongly affected by external interventions. Domestic governance includes politics, policy formulation, institution building and policy implementation. It is important for both international and domestic agents to understand how the interplay between external interventions and domestic governance affects social and economic outcomes. This volume presents a series of studies analysing the links between external interventions and domestic governance in the areas of economic, social and security policy. Key questions that are addressed here include: How do external interventions in economic, social and security areas affect domestic governance in developing countries? Is aid more effective in decentralised systems of government? What are the interactions between external interventions and domestic governance? How can external agents advance domestic governance? Due to its strong focus on external interventions and domestic governance, this book will be of interest to scholars of development studies across the social sciences, in addition to the fields of economics, political science, sociology and geography.
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| 19. |
- Gray, Harriet, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Torture and sexual violence in war and conflict: The unmaking and remaking of subjects of violence
- 2020
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Ingår i: Review of International Studies. - 0260-2105. ; 46:2, s. 197-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the wide repository of knowledge about conflict-related sexual violence that now exists, there remains a lack of understanding about how victims/survivors of such violence themselves make sense of and frame their experiences in conversation with global and local discourses and with the categorisations that underpin support programmes. Such sense-making is important not only because the ways in which violence is categorised shape a victim/survivor's ability to access particular forms of recognition and support, but also because it is central in how shattered selves and worlds are remade in the aftermath of violence. Drawing on individual and group interviews conducted with refugees living in Kampala, Uganda, this article charts how framings of ‘torture’ and ‘sexual violence’ become meaningful in participants’ accounts in the (re)formation of themselves as subjects after violent victimisation. We trace how participants navigate the heteronormative societal and legal norms that shape their subjectivity and the effects of the violence they experienced through the deeply gendered and political work that these terms do in their narratives. Our analysis thus highlights and reminds us to pay attention to the political stakes involved in fluid processes of categorising injury.
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| 20. |
- Pin-Fat, Veronique, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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‘The Scripting of Private Jessica Lynch: Biopolitics, Gender, and the "Feminization" of the US Military’, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 2005, 30, 25–53.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Critical Security Studies, Volume I: Defining Security (Critical Concepts in Military, Strategic and Security Studies), Columba Peoples and Nick Vaughan-Williams eds.. - London : Routledge. - 9780415603287
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Although prominent—some would argue pre-eminent—within the modern political lexicon, the concept of ‘security’ is complex and contested. While the meaning and reference point of security was once largely taken for granted within International Relations, the past thirty years or so have witnessed the growth of a range of approaches that refuse to take this concept and its application as self-evident. Instead, serious scholarship, often grouped under the rubric of ‘Critical Security Studies’, has sought to question and critique dominant conceptions of security, to introduce new theoretical approaches to the assessment of security discourses and practices, and to expand the range of issues considered within security analysis. This new four-volume collection from Routledge provides a timely anthology of the subdiscipline’s best and most influential scholarship to help users make sense of a now dizzyingly large body of literature and a continuing explosion in research output. Bringing together these major works in one easy-to-use reference resource, the collection illuminates the sometimes complex debates within and between different critical approaches to security, where even the meaning, form, and function of critique is itself contested. And, rather than attempting to impose a unitary or monolithic understanding of Critical Security Studies, the collection editors have instead captured the diversity and vibrancy of critical research on security by grouping the gathered materials into four interrelated themes: defining, deepening, broadening, and extending security. Volume I (‘Defining Security’), collects a variety of critical perspectives on the meaning of the concept of security. Volume II (‘Broadening Security’), meanwhile, presents arguments for and against the ‘broadening’ of security to include issues such as environmental degradation, migration, and health. The third volume (‘Deepening Security’) in the collection gathers assessments of the appropriate point of reference for security that range from the individual to the global level, while Volume IV (‘Extending Security’) brings together materials that have sought to extend existing critical approaches, and to expand further the disciplinary boundaries of Security Studies. The collection is fully indexed and includes a comprehensive introduction that places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context. It is destined to be valued by students, teachers, and researchers of Security Studies—as well as those working in contiguous fields—as a vital and unique resource.
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| 21. |
- Rittner, C., et al.
