| 1. |
- Clark, M. S., et al.
(författare)
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Deciphering mollusc shell production: the roles of genetic mechanisms through to ecology, aquaculture and biomimetics
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biological Reviews. - : Wiley. - 1464-7931 .- 1469-185X. ; 95:6, s. 1812-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most molluscs possess shells, constructed from a vast array of microstructures and architectures. The fully formed shell is composed of calcite or aragonite. These CaCO(3)crystals form complex biocomposites with proteins, which although typically less than 5% of total shell mass, play significant roles in determining shell microstructure. Despite much research effort, large knowledge gaps remain in how molluscs construct and maintain their shells, and how they produce such a great diversity of forms. Here we synthesize results on how shell shape, microstructure, composition and organic content vary among, and within, species in response to numerous biotic and abiotic factors. At the local level, temperature, food supply and predation cues significantly affect shell morphology, whilst salinity has a much stronger influence across latitudes. Moreover, we emphasize how advances in genomic technologies [e.g. restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) and epigenetics] allow detailed examinations of whether morphological changes result from phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation, or a combination of these. RAD-Seq has already identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with temperature and aquaculture practices, whilst epigenetic processes have been shown significantly to modify shell construction to local conditions in, for example, Antarctica and New Zealand. We also synthesize results on the costs of shell construction and explore how these affect energetic trade-offs in animal metabolism. The cellular costs are still debated, with CaCO(3)precipitation estimates ranging from 1-2 J/mg to 17-55 J/mg depending on experimental and environmental conditions. However, organic components are more expensive (similar to 29 J/mg) and recent data indicate transmembrane calcium ion transporters can involve considerable costs. This review emphasizes the role that molecular analyses have played in demonstrating multiple evolutionary origins of biomineralization genes. Although these are characterized by lineage-specific proteins and unique combinations of co-opted genes, a small set of protein domains have been identified as a conserved biomineralization tool box. We further highlight the use of sequence data sets in providing candidate genes forin situlocalization and protein function studies. The former has elucidated gene expression modularity in mantle tissue, improving understanding of the diversity of shell morphology synthesis. RNA interference (RNAi) and clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats - CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) experiments have provided proof of concept for use in the functional investigation of mollusc gene sequences, showing for example that Pif (aragonite-binding) protein plays a significant role in structured nacre crystal growth and that theLsdia1gene sets shell chirality inLymnaea stagnalis. Much research has focused on the impacts of ocean acidification on molluscs. Initial studies were predominantly pessimistic for future molluscan biodiversity. However, more sophisticated experiments incorporating selective breeding and multiple generations are identifying subtle effects and that variability within mollusc genomes has potential for adaption to future conditions. Furthermore, we highlight recent historical studies based on museum collections that demonstrate a greater resilience of molluscs to climate change compared with experimental data. The future of mollusc research lies not solely with ecological investigations into biodiversity, and this review synthesizes knowledge across disciplines to understand biomineralization. It spans research ranging from evolution and development, through predictions of biodiversity prospects and future-proofing of aquaculture to identifying new biomimetic opportunities and societal benefits from recycling shell products.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Alves, R. N., et al.
