| 1. |
- Ahlin, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Human capital sorting : The "when" and "who" of the sorting of educated workers to urban regions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of regional science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-4146 .- 1467-9787. ; 58:3, s. 581-610
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sorting of high-ability workers is often advanced as one source of spatial disparities in economic outcomes. There are still few papers that analyze when human capital sorting occurs and whom it involves. Using data on 16 cohorts of university graduates in Sweden, we demonstrate significant sorting to urban regions on high school grades and education levels of parents, i.e., two attributes typically associated with latent abilities that are valued in the labor market. A large part of this sorting has already occurred in deciding where to study, because the top universities in Sweden are predominantly located in urban regions. The largest part of directed sorting on ability indicators occurs in the decision of where to study. Even after controlling for sorting prior to labor market entry, the best and brightest are still more likely to start working in urban regions. However, this effect appears to be driven by Sweden's main metropolitan region, Stockholm. We find no influence of our ability indicators on the probability of starting to work in urban regions after graduation when Stockholm is excluded. Studies of human capital sorting need to account for selection processes to and from universities, because neglecting mobility prior to labor market entry is likely to lead to an underestimation of the extent of the sorting to urban regions.
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| 2. |
- Aminoff, A, et al.
(författare)
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Allele-specific regulation of MTTP expression influences the risk of ischemic heart disease.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of lipid research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 51:1, s. 103-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Promoter polymorphisms in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) have been associated with decreased plasma lipids but an increased risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD), indicating that MTTP influences the susceptibility for IHD independent of plasma lipids. The objective of this study was to characterize the functional promoter polymorphism in MTTP predisposing to IHD and its underlying mechanism. Use of pyrosequencing technology revealed that presence of the minor alleles of the promoter polymorphisms -493G>T and -164T>C result in lower transcription of MTTP in vivo in the heart, liver, and macrophages. In vitro experiments indicated that the minor -164C allele mediates the lower gene expression and that C/EBP binds to the polymorphic region in an allele-specific manner. Furthermore, homozygous carriers of the -164C were found to have increased risk for IHD as shown in a case-control study including a total of 544 IHD patients and 544 healthy control subjects. We concluded that carriers of the minor -164C allele have lower expression of MTTP in the heart, mediated at least partly by the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, and that reduced concentration of MTTP in the myocardium may contribute to IHD upon ischemic damage.
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| 3. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Agglomeration, Relative Wage Costs and Foreign Direct Investment : Evidence from Swedish MNCs 1974-1998
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade. - USA : Springer Nature. - 1566-1679 .- 1573-7012. ; 9:3, s. 197-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. Despite its important policy implications this relationship has to our knowledge not been exposed to empirical testing. The empirical analysis finds that foreign direct investment has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage cost across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The relative strength of these two forces impacts the spatial distribution of production.
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| 4. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Can Countries Create Comparative Advantages? : R&D expenditures, high-tech exports and country size in 19 OECD countries, 1981-1999
- 2008
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Ingår i: International economic journal. - Kentucky : Routledge. - 1016-8737 .- 1743-517X. ; 22:1, s. 95-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets where much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.
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| 5. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Does Innovation Lead to Firm Growth? : Explorative versus Exploitative Innovations
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Economics Letters. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-4851 .- 1466-4291. ; , s. 1-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we examine the relationship between innovation and firm growth. Drawing on previous research, we implement a classification of innovations based on whether they are explorative or exploitative. Access to Swedish register data comprising the entire private sector from 1997 to 2012 allows us to construct innovation patterns for more than 480,000 firms. GMM-estimations confirm a significant and positive effect of both exploitative and explorative innovation on firms’ employment growth. More radical explorative innovations are shown to have a more persistent growth effect, while exploitative innovation increases labour demand in the short run.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Labour market mobility, knowledge diffusion and innovation
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Economic Review. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0014-2921 .- 1873-572X. ; 123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Utilising a unique Swedish matched employer–employee dataset, which has been pooled with firm-level patent application data, we provide new evidence that knowledge workers’ mobility has a positive and strongly significant impact on firm innovation output, as measured by firm patent applications. The effect is statistically and economically highly significant for knowledge workers who have previously worked in a patenting firm (the learning-by-hiring effect), whereas only limited impact could be detected for firms losing knowledge workers (the learning-by-diaspora effect). No effects were detected for inexperienced university graduates. Finally, the effect is more pronounced when the joining worker originates from within the same region. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
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| 8. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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Taxes, the tax administrative burden and the entrepreneurial life cycle
- 2021
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer New York LLC. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 56:2, s. 681-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a modified version of the entrepreneurial choice model, where it is shown that the expected utility of becoming an entrepreneur is decreasing in both the levels of taxes and the tax administrative burden. We extend previous empirical findings by examining how these variables influence entrepreneurs at different stages in the entrepreneurial life cycle. Our findings imply that the effect of the tax administrative burden varies over the entrepreneurial life cycle from strongly negative to insignificant. The most pronounced negative effects appear in the early stages of entrepreneurship. We conclude that a 10% reduction in the tax administrative burden increases the propensity for new business establishments by 4%. Our findings support the idea that tax simplification is one way to encourage entrepreneurship, without any reduction in tax revenues. © 2019, The Author(s).