(författare)
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Why teach?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Teaching About Rape in War and Genocide. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137499158 ; , s. 8-25
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of teaching about rape in war and genocide is intensiied because that atrocity has become a strategy used intentionally by combatants to harm individuals and destroy communities. hese utterly destructive atrocities cannot be curbed or prevented unless people are educated about them. Teaching about rape in war and genocide deinitely needs to be done, but it cannot be done well apart from critical relection about aims and assumptions, prospects and pitfalls. What hopes and expectations motivate teachers to enter this rugged terrain? Can teaching about rape in war and genocide help to curb or eliminate such atrocities? Questions such as these govern the relections and suggestions about teaching in this chapter. © The Editor(s) 2016. All rights reserved.
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| 22. |
- Roth, J. K., et al.
(författare)
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How should one teach?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Teaching About Rape in War and Genocide. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137499165 ; , s. 64-84
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Teaching about rape in war and genocide does not fit neatly within the conventional disciplinary boundaries that typically govern curricula and teacher training. The challenge, then, is how to teach in ways that take advantage of disciplinary expertise while still understanding that every disciplinary approach has shortcomings and none will be sufficient alone. This chapter illustrates how particular perspectives and disciplinary orientations enhance good teaching and sound learning about rape in war and genocide. It also shows how interdisciplinary approaches are necessary for that outcome. In addition, the chapter underscores that the teacher's individual identity and teaching style will greatly affect the impact on students. © The Editor(s) 2016. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Stern, Maria, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Curious erasures: the sexual in wartime sexual violence
- 2018
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Ingår i: International feminist journal of politics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6742 .- 1468-4470. ; 20:3, s. 295-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wartime sexual violence is especially egregious precisely because it is a sexual form of violence that causes particular harms. Yet, curiously, and in contrast to feminist theory on sexual violence more generally, the sexual has been erased from frames of understanding in dominant accounts of wartime rape. This article places the seeming certainty that “wartime rape is not about sex (it’s about power/violence)” under critical scrutiny and poses questions about the stakes of the erasure of the sexual in explanations of conflict-related sexual violence. It argues that the particular urgency that accompanies this erasure reflects the workings of familiar distinctions between war and peace, as well as efforts to clearly recognize violence and separate it from sex. Erasing the sexual from accounts of wartime rape thus ultimately reinscribes the normal and the exceptional as separate, and reproduces a reductive notion of heterosexual masculine sex (in peacetime) that is ontologically different from the violence of war.
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| 24. |
- Stern, Maria, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Research in the Rape Capital of the World: Fame and Shame
- 2015
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Ingår i: Masquerades of War. - New York : Routledge. - 9781138810693 ; , s. 197-206
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This collection explores the concepts and practices of masquerade as they apply to concepts and practices of war. The contributors insist that masquerades are everyday aspects of the politics, praxis, and experiences of war, while also discovering that finding masquerades and tracing how they work with war is hardly simple. With a range of theories, innovative methodologies, and contextual binoculars, masquerade emerges as a layered and complex phenomenon. It can appear as state deception, lie, or camouflage, as in the population-centric American warfare in Iraq that was sold as good for the local people, or the hidden violence Russian military forces used on each other and on local men in Chechnya. Masquerade can also be part of a people's war logic as exemplified by the Maoist movement in India. Yet masquerade can also be understood as a normal social mask that people don to foreground an identity or belief from one's cluttered repertoire in order to gain agency. Elements of masquerade can appear in texts that proclaim seemingly unequivocal positions while simultaneously yet subtly suggesting opposing positions. Masquerades of all kinds also seem ubiquitous in fieldwork research and in resistance movements in war zones. Perhaps masquerade, though, is ultimately the denial of death lurking behind the clarion call of security, a call that bolsters war by making militarized policing normal to secure populations from terrorists. These interpretations and others comprise Masquerades of War. This book will be of much interest to students of critical war studies, critical security, conflict studies and IR in general.
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| 25. |
- Stern, Maria, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Telling Perpetrator’s stories: a reflection on effects and ethics
- 2015
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Ingår i: Teaching About Rape in War and Genocide. - London : Palgrave. - 9781137499158
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How to teach about rape in war and genocide? This edited volume draws on the expertise of scholars and human rights practitioners to explore that crucial question. Across the chapters its authors address five questions: Why teach about rape in war and genocide? Who should teach and learn? What needs to be taught? How should one teach? Where and when should teaching take place? Offering guidance for teaching and discussion, this study combines research and pedagogical experience to make the volume useful not only as a pedagogical guide but also as a source that advances understanding about, and resistance against, a major atrocity that besieges human flourishing.
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