(författare)
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Structural and functional maturation of skin during metamorphosis in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cell and Tissue Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0302-766X .- 1432-0878. ; 372:3, s. 469-492
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To establish if the developmental changes in the primary barrier and osmoregulatory capacity of Atlantic halibut skin are modified during metamorphosis, histological, histochemical, gene expression and electrophysiological measurements were made. The morphology of the ocular and abocular skin started to diverge during the metamorphic climax and ocular skin appeared thicker and more stratified. Neutral mucins were the main glycoproteins produced by the goblet cells in skin during metamorphosis. Moreover, the number of goblet cells producing neutral mucins increased during metamorphosis and asymmetry in their abundance was observed between ocular and abocular skin. The increase in goblet cell number and their asymmetric abundance in skin was concomitant with the period that thyroid hormones (THs) increase and suggests that they may be under the control of these hormones. Several mucin transcripts were identified in metamorphosing halibut transcriptomes and Muc18 and Muc5AC were characteristic of the body skin. Na+, K+-ATPase positive (NKA) cells were observed in skin of all metamorphic stages but their number significantly decreased with the onset of metamorphosis. No asymmetry was observed between ocular and abocular skin in NKA cells. The morphological changes observed were linked to modified skin barrier function as revealed by modifications in its electrophysiological properties. However, the maturation of the skin functional characteristics preceded structural maturation and occurred at stage 8 prior to the metamorphic climax. Treatment of Atlantic halibut with the THs disrupter methimazole (MMI) affected the number of goblet cells producing neutral mucins and the NKA cells. The present study reveals that the asymmetric development of the skin in Atlantic halibut is TH sensitive and is associated with metamorphosis and that this barrier's functional properties mature earlier and are independent of metamorphosis.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Benktander, John, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of Size and Geographical Origin on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Mucin O-Glycan Repertoire
- 2019
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Ingår i: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. - 1535-9476. ; 18:6, s. 1183-1196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diseases cause ethical concerns and economic losses in the Salmonid industry. The mucus layer comprised of highly O-glycosylated mucins is the first contact between pathogens and fish. Mucin glycans govern pathogen adhesion, growth and virulence. The Atlantic salmon O-glycome from a single location has been characterized and the interindividual variation was low. Because interindividual variation is considered a population-based defense, hindering the entire population from being wiped out by a single infection, low interindividual variation among Atlantic salmon may be a concern. Here, we analyzed the O-glycome of 25 Atlantic salmon from six cohorts grown under various conditions from Sweden, Norway and Australia (Tasmania) using mass spectrometry. This expanded the known Atlantic salmon O-glycome by 60% to 169 identified structures. The mucin O-glycosylation was relatively stable over time within a geographical region, but the size of the fish affected skin mucin glycosylation. The skin mucin glycan repertoires from Swedish and Norwegian Atlantic salmon populations were closely related compared with Tasmanian ones, regardless of size and salinity, with differences in glycan size and composition. The internal mucin glycan repertoire also clustered based on geographical origin and into pyloric cecal and distal intestinal groups, regardless of cohort and fish size. Fucosylated structures were more abundant in Tasmanian pyloric caeca and distal intestine mucins compared with Swedish ones. Overall, Tasmanian Atlantic salmon mucins have more O-glycan structures in skin but less in the gastrointestinal tract compared with Swedish fish. Low interindividual variation was confirmed within each cohort. The results can serve as a library for identifying structures of importance for host-pathogen interactions, understanding population differences of salmon mucin glycosylation in resistance to diseases and during breeding and selection of strains. The results could make it possible to predict potential vulnerabilities to diseases and suggest that inter-region breeding may increase the glycan diversity.
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| 7. |
- Benktander, John, et al.
(författare)
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Gill Mucus and Gill Mucin O-glycosylation in Healthy and Amebic Gill Disease-Affected Atlantic Salmon.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Microorganisms. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2607. ; 8:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Amoebic gill disease (AGD) causes poor performance and death in salmonids. Mucins are mainly comprised by carbohydrates and are main components of the mucus covering the gill. Since glycans regulate pathogen binding and growth, glycosylation changes may affect susceptibility to primary and secondary infections. We investigated gill mucin O-glycosylation from Atlantic salmon with and without AGD using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Gill mucin glycans were larger and more complex, diverse and fucosylated than skin mucins. Confocal microscopy revealed that fucosylated mucus coated sialylated mucus strands in ex vivo gill mucus. Terminal HexNAcs were more abundant among O-glycans from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, whereas core 1 structures and structures with acidic moieties such as N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and sulfate groups were less abundant compared to non-infected fish. The fucosylated and NeuAc-containing O-glycans were inversely proportional, with infected fish on the lower scale of NeuAc abundance and high on fucosylated structures. The fucosylated epitopes were of three types: Fuc-HexNAc-R, Gal-[Fuc-]HexNAc-R and HexNAc-[Fuc-]HexNAc-R. These blood group-like structures could be an avenue to diversify the glycan repertoire to limit infection in the exposed gills. Furthermore, care must be taken when using skin mucus as proxy for gill mucus, as gill mucins are distinctly different from skin mucins.
