| 1. |
- Wagner, Michelle, et al.
(författare)
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ORAMA Project - D6-6 Technical Final Report and Recommendations
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Securing the sustainable access to and supply of raw materials, and particularly of Critical Raw Materials (CRM), is of high importance for the European economy. Complex primary and secondary resources contain many different raw materials. The inability to easily produce reliable statistics about reserves, resources, stocks, and flows of raw materials limits the understanding of global trends in resource availability and hampers formulation of mineral and waste policies. This ultimately affects supply chain security and strategic decisions by industry. Hence, it is an issue of great concern for the European Commission (EC) and many other stakeholders. The ORAMA project (Optimising quality of information in RAw MAterial data collection across Europe) seeks to contribute to better supply of raw materials by improving the quality of harmonised raw materials data collection and information sharing among the different levels within the European Union (EU). Data collection practices for primary and secondary raw materials (PRM and SRM) face specific challenges in EU Member States (MS). For PRM data, the main concerns are related to data availability, geographical coverage, accessibility, harmonisation, interoperability, quality, and thematic coverage. The reporting of primary mineral resources and reserves statistics is currently carried out by a wide variety of systems, standards or codes which are not directly comparable. Hence, it is currently impossible to produce reliable pan-European figures for resources for any mineral commodity. ORAMA addresses these issues by recommending a single standard for reporting of resource data, the United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC), a framework for reporting mineral resource data developed by the UN. To enable and encourage data providers to adopt this standard for European PRM data, the ORAMA project has developed resources in the form of a range of training materials and good practice examples. The ORAMA project demonstrates that the analysis of various classifications and reporting systems that sit within the INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) concept and data services, are not opposing but rather integral elements of the proper European level data collection and production of information for PRM and SRM. The use of UNFC/UNRMS (United Nations Resource Management System) in the framework of the INSPIRE compliant data service can significantly contribute to sustainable resource management taking into account not only geological knowledge and raw materials potential but also environmental and social issues, based on using the national/regional legislative elements for exploration and exploitation as well. In the case of SRM, the challenges are somewhat different. Regarding mining waste (MIN), the lack of information on deposit characteristics (composition, volumes, and suitable processing technology) is a huge barrier in the identification of recovery potential of the valuable materials that remain in the waste. Furthermore, the lack of a single reporting standard commonly accepted at EU level has created a dispersion of existing information in various systems and project deliverables. In the case of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) and batteries, beyond the lack of harmonisation, substantial data gaps exist for the market inputs, materials consumption and stocks, and for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) for unaccounted flows ending up being scavenged, metal scrap and export channels. For vehicles, huge amounts of data, both on stocks and flows and on composition, are systematically collected by authorities and the manufacturing industry, but are only publicly available in a somewhat too aggregated form (placed on market (POM), stock, waste flows) or not at all (composition data). Even when collected, the reporting of the composition of these flows on a product, component and materials level are currently poorly described across all MS, and when actually ending up in recycling processes, the recovery efficiency for all elements and CRMs, in particular, is disappointing. In order to improve the data collection and reporting practices for SRM a structured review and inventory were made followed by a data gap analysis which resulted in the developments of recommendations and subsequently the selection of 6 case studies. The SRM case studies tackle the main data gaps encountered in the analysis and developed tools that will enable the improvement and harmonisation of collection and reporting practices in MS, treatment facilities, data providers, academia among others. The ORAMA project recommends to establish more structured and continuous funding for realising and maintaining a European data infrastructure for tracking both PRM and SRM. The current project-by-project based financing is insufficient and not sustainable to properly track and understand Europe’s strengths and weaknesses in the early resource intensive stages of global supply chains.
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| 2. |
- Sigurdson, Tryggve, et al.
