| 1. |
- Afghahi, Henri, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for the development of albuminuria and renal impairment in type 2 diabetes—the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0931-0509 .- 1460-2385. ; 26:4, s. 1236-1243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The aim of this study was to identify clinical risk factors associated with the development of albuminuria and renal impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition, we evaluated if different equations to estimate renal function had an impact on interpretation of data. This was done in a nationwide population-based study using data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Methods. Three thousand and six hundred sixty-seven patients with T2D aged 30-74 years with no signs of renal dysfunction at baseline (no albuminuria and eGFR >60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) according to MDRD) were followed up for 5 years (2002-2007). Renal outcomes, development of albuminuria and/or renal impairment [eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) by MDRD or eCrCl > 60 mL/min by Cockgroft-Gault (C-G)] were assessed at follow-up. Univariate regression analyses and stepwise regression models were used to identify significant clinical risk factors for renal outcomes. Results. Twenty percent of patients developed albuminuria, and 11% renal impairment; thus, ~6-7% of all patients developed non-albuminuric renal impairment. Development of albuminuria or renal impairment was independently associated with high age (all P < 0.001), high systolic BP (all P < 0.02) and elevated triglycerides (all P < 0.02). Additional independent risk factors for albuminuria were high BMI (P < 0.01), high HbA1c (P < 0.001), smoking (P < 0.001), HDL (P < 0.05) and male sex (P < 0.001), and for renal impairment elevated plasma creatinine at baseline and female sex (both P < 0.001). High BMI was an independent risk factor for renal impairment when defined by MDRD (P < 0.01), but low BMI was when defined by C-G (P < 0.001). Adverse effects of BMI on HbA1c, blood pressure and lipids accounted for ~50% of the increase risk for albuminuria, and for 41% of the increased risk for renal impairment (MDRD). Conclusions. Distinct sets of risk factors were associated with the development of albuminuria and renal impairment consistent with the concept that they are not entirely linked in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity and serum triglycerides are semi-novel risk factors for development of renal dysfunction and BMI accounted for a substantial proportion of the increased risk. The equations used to estimate renal function (MDRD vs. C-G) had an impact on interpretation of data, especially with regard to body composition and gender.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Cederholm, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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A new model for 5-year risk of cardiovascular disease in Type 1 diabetes : from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Diabetic Medicine. - : Wiley. - 0742-3071 .- 1464-5491. ; 28:10, s. 1213-1220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: We assessed the association between risk factors and cardiovascular disease in an observational study of patients with Type 1 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.Methods: A derivation sample of 3661 patients, aged 30-65 years, 6.1% with previous cardiovascular disease, baseline 2002, and 197 cardiovascular disease events when followed for 5 years until 2007. A separate validation data set of 4484 patients, baseline 2003, 201 cardiovascular disease events when followed for 4 years.Results: Adjusted hazard ratios at Cox regression for fatal/non-fatal cardiovascular disease were: diabetes duration 2.76 (2.21-3.44); onset age 1.47 (1.21-1.78); log ratio total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol 1.26 (1.09-1.45); log HbA(1c) 1.19 (1.03-1.38); log systolic blood pressure 1.17 (1.01-1.34) (1 SD increase in continuous variables); smoker 1.76 (1.27-2.46); macroalbuminuria (> 200 mu g/min) 1.52 (1.10-2.10); previous cardiovascular disease 3.51 (2.54-4.84). All eight variables were used to elaborate a risk equation for 5-year cardiovascular disease risk. Regarding calibration in the derivation data set, ratio predicted 5-year risk (mean 5.4 +/- 7.9%) to observed event rate was 1.0. Discrimination was sufficient, with C-statistic 0.83, sensitivity and specificity 72 and 77%, respectively, for the top quartile of predicted risk. Similarly, calibration and discrimination were adequate in the validation data set: ratio of predicted 4-year risk/observed rate 0.94, C-statistic 0.80, sensitivity and specificity 62 and 77%, respectively, for the top quartile.Conclusions: This 5-year cardiovascular disease risk model from a large observational study of patients with Type 1 diabetes in routine care showed adequate calibration and discrimination and can be useful for clinical practice. It should also be tested in patients with Type 1 diabetes from other countries.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Cederholm, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Risk prediction of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes : A risk equation from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR)