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| 8. |
- Benktander, John, et al.
(författare)
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Stress impairs skin barrier function and induces α2-3 linked n-acetylneuraminic acid and core 1 o-glycans on skin mucins in atlantic salmon, salmo salar
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-6596 .- 1422-0067. ; 22:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. The skin barrier consists of mucus, primarily comprising highly glycosylated mucins, and the epithelium. Host mucin glycosylation governs interactions with pathogens and stress is associated with impaired epithelial barrier function. We characterized Atlantic salmon skin barrier function during chronic stress (high density) and mucin O-glycosylation changes in response to acute and chronic stress. Fish held at low (LD: 14–30 kg/m3) and high densities (HD: 50-80 kg/m3) were subjected to acute stress 24 h before sampling at 17 and 21 weeks after start of the experiment. Blood parameters indicated primary and secondary stress responses at both sampling points. At the second sampling, skin barrier function towards molecules was reduced in the HD compared to the LD group (Papp mannitol; p < 0.01). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 81 O-glycan structures from the skin. Fish subjected to both chronic and acute stress had an increased proportion of large O-glycan structures. Overall, four of the O-glycan changes have potential as indicators of stress, especially for the combined chronic and acute stress. Stress thus impairs skin barrier function and induces glycosylation changes, which have potential to both affect interactions with pathogens and serve as stress indicators.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bornehag, CG, et al.
(författare)
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Dampness in buildings as a risk factor for health effects, EUROEXPO: a multidisciplinary review of the literature (1998-2000) on dampness and mite exposure in buildings and health effects
- 2004
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 14:4, s. 243-257
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scientific literature on health effects from dampness in buildings, including mite exposure over the period 1998-2000 has been reviewed by a European group (EUROEXPO) of eight scientists in experience from medicine, epidemiology, toxicology and engineering. Forty studies deemed relevant have been the foundation for the conclusions. Dampness in buildings is a risk factor for health effects among atopics and non-atopics both in domestic and in public environments. However, the literature is not conclusive in respect of causative agents, e.g. mites, microbiological agents and organic chemicals from degraded building materials. There is a strong need for more multidisciplinary studies including expertise from all relevant areas. A general conclusion from the work was that there is a strong need for multidisciplinary reviews in scientific journals of articles dealing with associations between indoor environmental factors and health effects.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bornehag, C G, et al.
(författare)
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'Dampness' at home and its association with airway, nose, and skin symptoms among 10,851 preschool children in Sweden: a cross-sectional study.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Indoor air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 15 Suppl 10, s. 48-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is convincing epidemiological evidence that 'dampness' in buildings is associated with respiratory effects. In order to identify health-relevant exposures in buildings with 'dampness', the study 'Dampness in Buildings and Health' (DBH) was initiated. In the first step of the study, cross-sectional data on home characteristics including 'dampness' problems, and symptoms in airway, nose, and skin among 10,851 children (1-6 years), were collected by means of a questionnaire to the parents. The prevalence of wheezing during the last 12 months was 18.9% and doctor-diagnosed asthma 5.4%. Rhinitis during the last 12 months was reported for 11.1% of the children and eczema during the last 12 months 18.7%. Gender, allergic symptoms among parents, and age of the child were associated with symptoms. Water leakage was reported in 17.8% of the buildings, condensation on windows in 14.3%, and detached flooring materials in 8.3%. Visible mould or damp spots were reported in only 1.5% of the buildings. The four 'dampness' indices were associated to higher prevalence of symptoms in both crude and adjusted analysis. Furthermore, it was found that the combination of water leakage in the home and PVC as flooring material in the child's or parent's bedroom was associated to higher prevalence of symptoms among children. However, the interpretation of this finding is unclear. The combination of water leakage and PVC may be a proxy, for example, reconstruction because of water damages. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The study have showed that moisture-related problems in buildings are a risk factor for asthma and allergic symptoms among preschool children. The recommendation to the general public is to remediate damp buildings.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Phthalates in indoor dust indoor and their association to building characteristics
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - : Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 113:10, s. 1399-1404-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a recent study of 198 Swedish children with persistent allergic symptoms and 202 controls without such symptoms, we reported associations between the symptoms and the concentrations of n-butyl benzyl phthalate (BBzP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in dust taken from the childrens' bedrooms. In the present study we examined associations between the concentrations of different phthalate esters in the dust from these bedrooms and various characteristics of the home. The study focused on BBzP and DEHP because these were the phthalates associated with health complaints. Associations have been examined using parametric and nonparametric tests as well as multiple logistic regression. For both BBzP and DEHP, we found associations between their dust concentrations and the amount of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) used as flooring and wall material in the home. Furthermore, high concentrations of BBzP (above median) were associated with self-reported water leakage in the home, and high concentrations of DEHP were associated with buildings constructed before 1960. Other associations, as well as absence of associations, are reported. Both BBzP and DEHP were found in buildings with neither PVC flooring nor wall covering, consistent with the numerous additional plasticized materials that are anticipated to be present in a typical home. The building characteristics examined in this study cannot serve as complete proxies for these quite varied sources. However, the associations reported here can help identify homes where phthalate concentrations are likely to be elevated and can aid in developing mitigation strategies.