(författare)
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WindChoir - A Tool for Supporting Localization of Wind Power by Representing Wind Resources, Their Extraction and Cumulative Environmental Impacts on a Map
- 2019
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The WindChoir tool aims to enable stakeholders to compare locations for new wind power farms from both a wind power and an environmental point of view. Such a location comparison needs to both consider the distribution of the wind resource, the technology used, techno-economic factors and cumulative environmental impacts of wind farms and other significant stressor sources. The tool aims to enable comparisons between sites, between effects of existing stressors and wind power stressors as well as between various technologies. The representation of the environmental effects, which is a main aim, is based on a relative and regional risk assessment model (Halpern et al., 2008; Landis & Wiegers, 1997) making it possible to make a map of cumulative environmental impacts of many stressors on many ecological endpoints using spatial information. In addition to existing or potential wind power farms the WindChoir tool is setup to include multiple anthropogenic stressor sources, e.g. industry plants, roads and their traffic volumes, etc., which distributions and intensities are calculated based on available spatial data. Models are used to transform these source distributions into a set of relevant stressor distributions and intensities including noise, light, displacement, and chemical emissions. The endpoints are defined at different ecological aggregation levels: habitats, representing groups of species occurring under particular biogeophysical conditions; specifically identified representative groups of species, e.g. raptors; or specified single key species such as golden eagle. Their distributions are modelled based on data from multiple sources including novel ground cover data (10mx10m pixels), elevation, and observations. Humans are also included as an ecological endpoint. A matrix representing the sensitivity of each ecological endpoint to each stressor is developed based on ecological cause effect models and observation data. In each pixel the distributions of stressor intensities and endpoints are matched and the cumulative impact is calculated with a simple algorithm using the sensitivity matrix. The results can be displayed as maps or causality diagrams where the contribution from each stressor source to the impact on each endpoint can be seen. Statistics for evaluation of uncertainty can also be extracted. In this way the impact from of a wind farm can be set in relation to the impact from other existing anthropogenic stressor sources. Locations of relevant technical, economical, and juridical factors such as wind resource, electricity grid, protected areas, etc., can be layered on the environmental impact map to provide a broader spectrum decision support.
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| 5. |
- Carlson, Raul, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Establishing common primary data for environmental overview of product life cycles. Users, perspectives, methods, data and information systems
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report describes how information about the environmental performance of products over their life cycles can be accessed anywhere and by any stakeholder throughout the product life cycle. Particular consideration has been given to different ways of performing a life cycle assessment (LCA). The report covers different users of environmental product information, the various methods and tools used to produce and disseminate that information, and the primary data needed for those methods and tools. The report also outlines an information system organisation for potential use as a cooperative approach to supporting stakeholders of product life cycles with environmental information. Chapter 2 contains a comprehensive (albeit not exhaustive) list of perspectives from which a stakeholder may environmentally view and assess products. A number of examples are given to describe reasons people have in practice for applying each perspective. The intention is to ensure that users find the methods and tools in chapter 3 to be truly relevant. Chapter 3 lists and presents methods and tools for assessing environmental performance, for acquiring information about environmental impacts, and for providing information on environmental properties of products. Particular emphasis is placed on the different types of LCA that have been identified, how they differ, how to use them, and their differing data requirements. Chapter 4 lists and presents the data and information that are used or produced by the methods and tools described in Chapter 3. This chapter includes discussion of data availability, data quality issues and data formatting. Chapter 5 proposes an information system organisation and design taking into account all perspectives and practical needs as described in Chapter 2, as well as all information and data issues described in Chapter 4. Particular attention is paid to the need for compatibility with existing systems, the technical and economic feasibility of building small systems instead of large ones, and the necessity of a short payback time for all investments, particularly those in the private sector. In chapter 6 the authors present outline recommendations for further work.