- 2008
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Ingår i: Diabetes Care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0149-5992 .- 1935-5548. ; 31:10, s. 2038-2043
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE - Risk prediction models obtained in samples from the general population do mot perform well in type 2 diabetic patients. Recently, 5-year risk estimates were proposed as being more accurate than 10-year risk estimates. This study presents a diabetes-specific equation for estimation of the absolute 5-year risk of first incident fatal/nonfatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in type 2 diabetic patients with the use of A1C and clinical characteristics.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - The study was based on 11,646 female and male patients, aged 18-70 years, from the Swedish National Diabetes Register with 1,482 first incident CVD events based on 58,342 person-years with mean follow-up) of 5.64 years.RESULTS - This risk equation incorporates A1C, as in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine, and several clinical characteristics: onset age of diabetes, diabetes duration, sex, BMI, smoking, systolic blood pressure, and antihypertensive and lipid-reducing drugs. All predictors included were associated with the Outcome (P < 0.0001, except for BMI P = 0.0016) with Cox regression analysis. Calibration was excellent when assessed by comparing observed and predicted risk. Discrimination was sufficient, with a receiver operator curve statistic of 0.70. Mean 5-year risk of CVD in all patients was 12.0 +/- 7.5%, whereas 54% of the patients had a 5-year risk >= 10%.CONCLUSIONS - This more simplified risk equation enables 5-year risk prediction of CVD based on easily available nonlaboratory predictors in clinical practice and A1C and was elaborated in a large observational study obtained from the normal patient population aged up to 70 years.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Cederholm, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Riskfaktorer för hjärt- kärlsjukdom : Resultat från Nationella diabetesregistret jämförs med internationella studier
- 2013
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Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 110:17-18, s. 882-885
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Observationsstudier från Nationella diabetesregistret visar att vid typ 1- och typ 2-diabetes ses en ökande risk för hjärt–kärlsjukdom med stigande HbA1c-värden, men ingen förhöjd risk vid lägre HbA1c.Vid typ 2-diabetes ses påtagligt lägre risk för hjärt–kärlsjukdom vid blodtryck 130–135/75 mm Hg än vid 140/80 mm Hg eller högre.Lipidkvoten non-HDL-/HDL-kolesterol är en starkare riskfaktor för ischemisk hjärtsjukdom än LDL-kolesterol. Lägre värden för kvoten ger lägre triglycerider och högre HDL-kolesterol.Två verktyg för beräkning av 5-årsrisken för hjärt–kärlsjukdom vid typ 1-och typ 2-diabetes presenteras.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Cederholm, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Systolic blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular diseases in type 2 diabetes : an observational study from the Swedish national diabetes register
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Hypertension. - 0263-6352 .- 1473-5598. ; 28:10, s. 2026-2035
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To estimate risks of fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) with SBP in an observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twelve thousand, six hundred and seventy-seven patients aged 30–75 years, treated with antihypertensive drugs, without previous congestive heart failure, followed for 5 years. Results: Risk curves of CHD and stroke increased progressively with higher baseline or updated mean SBP in a Cox model, in all participants, and in two subgroups without (n = 10 304) or with (n = 2373) a history of CVD, with no J-shaped risk curves at low SBP levels. Hazard ratios for CHD and stroke per 10-mmHg increase in updated mean SBP in all participants, adjusting for clinical characteristics and traditional risk factors, were 1.08 (1.04–1.13) and 1.20 (1.13–1.27), P < 0.001. With updated mean SBP of 110–129 mmHg as reference, SBP of at least 140 mmHg showed risk increases of 37% for CHD, 86% for stroke and 44% for CVD (P = 0.001 to <0.001), whereas SBP of 130–139 mmHg showed nonsignificant risk increases for these outcomes. With baseline SBP of 110–129 mmHg, CHD and CVD risks increased with further SBP reduction, hazard ratios were 1.77 and 1.73 (P = 0.002), but decreased considerably for CHD, stroke and CVD with higher baseline SBP. Conclusion: Risks of CHD and stroke increased progressively with higher SBP, with no J-shaped curves, although risk increase was significant only for SBP of at least 140 mmHg, but not comparing 130–139 and 110–129 mmHg. Additionally, baseline SBP of 110–129 mmHg showed increased CHD and CVD risk with further SBP reduction during follow-up, whereas baseline SBP of at least 130 showed benefits.
