| 1. |
- Jiang, Xinyu, et al.
(författare)
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Film Formation Kinetics of Polymer Donor and Nonfullerene Acceptor Active Layers During Printing Out of 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene in Ambient Conditions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Solar RRL. - : Wiley. - 2367-198X. ; 7:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Slot-die coating is a promising upscaling fabrication method to promote commercialization in the field of organic solar cells. Herein, the nonfullerene active layer blend of a conjugated polymer PffBT4T-2OD and a small molecule acceptor EH-IDTBR, which is printed out of the nonhalogenated solvent 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, is studied. The film formation kinetics of the active layer PffBT4T-2OD:EH-IDTBR is probed in terms of the temporal evolutions in morphology as well as molecular conformation and aggregation as revealed by in situ grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering and UV–vis spectroscopy during the film printing process. A five-regime mesoscale domain growth process is observed in the active layer from the liquid state to the final dry state. The solvent evaporation-induced domain growth is accompanied with molecular stacking in a distinct J-type aggregation of the acceptor and a slight H-type aggregation of the donor molecules. The printed active layers exhibit an edge-on dominated PffBT4T-2OD and a face-on dominated EH-IDTBR crystallite structure. Compared to the neat PffBT4T-2OD and EH-IDTBR films, in the active layer, the crystallite structure deviates slightly in lattice spacing.
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| 2. |
- Kirschner, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of deposition and erosion of injected WF6 and MoF6 in TEXTOR
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nuclear Materials and Energy. - : Elsevier. - 2352-1791.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tracer injection experiments in TEXTOR with MoF 6 and WF 6 lead to local deposition of about 6% for Mo and about 1% for W relative to the injected amount of Mo and W atoms. Modelling of these experiments has been done with ERO applying updated data for physical sputtering. The dissociation of the injected molecules has been treated in a simplified manner due to the lack of dissociation rate coefficients. How- ever, with this it was possible to reproduce the observed radial penetration of Mo and W atoms into the plasma. The modelled local deposition efficiencies are about 50% for Mo and 60% for W assuming typical plasma parameters for the experimental conditions used. To reproduce the measured deposition efficien- cies an enhancement factor for the erosion of deposited Mo and W has to be assumed ( ∼10 for Mo and ∼25 for W). Due to the rather low electron temperature T e of these plasma conditions (T e ∼15 eV at the location of injection), Mo and W are mostly sputtered by impurities whereas sputtering due to deuterium is negligible. A parameter study applying larger electron temperature leads to increased sputtering and thus to reduced local deposition efficiencies of about 30% for Mo and 5% for W. Though, even under these conditions enhanced erosion, albeit with reduced enhancement factors, is needed in the modelling to obtain the small measured deposition efficiencies.
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| 3. |
- Litnovsky, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon transport, deposition and fuel accumulation in castellated structures exposed in TEXTOR
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Nuclear Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3115 .- 1873-4820. ; 367, s. 1481-1486
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to maintain the thermo-mechanical durability of ITER it is proposed to castellate the interior surface of the first wall and divertor by splitting them into small-size cells [W. Daener et a]., Fusion Eng. Des. 61&62 (2002) 61]. A concern is the accumulation of fuel in the gaps of the castellation. In TEXTOR, molybdenum limiters were exposed in the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma to assess fuel accumulation. The first limiter was exposed under deposition-dominated conditions. Carbon deposits were formed both on top surfaces and in the gaps. About 0.12% of the impinging D-fluence was found in the gaps. Another castellated limiter was exposed under erosion-dominated conditions. Deposited layers were found only on the plasma shadowed areas of the gaps. A significant amount of molybdenum from the limiter was found intermixed in the deposit. The gaps contained similar to 0.03% of the impinging D-fluence. Modeling was performed to simulate carbon transport into the gaps.
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| 4. |
- Weckmann, Armin, et al.
(författare)
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Global material migration in tokamaks : patterns, material balance and transport mechanisms in TEXTOR
- 2017
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As the last experiment before the final shutdown of the TEXTOR tokamak, equipped with all-graphite plasma-facing components (PFCs), MoF6 had been injected into the vacuum vessel. During decommissioning all PFCs became available for surface studies, enabling detailed mapping of previously injected Mo, W and intrinsic 625 Inconel metals. As a result, detailed deposition patterns for these metals were obtained, revealing a number of findings: a) High-Z metals are mainly globally deposited, with concentrations decaying exponentially with distance from the injection source; b) the decay length is of the order of 0.1 m on the main PFC and 1.0 m on the receded PFC; c) ion flow velocities co-decide the position of maximum deposition. Modelling with ERO shows exponential decay. Simulated decay lengths are between 0.15 – 1.30 m, depending on the anomalous cross field diffusion coefficient. Extensive measurements of Mo have been undertaken in order to quantify the amounts deposited on the graphite PFCs, showing that the ratio of local to global deposited high-Z metals is 0.3-0.4. However, only up to 20% of the injected Mo could be detected on all the PFCs. A large fraction of injected Mo may have been pumped out before being deposited. The bumper limiter is found to be the major repository for all probed elements. For W and F, this is solely due to the limiter size – the areal concentration is not enhanced. For Mo, Inconel metals, 15N and D the areal concentration on the bumper limiter is higher than on the toroidal belt limiter ALTII acting as main PFC.