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| 17. |
- Bornehag, Carl-Gustaf, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Potential selection biases
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives. - 0091-6765 .- 1552-9924. ; 112, s. 1393-1397
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Camponeschi, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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Human CD38 regulates B cell antigen receptor dynamic organization in normal and malignant B cells.
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of experimental medicine. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 1540-9538 .- 0022-1007. ; 219:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CD38 is a multifunctional protein expressed on the surface of B cells in healthy individuals but also in B cell malignancies. Previous studies have suggested a connection between CD38 and components of the IgM class B cell antigen receptor (IgM-BCR) and its coreceptor complex. Here, we provide evidence that CD38 is closely associated with CD19 in resting B cells and with the IgM-BCR upon engagement. We show that targeting CD38 with an antibody, or removing this molecule with CRISPR/Cas9, inhibits the association of CD19 with the IgM-BCR, impairing BCR signaling in normal and malignant B cells. Together, our data suggest that CD38 is a new member of the BCR coreceptor complex, where it exerts a modulatory effect on B cell activation upon antigen recognition by regulating CD19. Our study also reveals a new mechanism where α-CD38 antibodies could be a valuable option in therapeutic approaches to B cell malignancies driven by aberrant BCR signaling.
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| 21. |
- Einarsdottir, Ingibjörg, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma growth hormone-binding protein levels in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar during smoltification and seawater transfer
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Fish Biology. - : Wiley. - 0022-1112. ; 85:4, s. 1279-1296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specific growth hormone (GH)-binding protein (Ghbp) was purified from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss plasma with immunoprecipitation and characterized in cross-linking studies using autoradiography and western blots. The size of the Ghbp was estimated to be c. 53 kDa. A radioimmunoassay was established to measure Ghbp in salmonids, using antibodies specific against the extracellular segment of the S. salar growth hormone receptor 1 (grh1; GenBank AY462105). Plasma Ghbp levels were measured in S. salar smolts in fresh water and after transfer to seawater (SW; experiments 1 and 2), and in post-smolts kept at different salinities (0, 12, 22 and 34) for 3 months (experiment 3). A transient increase in plasma Ghbp, which lasted for 1 month or less, was noted in smolts after transfer to SW. Concomitantly, plasma GH and gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity increased during smoltification (in experiment 2). No difference in plasma Ghbp was evident between post-smolts kept at different salinities, although the fish kept at salinity 34 had higher plasma GH than the group kept at salinity 22 and higher hepatic ghr1 expression than post-smolts kept at salinity 12. This suggests that plasma Ghbp regulation may respond to salinity changes in the short term. The lack of correlation between Ghbp, plasma GH and hepatic ghr1 expression in the long-term post-smolt experiment indicates that Ghbp levels may be regulated independently of other components of the endocrine GH system in salmonids.
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| 22. |
- Ellis, T, et al.
