| 1. |
- Andersson, Mats R., et al.
(författare)
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Electroluminescence from Substituted Poly(thiophenes) : From Blue to Near-Infrared
- 1995
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Ingår i: Macromolecules. - : American Chemical Society. - 0024-9297 .- 1520-5835. ; 28:22, s. 7525-7529
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a systematic approach to the control of the conjugation length along the poly(thiophene) backbone. The planarity of the main chain can be permanently modified by altering the pattern of substitution and character of the substituents on the poly(thiophene) chain, and the conjugation length is thus modified. We obtain blue, green, orange, red, and near-infrared electroluminescence from four chemically distinct poly(thiophenes). The external quantum efficiencies are in the range of 0.01-0.6%.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Mats R., et al.
(författare)
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Improved photoluminescence efficiency of films from conjugated polymers
- 1997
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Ingår i: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 85:1-3, s. 1383-1384
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have demonstrated two general ways to increase the photoluminescence efficiency of films from conjugated polymers. One is to disperse the conjugated polymer on a molecular level by using attractive forces between the conjugated polymer and the matrix. The other method is to substitute the conjugated polymer with side chains which separates the conjugated backbones. Using this idea a new poly(thiophene) with a photoluminescence efficiency of 16% in films has been prepared. LEDs from this polymer exhibit an external efficiency of 0.1% for single layer and 0.7% for double layer diodes.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Mats R., et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis of poly(alkylthiophenes) for light-emitting diodes
- 1995
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Ingår i: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 71:1-3, s. 2183-2184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have demonstrated a general way to tune the emission of poly(alkylthiophenes) by using steric interaction between the repeating units. Light-emitting diodes prepared of the polymers have blue to near-infrared emission.
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| 4. |
- Berggren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling inter-chain and intra-chain excitations of a poly(thiophene) derivative in thin films
- 1999
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2614 .- 1873-4448. ; 304:1-2, s. 84-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The decay of photoexcitations in polythiophene chains has been studied in solid solutions of the polymer from room temperature to 4 K. A strong blue shift of the emission spectrum is observed in the polymer blend, as compared to the homopolymer. Dispersion of the polythiophene suppresses the non-radiative processes, which are suggested to be correlated to close contacts of polymer chains. Quantum chemistry modeling of the excited state distributed on two chains corroborate this conclusion.
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| 5. |
- Berggren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Light-emitting diodes with variable colours from polymer blends
- 1994
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 372:6505, s. 444-446
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- THE range of materials now available for polymer-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is such that electroluminescence can be obtained throughout the visible spectrum(1-12). Here we show that, by blending polymers with different emission and charge-transport characteristics, LEDs can be fabricated in which the emission colour varies as a function of the operating voltage. This phenomenon arises from the self-organizing properties of the blends, in which entropy drives phase separation of the constituent polymers and gives rise to submicrometre-sized domains having a range of compositions and emission characteristics. Emission from domains of different composition is controlled by the ease with which charge is injected, which in turn depends on the applied voltage.