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| 5. |
- Weindl, Christian L., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Solvent Vapor Annealing on Diblock Copolymer-Templated Mesoporous Si/Ge/C Thin Films : Implications for Li-Ion Batteries
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Nano Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2574-0970. ; 5:5, s. 7278-7287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although amphiphilic diblock copolymer templating of inorganic materials such as TiO2 is already well investigated, sol-gel synthesis routines for porous silicon and germanium are relatively rare. Therefore, especially in the field of Li-ion batteries, novel synthesis routines with the possibility to tune the silicon and germanium ratio and the morphology in the nanometer regime are of high interest. Here, we demonstrate a synthesis method that allows a change of morphology and elemental composition with minimal effort. We evidence a morphological transformation in the nanometer regime with real space (scanning electron microscopy) and complementary reciprocal space analysis methods (grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering). Although energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveals a considerable amount of oxygen in the thin film, crystalline Ge in the bulk is detected with powder Xray diffraction (PXRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Due to the system's simplicity, chemical mass production options such as roll-to-roll or slot-die printing can also be considered high-yield methods compared to standard synthesis routines.
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| 6. |
- Wienhold, Kerstin S., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Solvent Additives on the Morphology and Device Performance of Printed Nonfullerene Acceptor Based Organic Solar Cells
- 2019
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 11:45, s. 42313-42321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Printing of active layers of high-efficiency organic solar cells and morphology control by processing with varying solvent additive concentrations are important to realize real-world use of bulk-heterojunction photovoltaics as it enables both up-scaling and optimization of the device performance. In this work, active layers of the conjugated polymer with benzodithio-phene units PBDB-T-SF and the nonfullerene small molecule acceptor IT-4F are printed using meniscus guided slot-die coating. 1,8-Diiodooctane (DIO) is added to optimize the power conversion efficiency (PCE). The effect on the inner nanostructure and surface morphology of the material is studied for different solvent additive concentrations with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Optical properties are studied with photoluminescence (PL), UV/vis absorption spectroscopy, and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements and correlated to the corresponding PCEs. The addition of 0.25 vol % DIO enhances the average PCE from 3.5 to 7.9%, whereas at higher concentrations the positive effect is less pronounced. A solar cell performance of 8.95% is obtained for the best printed device processed with an optimum solvent additive concentration. Thus, with the large-scale preparation method printing similarly well working solar cells can be realized as with the spin-coating method.
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| 7. |
- Wienhold, Kerstin S., et al.
(författare)
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Following In Situ the Evolution of Morphology and Optical Properties during Printing of Thin Films for Application in Non-Fullerene Acceptor Based Organic Solar Cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : AMER CHEMICAL SOC. - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 12:36, s. 40381-40392
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ printing gives insight into the evolution of morphology and optical properties during slot-die coating of active layers for application in organic solar cells and enables an upscaling and optimization of the thin film deposition process and the photovoltaic performance. Active layers based on the conjugated polymer donor with benzodithiophene units PBDB-T-2Cl and the non-fullerene small-molecule acceptor IT-4F are printed with a slot-die coating technique and probed in situ with grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering, and ultraviolet/visible light spectroscopy. The formation of the morphology is followed from the liquid state to the final dry film for different printing conditions (at 25 and 35 degrees C), and five regimes of film formation are determined. The morphological changes are correlated to changing optical properties. During the film formation, crystallization of the non-fullerene small-molecule acceptor takes place and polymer domains with sizes of some tens of nanometers emerge. A red shift of the optical band gap and a broadening of the absorbance spectrum occurs, which allow for exploiting the sun spectrum more efficiently and are expected to have a favorable effect on the solar cell performance.
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| 8. |
- Yin, Shanshan, et al.
(författare)
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In Situ GISAXS Observation and Large Area Homogeneity Study of Slot-Die Printed PS-b-P4VP and PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 Thin Films
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8244 .- 1944-8252. ; 14:2, s. 3143-3155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mesoporous hematite (alpha-Fe2O3) thin films with high surface-to-volume ratios show great potential as photoelectrodes or electrochemical electrodes in energy conversion and storage. In the present work, with the assistance of an up-scalable slot-die coating technique, locally highly ordered alpha-Fe2O3 thin films are successfully printed based on the amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) as a structure-directing agent. Pure PS-b-P4VP films are printed under the same conditions for comparison. The micellization of the diblock copolymer in solution, the film formation process of the printed thin films, the homogeneity of the dry films in the lateral and vertical direction as well as the morphological and compositional information on the calcined hybrid PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 thin film are investigated. Because of convection during the solvent evaporation process, a similar dimple-type structure of vertically aligned cylindrical PS domains in a P4VP matrix developed for both printed PS-b-P4VP and hybrid PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 thin films. The coordination effect between the Fe3+ ions and the vinylpyridine groups significantly affects the attachment ability of the P4VP chains to the silicon substrate. Accordingly, distinct feature sizes and homogeneity in the lateral direction, as well as the thicknesses in the perpendicular direction, are demonstrated in the two printed films. By removing the polymer template from the hybrid PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 film at high temperature, a locally highly ordered mesoporous alpha-Fe2O3 film is obtained. Thus, a facile and up-scalable printing technique is presented for producing homogeneous mesoporous alpha-Fe2O3 thin films.
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