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| 6. |
- Carlson, Raul, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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Establishing common product life cycle data
- 2005
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Ingår i: Proceedings from LCM 2005, 2nd International Conference on Life Cycle Management, Barcelona, September 5-7, 2005.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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- Flemström, Karolina, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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OMNIITOX Information System Material
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Information Content in OMNIITOX ISManual for documentation of basic dataManual for documentation of characterization modelsManual for using the OMNIITOX IS web tool
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| 15. |
- Fuhrman, Filippa, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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ESA Database Project
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- When assessing the environmental impact of technical systems for e.g. the purpose of technique or product development, system research and teaching or policy making, there is a need for environmental data on the technical processes of the systems. The purpose and goal of the ESA Database Project was to make LCI data produced at ESA, from 1990 to the present date, available online at the CPM LCA Database and to facilitate future online publishing. During the project, 162 process data sets have been published online, an increase of 30 % of processes in the database. Technical improvements of the software and the website interface have been made throughout the project and a start‐up method for future documenting and publishing at ESA has been made, containing the ESA DBP Quality Criteria, relevance directions and the description of the documenting and reviewing procedure.
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| 16. |
- Fuhrman, Filippa, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Literature study - models
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The ChEmiTecs program includes eleven subprojects. In project no. 1 (P1) one of the aims is todevelop a concept model regarding emissions caused by the entire process of production and useof products. This literature study aims at a limited review of the scientific literature related tomodels related to the ChEmiTecs model. Methods comprised search in article databases and theuse of web search engines together with consultation of persons well-read in the subject. Thereview suggests that there have been no concept models published that resembles the wholeChEmiTecs concept model, not even close. There is however recent publications dealing withmodels of one certain group of emissions from one certain group of products, indicating that thequestion is emerging. Though there are inspirational publications out there, this study has notidentified any model that cover more than parts of the ChEmiTecs concept model scope.
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| 17. |
- Hossain, Muhammed Noor, et al.
(författare)
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Life cycle inventory of power producing technologies and power grids at regional grid level in India
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1614-7502 .- 0948-3349. ; 24:5, s. 824-837
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Indian electricity production mix, technology level, and local production conditions vary across the states and union territories. This variability is obscured in existing national-level life cycle inventories of Indian power producing technologies and power systems, which potentially leads to inaccurate results from LCA studies that include Indian activities. This study aims to create a consistent regionalized inventory model of Indian power system parameters and to evaluate how that influences life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) calculations. Methods Data collection covers state-specific key parameters of domestic power production and distribution, and inter-exchanges among the regional grids and with other countries in 2012–2013. However, such regionalization work faces some data availability challenges. Power plant parameter data (e.g., efficiency, fuel quality, exact technology used) are mostly unavailable on plant level for India; if at all, relevant data are available on a state level. Moreover, local emission data are also mostly unavailable except emissions of CO2. Quantities of other important emissions (NOx, SOx, CH4, CO, PM) are, therefore, calculated based on emission factors from literature. Results and discussion Variation in electricity production volumes among the states and regional grids are found notably high. Six states contribute 55% of the national power supply, whereas ten states contribute only 2.1% to the total. Moreover, the five regional electricity grids—Eastern, Western, Southern, Northern, and North-eastern grids—show high variation in production mixes. These differences have a considerable impact on LCIA results. For instance, the contribution to the global warming potential per 1 kWh of electricity supplied to the grid is nearly twice as high in the Eastern grid as in the North-eastern grid. Furthermore, transformation and transmission losses are found to be high in the Indian electricity grids with an average of 17% technical losses along the transmission chain from high voltage to the low voltage. Conclusions Hence, we conclude that the inventory data produced in this study on Indian electricity production and distribution at grid level, taking local variations in technology mix and key parameters into account, enables higher accuracy in life cycle assessment studies compared to using average national-level data. Full access link: https://rdcu.be/9lPs
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| 22. |
- Kaddoura, Mohamad, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Life Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation from an Array of Subsea Tidal Kite Prototypes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 13:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tidal current technologies have the potential to provide highly predictable energy, since tides are driven by lunar cycles. However, before implementing such technologies on a large scale, their environmental performance should be assessed. In this study, a prospective life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed on a 12 MW tidal energy converter array of Minesto Deep Green 500 (DG500) prototypes, closely following the Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) standards, but including scenarios to cover various design possibilities. The global warming potential (GWP) of the prototype array was in the range of 18.4–26.3 gCO2-eq/kWhe. This is comparable with other renewable energy systems, such as wind power. Material production processes have the largest impact, but are largely offset by recycling at the end of life. Operation and maintenance processes, including the production of replacement parts, also provide major contributions to environmental impacts. Comparisons with other technologies are limited by the lack of a standardized way of performing LCA on offshore power generation technologies.