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| 12. |
- Eeg-Olofsson, Katarina, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Considerably decreased risk of cardiovascular disease with combined reductions in HbA1c, blood pressure and blood lipids in type 2 diabetes: Report from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2016
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Ingår i: Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 1479-1641 .- 1752-8984. ; 13:4, s. 268-277
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: Assess the effect of risk factors changes on risk for cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes selected from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Methods: Observational study of 13,477 females and males aged 30-75years, with baseline HbA1c 41-67mmol/mol, systolic blood pressure 122-154mmHg and ratio non-HDL:HDL 1.7-4.1, followed for mean 6.5years until 2012. Four groups were created: a reference group (n=6757) with increasing final versus baseline HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and non-HDL:HDL cholesterol during the study period, and three groups with decreasing HbA1c (n=1925), HbA1c and systolic blood pressure (n=2050) or HbA1c and systolic blood pressure and non-HDL:HDL (n=2745). Results: Relative risk reduction for fatal/nonfatal cardiovascular disease was 35% with decrease in HbA1c only (mean 6 to final 49mmol/mol), 56% with decrease in HbA1c and systolic blood pressure (mean 12 to final 128mmHg) and 75% with combined decreases in HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and non-HDL:HDL (mean 0.8 to final 2.1), all p<0.001 adjusting for clinical characteristics, other risk factors, treatments and previous cardiovascular disease. Similar risk reductions were found for fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease, fatal cardiovascular disease, all-cause mortality and also in a subgroup of 3038 patients with albuminuria. Conclusion: Considerable risk reductions for cardiovascular disease and mortality were seen with combined long-term risk factor improvement.
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| 13. |
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| 15. |
- Eeg-Olofsson, Katarina, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study in 13,087 patients.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Diabetologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0428 .- 0012-186X. ; 52:1, s. 65-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of this study of type 2 diabetic patients in the Swedish National Diabetes Register was to study the associations of BMI, overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI >or= 30 kg/m(2)) with cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes, as these associations have not previously been clarified. METHODS: Patients aged 30-74 years with no previous CHD or stroke (N = 13,087) were followed for a mean of 5.6 years until 2003 for fatal or non-fatal CHD, stroke, cardiovascular disease (CHD or stroke) and total mortality. In total, 1,922 cardiovascular-disease events occurred, based on 64,864 person-years. RESULTS: The relative risks of CHD, stroke, cardiovascular disease and total mortality for a 5 unit increase in BMI at baseline were 15%, 11%, 13% and 27%, respectively, using Cox regression analysis, after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes duration, hypoglycaemic treatment and smoking (model 1), and were 9%, 4% (not significant), 7% and 20%, respectively, when adjusting also for HbA(1c), blood pressure, antihypertensive drugs, lipid-reducing drugs and microalbuminuria (model 2). Adjusted hazard ratios (model 1) for CHD, cardiovascular disease and total mortality with overweight were 1.27 (95% CI 1.09-1.48), 1.24 (1.09-1.41) and 1.16 (0.94-1.45), respectively, and 1.49 (1.27-1.76), 1.44 (1.26-1.64) and 1.71 (1.36-2.14) with obesity, as compared with normal weight. Significant hazard ratios were attenuated when adjusted according to model 2. For a 1 unit increase in BMI during follow-up, the relative risk of CHD (model 2) was 1.13 (1.04-1.23; p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Both overweight and obesity independently increased the risk of CHD and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. The CHD risk was higher with increasing BMI than with stable or decreasing BMI during the study.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Ekström, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Aspirin treatment and risk of first incident cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes : an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2013
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group. - 2044-6055. ; 3:4, s. e002688-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To investigate the benefits and risks associated with aspirin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes and no previous cardiovascular disease (CVD) in clinical practice. Design Population-based cohort study between 2005 and 2009, mean follow-up 3.9years. Setting Hospital outpatient clinics and primary care in Sweden. Participants Men and women with type 2 diabetes, free from CVD, including atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure, at baseline, registered in the Swedish National Diabetes Register, with continuous low-dose aspirin treatment (n=4608) or no aspirin treatment (n=14038). Main outcome measures Risks of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, mortality and bleedings, associated with aspirin compared with no aspirin, were analysed in all patients and in subgroups by gender and estimated cardiovascular risk. Propensity scores were used to adjust for several baseline risk factors and characteristics at Cox regression, and the effect of unknown covariates was evaluated in a sensitivity analysis. Results There was no association between aspirin use and beneficial effects on risks of CVD or death. Rather, there was an increased risk of non-fatal/fatal CHD associated with aspirin; HR 1.19 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.41), p=0.04. The increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes associated with aspirin was seen when analysing women separately; HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.87), p=0.02, and HR 1.28 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.61), p=0.04, for CHD and CVD, respectively, but not for men separately. There was a trend towards increased risk of a composite of bleedings associated with aspirin, n=157; HR 1.41 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.99). Conclusions The results support the trend towards more restrictive use of aspirin in patients with type 2 diabetes and no previous CVD. More research is needed to explore the differences in aspirin's effects in women and men.