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| 9. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al.
(författare)
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The Relationship Between Domestic and Outward Foreign Direct Investment : The Role of Industry-Specific Effects
- 2005
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Ingår i: International Business Review. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 14:6, s. 677-694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effect of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. Based on a simple theoretical framework including monitoring and trade costs, we argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The results may thus have profound policy implications.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Säll, Olof, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence and persistence of Neisseria meningitidis carriage in Swedish university students
- 2023
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Ingår i: Epidemiology and Infection. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0950-2688 .- 1469-4409. ; 151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bacterium Neisseria meningitidis causes life-threatening disease worldwide, typically with a clinical presentation of sepsis or meningitis, but can be carried asymptomatically as part of the normal human oropharyngeal microbiota. The aim of this study was to examine N. meningitidis carriage with regard to prevalence, risk factors for carriage, distribution of meningococcal lineages and persistence of meningococcal carriage. Throat samples and data from a self-reported questionnaire were obtained from 2744 university students (median age: 23 years) at a university in Sweden on four occasions during a 12-month period. Meningococcal isolates were characterised using whole-genome sequencing. The carriage rate among the students was 9.1% (319/3488; 95% CI 8.2-10.1). Factors associated with higher carriage rate were age ≤22 years, previous tonsillectomy, cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol and attending parties, pubs and clubs. Female gender and sharing a household with children aged 0-9 years were associated with lower carriage. The most frequent genogroups were capsule null locus (cnl), group B and group Y and the most commonly identified clonal complexes (cc) were cc198 and cc23. Persistent carriage with the same meningococcal strain for 12 months was observed in two students. Follow-up times exceeding 12 months are recommended for future studies investigating long-term carriage of N. meningitidis.
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| 12. |
- Thulin, Per, 1963-
(författare)
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Essays on Regional Growth, Comparative Advantages and Foreign Direct Investments
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four essays, covering four different topics. The first essay investigates the relationship between inter-firm labor mobility and regional productivity growth. Previous studies have shown that density is positively correlated with growth. I claim that it is not density in itself, but rather the attributes associated with it that drives economic growth. One such attribute is the increased possibility for labor mobility and knowledge diffusion that follows when firms and individuals locate in close proximity to each other. This hypothesis is tested using density as an instrument for labor mobility. The result shows that labor mobility increases regional growth rates. The second essay examines the relationship between agglomeration economies and relative wage costs in influencing location of multinational corporations. An inflow of firms to certain regions and industries is likely to increase demand for labor. If mobility of labor is low increased costs can be expected to deter additional inflows of firms, albeit agglomeration economies may compensate for higher wages. The empirical analysis finds that FDI has become increasingly sensitive to differences in wage costs across industrialized countries, but also that agglomeration economies related to knowledge externalities positively influences higher costs. The third essay looks at the impact of FDI on home country investments. Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effects on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. We argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The fourth, and final, essay of this thesis analyses how increased R&D expenditures and market size influence the distribution of comparative advantage. Previous studies report ambiguous results and also refer to periods when markets were much more segmented and production factors less mobile. The empirical analysis comprises 19 OECD-countries and spans the period 1981 to 1999. It is shown how an increase in R&D-expenditures by one percentage point implies a three-percentage point increase in high-technology exports, whereas market size fails to attain significance. In addition, institutional factors influence the dynamics of comparative advantage.
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| 13. |
- Thulin, Per, 1963-
(författare)
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Local multiplier and economic base analysis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Economic Geography. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. ; , s. 213-233
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The economic base model and the associated local multiplier were developed during the twentieth century and may now be considered basic tools in urban and regional economics. The model is built on the observation that production is either sold locally or exported to other regions or countries. Economic activity can therefore be categorized as either belonging to the basic or the non-basic sector, where the former label is used for sectors primarily producing for the export market and the latter for sectors producing for the local market. Export draws new income and purchasing power into the local area, which gives rise to higher demand for non-traded goods and services in the region. Expanding the basic sector is therefore considered to be crucial for the region’s overall economic development.
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