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| 6. |
- Berggren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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White light from an electroluminescent diode made from poly[3(4‐octylphenyl)‐2,2′‐bithiophene] and an oxadiazole derivative
- 1994
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 76:11, s. 7530-7534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report on an electroluminescent diode emitting red, green, and blue light simultaneously. The device is based on a thin polymer layer, poly[3‐(4‐octylphenyl)‐2,2′‐bithiophene] and a thick molecular layer, 2‐(4‐biphenylyl)‐5‐(4‐tertbutyl‐phenyl)1,3,5‐oxadiazole. The quantum efficiency for light conversion is 0.3% and the turn‐on voltage for light emission is 7 V. In this article we present electric and spectroscopic characterizations. A mechanism for the light emission, based on electron and hole recombination between the two organic layers, is proposed
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| 7. |
- Bergling, Per, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Rule of law in public administration : problems and ways ahead in post-conflict peace-building
- 2010
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Ingår i: Hague Journal on the Rule of Law. - Cambridge UK : T.M.C.Asser/Cambridge University press. - 1876-4045. ; 2:2, s. 171-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This article demonstrates that in many peace-building environments, public administration reform and justice sector reform are promoted as separate projects and underpinned by different paradigms, namely making the administration more effective and efficient while introducing and strengthening rule of law and human rights principles in the justice sector. The reasons for this division include lack of knowledge among international and national policy-makers concerning the relevance of the rule of law for public administration reform, vague and conflicting peace-building mandates and objectives, and differences in topical orientation and ‘culture’ among the international actors concerned. The resulting rule of law deficit in public administration reform has adverse effects on both states and individuals, not least for the protection of fundamental human rights. This deficit is also symptomatic of an even deeper dilemma: the distinction between ends and means in post-conflict efforts. In order to more closely integrate rule of law dimensions in public administration reform, the article suggests an inventory of possible approaches, and relates these to current and future challenges and needs. The inventory comprises developing concepts of rule of law in public administration, promoting transformation of international rule of law principles to national law, facilitating institutional reforms to ensure the presence of institutions willing and able to adhere to the rule of law; the development of manuals, handbooks and other ‘aids’ for law-makers and administrators; developing tools for monitoring the ‘qualitative’ dimensions of public administration; transparency enhancement to enable individuals to enforce their rights; and improving inter-agency/sector co-operation in order to promote coordination and integrated approaches.
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| 8. |
- Granström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Phase separation of conjugated polymers - Tools for new functions in polymer LEDs
- 1997
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Ingår i: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 85:1-3, s. 1193-1194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the single family of substituted poly(thiophenes) it is possible to realize such diverse device designs as voltage controlled colours from polymer LEDs, sub-micron size LEDs, and white light emitters. Many of these features become possible by the use of polymer blends in which one or more poly(thiophenes) are mixed with a matrix polymer (PMMA). The phase structure in these blends can be controlled by stoichiometry and mode of formation. That phase structure can be used to prevent exciton transfer, and to define new colours in polymer LEDs. It also allows us to make anisotropic conductors suitable for contacting optical devices.
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| 9. |
- Granström, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Self organizing polymer films - a route to novel electronic devices based on conjugated polymers
- 1997
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Ingår i: Supramolecular science. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0968-5677 .- 1873-4146. ; 4:1-2, s. 27-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymer blends are often used in polymer light emitting diodes as a tool to increase the efficiency of the devices. In this report, we show the necessity to take the phase separation properties of such blends into account, as the miscibility of the involved polymers drastically affects the resulting film structure. By using phase separated polymer blends involving conjugated poly(thiophenes) and different nonconjugated polymers as matrices, different types of applications, such as light emitting diodes with improved voltage control of emitted colour, sub-micron size LEDs and anisotropic conductors are demonstrated. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Högberg, Hans-Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis of Some Bicyclophanes.
- 1982
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Ingår i: Acta Chemica Scandinavica, B-Organic chemistry and biochemistry. - 0302-4369. ; 36:10, s. 661-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 11. |
- Inganäs, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Thiophene polymers in light emitting diodes : Making multicolour devices
- 1995
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Ingår i: Synthetic metals. - : Elsevier. - 0379-6779 .- 1879-3290. ; 71:1-3, s. 2121-2124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We can control the bandgap of thiophene polymers over 2 eV by choosing the nature, position and regularity of side chain substitutions. Electroluminescence from these polymers cover the full visible spectrum, from the blue into the near infra-red. Blends of these polymer materials allow us to construct voltage controlled variable colour light sources. A newly developed transfer technique allow us to mount thin oriented films of the polymers in polymer LEDs to obtain polarised light sources giving polarisation anisotropys of up to 3. Sub-lambda light sources have been constructed from these polymer materials using nanometer polymer electrodes.
