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- Maxwell, Karen L., et al.
(author)
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Protein folding : Defining a "standard" set of experimental conditions and a preliminary kinetic data set of two-state proteins
- 2005
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In: Protein Science. - : Wiley. - 0961-8368 .- 1469-896X. ; 14, s. 602-16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent years have seen the publication of both empirical and theoretical relationships predicting the rates with which proteins fold. Our ability to test and refine these relationships has been limited, however, by a variety of difficulties associated with the comparison of folding and unfolding rates, thermodynamics, and structure across diverse sets of proteins. These difficulties include the wide, potentially confounding range of experimental conditions and methods employed to date and the difficulty of obtaining correct and complete sequence and structural details for the characterized constructs. The lack of a single approach to data analysis and error estimation, or even of a common set of units and reporting standards, further hinders comparative studies of folding. In an effort to overcome these problems, we define here a "consensus" set of experimental conditions (25°C at pH 7.0, 50 mM buffer), data analysis methods, and data reporting standards that we hope will provide a benchmark for experimental studies. We take the first step in this initiative by describing the folding kinetics of 30 apparently two-state proteins or protein domains under the consensus conditions. The goal of our efforts is to set uniform standards for the experimental community and to initiate an accumulating, self-consistent data set that will aid ongoing efforts to understand the folding process.
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- Gao, Shang, et al.
(author)
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Dipolar Spin Ice States with a Fast Monopole Hopping Rate in CdEr2X4 (X = Se, S)
- 2018
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 120:13
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Excitations in a spin ice behave as magnetic monopoles, and their population and mobility control the dynamics of a spin ice at low temperature. CdEr2Se4 is reported to have the Pauling entropy characteristic of a spin ice, but its dynamics are three orders of magnitude faster than the canonical spin ice Dy2Ti2O7. In this Letter we use diffuse neutron scattering to show that both CdEr2Se4 and CdEr2S4 support a dipolar spin ice state-the host phase for a Coulomb gas of emergent magnetic monopoles. These Coulomb gases have similar parameters to those in Dy2Ti2O7, i.e., dilute and uncorrelated, and so cannot provide three orders faster dynamics through a larger monopole population alone. We investigate the monopole dynamics using ac susceptometry and neutron spin echo spectroscopy, and verify the crystal electric field Hamiltonian of the Er3+ ions using inelastic neutron scattering. A quantitative calculation of the monopole hopping rate using our Coulomb gas and crystal electric field parameters shows that the fast dynamics in CdEr2X4 (X = Se, S) are primarily due to much faster monopole hopping. Our work suggests that CdEr2X4 offer the possibility to study alternative spin ice ground states and dynamics, with equilibration possible at much lower temperatures than the rare earth pyrochlore examples.
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- Gonzalez Rodriguez, Adrian, 1988, et al.
(author)
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Melting transition of oriented Li-DNA fibers submerged in ethanol solutions
- 2021
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In: Biopolymers. - : Wiley. - 0006-3525 .- 1097-0282. ; 112:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The melting transition of Li-DNA fibers immersed in ethanol-water solutions has been studied using calorimetry and neutron diffraction techniques. The data have been analyzed using the Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois model to determine the strengths of the intra- and inter-base pair potentials. The data and analysis show that the potentials are weaker than those for DNA in water. They become weaker still and the DNA less stable as the ethanol concentration increases but, conversely, the fibers become more compact and the distances between base pairs become more regular. The results show that the melting transition is relatively insensitive to local confinement and depends more on the interaction between the DNA and its aqueous environment.
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- Tao, Quanzheng, et al.
(author)
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Atomically Layered and Ordered Rare-Earth i-MAX Phases : A New Class of Magnetic Quaternary Compounds
- 2019
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In: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 31:7, s. 2476-2485
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2017, we discovered quaternary i-MAX phases atomically layered solids, where M is an early transition metal, A is an A group element, and X is C—with a (M12/3M21/3)2AC chemistry, where the M1 and M2 atoms are in-plane ordered. Herein, we report the discovery of a class of magnetic i-MAX phases in which bilayers of a quasi-2D magnetic frustrated triangular lattice overlay a Mo honeycomb arrangement and an Al Kagome lattice. The chemistry of this family is (Mo2/3RE1/3)2AlC, and the rare-earth, RE, elements are Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu. The magnetic properties were characterized and found to display a plethora of ground states, resulting from an interplay of competing magnetic interactions in the presence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
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