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| 18. |
- Ekström, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Cardiovascular safety of glucose-lowering agents as add-on medication to metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes: report from the Swedish National Diabetes Register
- 2016
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Ingår i: Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism. - : Wiley. - 1462-8902 .- 1463-1326. ; 18:10, s. 990-998
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: To investigate the relative safety of various glucose-lowering agents as add-on medication to metformin in type 2 diabetes in an observational study linking five national health registers. Research design and methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes who had been on metformin monotherapy and started another agent in addition to metformin were eligible for inclusion. The study period was 2005-2012. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and congestive heart failure (CHF) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, weighted for a propensity score. Results: Of the 20 422 patients included in the study, 43% started on second-line treatment with sulphonylurea (SU), 21% basal insulin, 12% thiazolidinedione (TZD), 11% meglitinide, 10% dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, 1% glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist and 1% acarbose. At the index date, the mean patient age was similar to 60 years for all groups except the GLP-1 receptor agonist (56.0 years) and SU (62.9 years) groups. Diabetes duration and glycated haemoglobin levels were similar in all groups. When compared with SU, basal insulin was associated with an 18% higher risk and TZD with a 24% lower risk of mortality [HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.03-1.36) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.62-0.94)], respectively. DPP-4 inhibitor treatment was associated with significantly lower risks of CVD, fatal CVD, CHD, fatal CHD and CHF. Conclusions: This nationwide observational study showed that second-line treatment with TZD and DPP-4 inhibitor as add-on medication to metformin were associated with significantly lower risks of mortality and cardiovascular events compared with SU, whereas basal insulin was associated with a higher risk of mortality.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Ekström, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Glucose-lowering treatment and clinical results in 163 121 patients with type 2 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish national diabetes register
- 2012
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Ingår i: Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism. - : Wiley. - 1462-8902 .- 1463-1326. ; 14:8, s. 717-726
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: To analyse clinical characteristics and treatment results in unselected type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, with non-pharmacological treatment as well as the most commonly used pharmacological glucose-lowering treatment regimens, in everyday clinical practice. Methods: In this population-based cross-sectional study, information was linked from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, Prescribed Drug Register and Patient Register. T2DM patients with non-pharmacological treatment and T2DM patients continuously using the 12 most common pharmacological treatment regimens were included in the study (n = 163121). Results: There were statistically significant differences in clinical characteristics between the groups. Patients with insulin-based treatment regimens had the longest duration of diabetes and more cardiovascular risk factors than the T2DM-population in general. The proportion of patients reaching HbA1c =7% varied between 70.1% (metformin) and 25.0% [premixed insulin (PMI) + SU) in patients with pharmacological treatment. 84.8% of the patients with non-pharmacological treatment reached target. Compared to patients on metformin, patients on other pharmacological treatments had a lower likelihood, with hazard ratios ranging from 0.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.540.63 to 0.97;0.940.99, of having HbA1c =7% (adjusted for covariates). Patients on insulin-based treatments had the lowest likelihood, while non-pharmacological treatment was associated with an increased likelihood of having HbA1c =7%. Conclusion: This nation-wide study shows insufficiently reached treatment goals for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in all treatment groups. Patients on insulin-based treatment regimens had the longest duration of diabetes, more cardiovascular risk factors and the highest proportions of patients not reaching HbA1c target.