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| 12. |
- Naarttijärvi, Markus, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Krisen, myndigheterna och lagen : Krishantering i rättens gränsland
- 2015
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vid kriser som Estoniakatastrofen, tsunamin eller skogsbranden i Västmanland måste myndigheter kunna agera snabbt och effektivt tillsammans. Men detta måste ske utan att lagar överträds och utan att principerna för rättsstaten bryts, något som kan vara utmanande. Dessutom bygger vår krisberedskap i stort på principer och målsättningar som saknar ett bestämt juridiskt innehåll, till exempel ansvars- och närhetsprincipen, och på förhoppningar om att myndigheter och andra offentliga och privata aktörer övat samverkan och förmår komma överens.I denna bok utreds de rättsliga förutsättningarna för krishantering. Därtill ställs frågan hur detta sätt att reglera och styra agerandet i krissituationer faktiskt upplevs av de aktörer som är berörda. Förstår de vad som förväntas, tycker de att detta är genomförbart och uppfattar de var de rättsliga gränserna går?I boken diskuteras också om denna regleringsform gett upphov till oväntade gränsdragningsproblem och principiella konflikter i styrningen, och hur dessa i så fall förhåller sig till etablerade rättsstatliga principer om bland annat klarhet, koherens, rimlighet och kongruens.
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| 13. |
- Wennerström, Erik O., 1962-
(författare)
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The Rule of Law and the European Union
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This is a thesis in legal jurisprudence, as it revolves around the use of one concept : the rule of law. It has relevance also for EU law, as it deals with the EU’s application of this concept, and for onstitutional law, as it is a concept belonging to that discipline. The thesis analyses the EU’s application of the rule of law concept in different contexts, in order to discern consistencies and nconsistencies. On the basis of this analysis, models predicting the likely scope of the application in different contexts are presented. In the absence of any authoritative declaration of intent by the EU, as to what interpretation of the rule of law it wishes to apply and promote, the study outlines how the EU applies the concept in three different contexts : vis-à-vis the EU Member States and all subjects therein, towards countries seeking membership of the EU, and in relation to all third countries with which the EU has structured external relations. The model established to extract the components of the rule of law as the EU uses it internally, is transposed to the enlargement and external relations areas in order to ascertain if it is one concept used consistently in all situations or not. The internal EU conception of the rule of law is formulated mainly by the European Court of Justice through the development of its case law. The enlargement conception of the rule of law has been formulated mainly by the European Commission, with the agreement of the Council, through the assessment mechanism it constructed in the mid-1990s, and a decade’s practice in applying it. The external relations conception of the rule of law has been formulated by the Commission, as regards co-operation, aid and trade, and by the Council and its Secretariat as regards other foreign policy measures. A comparison of how the EU applies the concept in these three different situations demonstrates great variations that reveal lack of consistency more than any intentional proliferation of the concept. The reasons for this unintentional proliferation are rooted in the growth of supranational power in the Community sphere, countered by the continuing strong influence of Member States in other policy areas, resulting in different decision-making processes used in different policy areas that prevent a prevailing and singular approach to the application of the concept. As EU primary and secondary legislation attach consequences to the inconsistent application of the concept by subjects to EU legislation, the proliferation is a violation of the rule of law principle in itself.
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| 14. |
- Åqvist, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular dynamics simulations of water and biomolecules wit a Monte Carlo constant pressure algorithm
- 2004
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Ingår i: Chemical Physics Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2614 .- 1873-4448. ; 384:4-6, s. 288-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A mixed molecular dynamics/Monte Carlo (MD/MC) algorithm for constant pressure simulations of arbitrary molecular systems is examined. Calculations are reported at ambient and high pressures both for liquid water systems and for a chemical reaction step in a solvated enzyme utilizing empirical valence bond potentials. The present method reproduces earlier reported results well and is computationally efficient since it does not require the virial to be evaluated at each MD step. It is also found that the effects of introducing MC volume steps on the dynamics of the system are negligible provided that the volume step sizes and updating frequencies are appropriately chosen.
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