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| 23. |
- Molander, Sverker, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Calculating the Swedish economy‐wide emissions of additives from plastic materials
- 2012
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Ingår i: 33rd Annual Meeting SETAC North America.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- "Plastics" are very diverse, multipurpose and ubiquitous materials found in very many types of products like shoes, cars, bags and containers. Plastic materials have these many uses due to the possibility of modifying the polymer matrices constituting the bulk material in very many ways with a large number of additives; compounds that are more or less permanently attached in the matrix. Some of these additives have properties with high importance for the final functionality of the product. Flame retardants is a well know example of an additive making otherwise combustible plastic materials (often textile fibres) much less apt for taking fire. There are however a very large number of substances which have got less attention.Our modeling approach aims at a quantification of emissions from a large set of materials occuring in a typical developed country - Sweden. The approach is "bottom-up" in the sense that it is not based on a back-calculation of measured emitted substances. It is rather a combination of a diffusive mass-transfer emission model with models providing information on aggregated product surface areas and material composition of these areas. This combination of the physico-chemical modeling of substance release from a surface under a specific set of environmental conditions, which also rely on substance and material characteristics, and the substance and material flow models, based on trade statistics, longevity data and product properties, is a unique emission model giving the possibility to feed in results to environmental fate modelling and environmental analysis.Results show that textiles, and the huge number of substances occuring in them, are of particular interest due to the fact that this product category constitutes the largest surface area. Due to wear and washing textiles are also fragmented, giving very small fibers and fragments contributing to a further increased surface area that increase the emission rate from the fibre materials in textiles. The result indicate that a number of substances, beside known environmental pollutant, are emitted from textiles.
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| 24. |
- Molander, Sverker, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptualizing emissions of chemicals from products - foundations of a modelling approach
- 2011
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Ingår i: 21st Annual Meeting SETAC Europe, Milan, Italy, 2011.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research reported here is approaching the task of conceptually linking chemicals in products to their occurrence in environmental samples building on earlier work applying the concepts of substance and material flow analysis and bridging that modelling with chemical diffusive mass-transfer models. The bridging of these concepts is possible using the “combined nomenclature”(CN) and concepts such as total stock, total product area and mean composition of materials in the surface of products. The process of conceptual modelling used builds on principles used in design of information systems in multidomain user settings. A conceptual model of the information i.e. the nomenclatures, terminologies and categorisations of concepts and terms, has been identified through workshops with researchers, a references group and a literature study. The aim of the model is to cover the processes that lead to emissions from environmental relevant processes of products along the entire “life-cycle”. The core concepts of the technical system are “product” and “use”. The “product” concept hence includes any physical product not limited to a specific category. Each product consists of one or several components, which in turn are made of one or several materials, which consists of one or several chemicals. Different types of properties and descriptions are related to each of the levels of physical representation from product category (CN-categories) to chemical level.The “use” concept is describing an episode during the “life-time” of a given product. The amount of chemical substances emitted from a product depends on the type of use, the length of time it is used in this particular way and the ambient conditions in the direct vicinity where use takes place. The use concept is thus very wide and encompasses the different stages of a product lifecycle which require a thorough definition of “use types” and ambient conditions.A further specification of concepts has been done, covering around 20 concepts and their further relations and connections to data and data sources useful for calculations will be presented.
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