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- Beeton, Michael L., et al.
(författare)
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections, 11 countries in Europe and Israel, 2011 to 2016
- 2020
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Ingår i: Eurosurveillance. - : EUR CENTRE DIS PREVENTION & CONTROL. - 1025-496X .- 1560-7917. ; 25:2, s. 39-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia, with large epidemics previously described to occur every 4 to 7 years.Aim: To better understand the diagnostic methods used to detect M. pneumoniae; to better understand M. pneumoniae testing and surveillance in use; to identify epidemics; to determine detection number per age group, age demographics for positive detections, concurrence of epidemics and annual peaks across geographical areas; and to determine the effect of geographical location on the timing of epidemics.Methods: A questionnaire was sent in May 2016 to Mycoplasma experts with national or regional responsibility within the ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Infections in 17 countries across Europe and Israel, retrospectively requesting details on M. pneumoniae-positive samples from January 2011 to April 2016. The Moving Epidemic Method was used to determine epidemic periods and effect of country latitude across the countries for the five periods under investigation.Results: Representatives from 12 countries provided data on M. pneumoniae infections, accounting for 95,666 positive samples. Two laboratories initiated routine macrolide resistance testing since 2013. Between 2011 and 2016, three epidemics were identified: 2011/12, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The distribution of patient ages for M. pneumoniae-positive samples showed three patterns. During epidemic years, an association between country latitude and calendar week when epidemic periods began was noted.Conclusions: An association between epidemics and latitude was observed. Differences were noted in the age distribution of positive cases and detection methods used and practice. A lack of macrolide resistance monitoring was noted.
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| 2. |
- Dreja, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Cholesterol depletion disrupts caveolae and differentially impairs agonist-induced arterial contraction.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. - 1524-4636. ; 22:8, s. 1267-1272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the role of cholesterol-rich membrane regions, including caveolae, in the regulation of arterial contractility. Methods and Results- Rat tail artery devoid of endothelium was treated with the cholesterol acceptor methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, and the effects on force and Ca2+ handling were evaluated. In cholesterol-depleted preparations, the force responses to alpha1-adrenergic receptors, membrane depolarization, inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase, and activation of G proteins with a mixture of 20 mmol/L NaF and 60 micro mol/L AlCl3 were unaffected. In contrast, responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), vasopressin, and endothelin were reduced by >50%. The rise in global intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in response to 5-HT was attenuated, as was the generation of Ca2+ waves at the cellular level. By electron microscopy, cholesterol depletion was found to disrupt caveolae. The 5-HT response could be restored by exogenous cholesterol, which also restored caveolae. Western blots showed that the levels of 5-HT2A receptor and of caveolin-1 were unaffected by cholesterol extraction. Sucrose gradient centrifugation showed enrichment of 5-HT2A receptors, but not alpha1-adrenergic receptors, in the caveolin-1-containing fractions, suggesting localization of the former to caveolae. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that a subset of signaling pathways that regulate smooth muscle contraction depends specifically on cholesterol. Furthermore, the cholesterol-dependent step in serotonergic signaling occurs early in the pathway and depends on the integrity of caveolae.
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| 3. |
- Inghammar, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Proton-Pump Inhibitor Use and the Risk of Community-Associated Clostridium difficile Infection
- 2021
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Ingår i: Clinical Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1058-4838 .- 1537-6591. ; 72:12, s. 1084-1089
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been reported to increase the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), but the association remains disputed. Methods: A nationwide cohort study among adults in Denmark, 2010-2013, linking register data on C. difficile testing, filled prescriptions, and patient characteristics. All incident episodes of community-associated CDI (ie, positive culture, molecular assay, or toxin test in individuals without previous hospitalization in the prior 12 weeks and without a positive test for C. difficile in the prior 8 weeks) were identified in the Danish National Microbiological Database. Self-controlled case-series analyses were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for community-associated CDI, comparing periods with and without exposure to PPIs. By design, models took fixed confounders such as chronic disease, genetics, and socioeconomic status into account; further, time-varying confounders, including hospital stay and antibiotic and corticosteroid use were adjusted for. Results: 3583 episodes of community-associated CDI were identified, of which 964 occurred during current use of PPIs, 324 occurred 0-6 months after treatment cessation, 123 occurred 6-12 months after treatment cessation, and 2172 occurred during time periods without use of PPIs. The adjusted IRR was 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.74-2.36), comparing use of PPI with nonuse. The increased risk remained elevated in later time periods: 1.54 (1.31-1.80) for 0-6 months, 1.24 (1.00-1.53) for 6-12 months after current use. Conclusions: Use of PPIs was associated with moderately increased risk of community-associated CDI. The risk remained elevated up to 1 year after PPI treatment had ended.
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