(författare)
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Non-invasive measurement of cortisol and melatonin in tanks stocked with seawater Atlantic salmon
- 2007
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Ingår i: Aquaculture. - : Elsevier BV. - 0044-8486. ; 272:1-4, s. 698-706
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examined the potential for non-invasive assessment of cortisol and melatonin status of seawater Atlantic salmon, by measurement of hormone release into the water using methodology developed recently for freshwater rainbow trout. Validation experiments demonstrated good recoveries of spiked cortisol (ca. 95%) and melatonin (ca. 85%) from seawater, that oxygenation of seawater did not affect recovery, and that only small losses occurred during freeze storage of samples. When groups of seawater Atlantic salmon were transferred to experimental tanks, water cortisol concentrations reduced over the first few days — indicating an acclimation response. Subsequent exposure to a handling stress caused a rapid 50-fold increase in water cortisol concentration, followed by a decrease. In a separate experiment, water cortisol levels were elevated in tanks of fish previously exposed to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, and cortisol release rate was correlated to plasma cortisol level. Water sampling from tanks holding seawater salmon showed that water melatonin concentrations were elevated at night, conforming to expectation. These experiments demonstrate that the cortisol and melatonin status of seawater Atlantic salmon in tanks can be monitored non-invasively by water sampling, with the particular advantage that hormonal status can be tracked over time as the fish are not disturbed by sampling.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Hägerhed-Engman, L, et al.
(författare)
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Low home ventilation rate in combination with mouldy odor from the building structure increase the risk for allergic symptoms in children
- 2009
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Ingår i: Indoor Air. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0905-6947 .- 1600-0668. ; 19:3, s. 184-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are consistent findings on associations between asthma and allergy symptoms and residential mold and moisture. However, definitions of ‘dampness’ in studies are diverse because of differences in climate and building construction. Few studies have estimated mold problems inside the building structure by odor assessments. In a nested case-control study of 400 Swedish children, observations and measurements were performed in their homes by inspectors, and the children were examined by physicians for diagnoses of asthma, eczema, and rhinitis. In conclusion, we found an association between moldy odor along the skirting board and allergic symptoms among children, mainly rhinitis. No associations with any of the allergic symptoms were found for discoloured stains, ‘floor dampness’ or a general mold odor in the room. A moldy odor along the skirting board can be a proxy for hidden moisture problem inside the outer wall construction or in the foundation construction. There are indications that such dampness problems increase the risk for sensitization but the interpretation of data in respect of sensitization is difficult as about 80% of the children with rhinitis were sensitized. Furthermore, low ventilation rate in combination with moldy odor along the skirting board further increased the risk for three out of four studied outcomes, indicating that the ventilation rate is an effect modifier for indoor pollutants.
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| 25. |
- Jin, Chunsheng, et al.
(författare)
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Atlantic Salmon Carries a Range of Novel O-Glycan Structures Differentially Localized on Skin and Intestinal Mucins
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Proteome Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1535-3893 .- 1535-3907. ; 14:8, s. 3239-3251
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aquaculture is a growing industry, increasing the need for understanding host-pathogen interactions in fish. The skin and mucosal surfaces, covered by a mucus layer composed of mucins, is the first point of contact between fish and pathogens. Highly O-glycosylated mucins have been shown to be an important part of the defense against pathogens, and pathogens bind to host surfaces using lectin-like adhesins. However, knowledge of piscine O-glycosylation is very limited. We characterized mucin O-glycosylation of five freshwater acclimated Atlantic salmon, using mass spectrometry. Of the 109 O-glycans found, most were sialylated and differed in distribution among skin, pyloric ceca, and proximal and distal intestine. Skin O-glycans were shorter (2-6 residues) and less diverse (33 structures) than intestinal O-glycans (2-13 residues, 93 structures). Skin mucins carried O-glycan cores 1, 2, 3, and 5 and three types of sialic acids (Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, and Kdn) and had sialyl-Tn as the predominant structure. Intestinal mucins carried only cores 1, 2, and 5, Neu5Ac was the only sialic acid present, and sialylated core S was the most dominant structure. This structural characterization can be used for identifying structures of putative importance in host-pathogen interactions for further testing in biological assays and disease intervention therapies.
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