| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Anderson, Ian, et al.
(författare)
-
Indigenous and tribal peoples' health (The Lancet-Lowitja Institute Global Collaboration) : a population study
- 2016
-
Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10040, s. 131-157
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: International studies of the health of Indigenous and tribal peoples provide important public health insights. Reliable data are required for the development of policy and health services. Previous studies document poorer outcomes for Indigenous peoples compared with benchmark populations, but have been restricted in their coverage of countries or the range of health indicators. Our objective is to describe the health and social status of Indigenous and tribal peoples relative to benchmark populations from a sample of countries.Methods: Collaborators with expertise in Indigenous health data systems were identified for each country. Data were obtained for population, life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, low and high birthweight, maternal mortality, nutritional status, educational attainment, and economic status. Data sources consisted of governmental data, data from non-governmental organisations such as UNICEF, and other research. Absolute and relative differences were calculated.Findings: Our data (23 countries, 28 populations) provide evidence of poorer health and social outcomes for Indigenous peoples than for non-Indigenous populations. However, this is not uniformly the case, and the size of the rate difference varies. We document poorer outcomes for Indigenous populations for: life expectancy at birth for 16 of 18 populations with a difference greater than 1 year in 15 populations; infant mortality rate for 18 of 19 populations with a rate difference greater than one per 1000 livebirths in 16 populations; maternal mortality in ten populations; low birthweight with the rate difference greater than 2% in three populations; high birthweight with the rate difference greater than 2% in one population; child malnutrition for ten of 16 populations with a difference greater than 10% in five populations; child obesity for eight of 12 populations with a difference greater than 5% in four populations; adult obesity for seven of 13 populations with a difference greater than 10% in four populations; educational attainment for 26 of 27 populations with a difference greater than 1% in 24 populations; and economic status for 15 of 18 populations with a difference greater than 1% in 14 populations.Interpretation: We systematically collated data across a broader sample of countries and indicators than done in previous studies. Taking into account the UN Sustainable Development Goals, we recommend that national governments develop targeted policy responses to Indigenous health, improving access to health services, and Indigenous data within national surveillance systems.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Johansson, Ursula M., et al.
(författare)
-
Studies of adsorption on mineral surfaces by FT spectroscopy
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Microchimica Acta. - Vienna : Springer Vienna. - 0026-3672 .- 1436-5073. ; Suppl. 14, s. 647-648
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Specific surface reactions have been studied by adsorbing different type of substances on the surfaces of kaolinite and gamma-alumina. Analyses were performed by means of FT-Raman and diffuse reflectance mid-IR. The DRIFT spectra indicate isotopic exchange of hydroxyl groups on kaolinite and that it is possible to adsorb silanes at the surface. DRIFT and FT-Raman spectra indicate that the solvent map react with the gamma-alumina surface and that phosphate adsorption occurs at the surface.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Sütterlin, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
-
Distribution of class 1 integrons in historic and contemporary collections of human pathogenic Escherichia coli
- 2020
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 15:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integrons play a major role in the evolution and spread of antimicrobial resistance in human pathogens, including Escherichia coli. This study describes the occurrence of class 1 integrons in human pathogenic E. coli, in three isolate collections involving three periods from the last 100 years (i) the Murray collection (n = 58 bacteria isolated from the 1910s to 1940s); (ii) the E. coli reference (ECOR) collection (n = 37 isolates mainly from the 1980s); and (iii) a recently assembled collection (n = 88 isolates obtained in 2016). High-quality whole genome sequences (WGSs) were available for all isolates. Integrons were detected in the WGSs with the program IntegronFinder and the results compared with three established methods: (i) polymerase chain reaction detection of the integrase gene; (ii) BLAST searching using draft genomes; and (iii) mapping of short reads. No integrons were found in any of the Murray Collection isolates; however, integrons were present in 3% of the isolates from ECOR collection, assembled in the 1980s, and 26% of the isolates from the 2010s. Similarly, antimicrobial resistance determinants were not present in the Murray Collection isolates, whereas they were present in 19% of the ECOR Collection isolates and in 55% of the isolates obtained in during the 2010s.
|
|
| 9. |
- Thorsted, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
A non-linear mixed effect model for innate immune response : In vivo kinetics of endotoxin and its induction of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6
- 2019
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endotoxin, a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, has been extensively studied as a stimulator of the innate immune response. However, the temporal aspects and exposure-response relationship of endotoxin and resulting cytokine induction and tolerance development is less well defined. The aim of this work was to establish an in silico model that simultaneously captures and connects the in vivo time-courses of endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and associated tolerance development. Data from six studies of porcine endotoxemia in anesthetized piglets (n = 116) were combined and used in the analysis, with purified endotoxin (Escherichia coli O111: B4) being infused intravenously for 1-30 h in rates of 0.063-16.0 mu g/kg/h across studies. All data were modelled simultaneously by means of importance sampling in the non-linear mixed effects modelling software NONMEM. The infused endotoxin followed one-compartment disposition and non-linear elimination, and stimulated the production of TNF-alpha to describe the rapid increase in plasma concentration. Tolerance development, observed as declining TNF-alpha concentration with continued infusion of endotoxin, was also driven by endotoxin as a concentration-dependent increase in the potency parameter related to TNF-alpha production (EC50). Production of IL-6 was stimulated by both endotoxin and TNF-a, and four consecutive transit compartments described delayed increase in plasma IL-6. A model which simultaneously account for the time-courses of endotoxin and two immune response markers, the cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6, as well as the development of endotoxin tolerance, was successfully established. This model-based approach is unique in its description of the time-courses and their interrelation and may be applied within research on immune response to bacterial endotoxin, or in pre-clinical pharmaceutical research when dealing with study design or translational aspects.
|
|
| 10. |
- Thorsted, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Toxicokinetics of Endotoxin and its relation to Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a Pig sepsis model
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background and purpose: Infection with Gram-negative bacteria and the immune system’s subsequent recognition of the potent membrane-bound activator endotoxin (ETX), can lead to persistent immune activation. The purpose of the current work was to develop a model-based description of the time-course of ETX concentrations and its effect on the release of the pro-inflammatory, cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6).Methods: Non-linear mixed effects models were developed based on data from experimental studies in a porcine model of sepsis. Intravenous infusions of E. coli ETX were administered to the piglets at different doses and durations of infusion. ETX, TNF-α and IL-6 plasma levels were measured throughout the infusion time.Results: The concentration-time profile of ETX was well described with a one-compartment model with non-linear elimination. Observation of contamination in early ETX measurements was handled by initializing the central compartment to an estimated parameter. The concentration of ETX over time was used as the driver of the inflammatory response. An indirect response model with ETX stimulated production (Emax model), delayed through a transit chain (three compartments) was used to describe the observed cytokine concentration-time profiles. To describe tolerance to ETX exposure, an exponential time-dependent increase was added to the parameter describing the potency of ETX to stimulate cytokine release (EC50).Conclusions: A mathematical model was developed to depict the time-course of ETX in plasma and its induction of the two immune response markers TNF-α and IL-6. This model-based approach is unique in its description of the three time-courses, and may later be expanded to better understand immune cell release in bacterial infections and sepsis-type pathophysiological changes
|
|