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| 22. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical Usefulness of Different Lipid Measures for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A report from the Swedish National Diabetes Register.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Diabetes care. - : American Diabetes Association. - 1935-5548 .- 0149-5992. ; 34:9, s. 2095-2100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE We assessed the association between different blood lipid measures and risk of fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted an observational study of patients with type 2 diabetes from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Baseline LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, ratio of non-HDL to HDL cholesterol (non-HDL:HDL), and ratio of triacylglycerol to HDL cholesterol (TG:HDL) was measured in 18,673 patients aged 30-70 years, followed for a mean of 4.8 years from 2003 to 2007. RESULTS Hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD per 1-SD increment in lipid measures were 1.23 with non-HDL:HDL, 1.20 with non-HDL cholesterol, 1.17 with LDL cholesterol, and 1.15 with TG:HDL (all P < 0.001 when adjusted for clinical characteristics and nonlipid risk factors). The best global model fit was found with non-HDL:HDL. When patients within the lowest tertile of a lipid measure were compared with those with all lipid measures within the highest tertile, the adjusted HR for CHD was 0.62 with non-HDL:HDL <3.5 mmol/L, 0.65 with non-HDL cholesterol <3.3 mmol/L, and 0.70 with LDL cholesterol <2.5 mmol/L (all P < 0.001). The lowest tertile of LDL and non-HDL cholesterol corresponded with treatment targets according to U.S. and European guidelines. HRs for CHD were 0.52, 0.62, and 0.66 with the lowest deciles of non-HDL:HDL, non-HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol ≤1.8 mmol/L (all P < 0.001). Mean TG:HDL was considerably lower in patients within the lowest tertile of non-HDL:HDL, 0.82 ± 0.47, than in those within the lowest tertile of LDL cholesterol (<2.5 mmol/L), 1.49 ± 1.03. CONCLUSIONS Non-HDL:HDL had a stronger effect on CHD risk than LDL cholesterol, and low TG:HDL values were more often seen within the lowest non-HDL:HDL tertile than within the lowest LDL cholesterol tertile. LDL cholesterol was not the best predictor of CHD risk in type 2 diabetes.
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| 23. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Diabetes mellitus
- 2011
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Ingår i: Medcin. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144056593
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 24. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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Diabetes mellitus
- 2017
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Ingår i: Medicin. Stefan Lindgren, Anna Engström-Laurent, Kristjan Karason (red.). - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144108162 ; , s. 403-454
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 25. |
- Eliasson, Björn, 1959, et al.
(författare)
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LDL-cholesterol versus non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio and risk for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes.
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-4873 .- 2047-4881. ; 21:11, s. 1420-1428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: We assessed the association between different blood lipid measures and risk of fatal/nonfatal coronary heart disease (CHD), which has been less analysed previously in type 2 diabetes. DESIGN, METHODS: Observational study of 46,786 patients with type 2 diabetes, aged 30-70 years, from the Swedish National Diabetes Register, followed for a mean of 5.8 years until 2009. Baseline and updated mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-, non-HDL-cholesterol, and non-HDL-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio were measured. RESULTS: Hazard ratios (HR) for CHD with quartiles 2-4 of baseline lipid measures, with lowest quartile 1 as reference: 1.03-1.29-1.63 for LDL; 1.23-1.41-1.95 for non-HDL; 1.29-1.39-1.57 for HDL; and 1.31-1.67-2.01 for non-HDL:HDL, all p<0.001 except for quartile 2 of LDL, when adjusted for clinical characteristics and nonlipid risk factors. A similar picture was seen with updated mean values. Splines with absolute 6-year CHD rates in a Cox model showed decreasing rates only down to around 3mmol/l for LDL, with linearly decreasing rates to the lowest level of non-HDL:HDL.Non-HDL and HDL were independent additive risk factors for CHD risk. HRs per 1SD continuous decrease in baseline or updated mean HDL were 1.14-1.17 when fully adjusted as above, and 1.08-1.13 when also adjusted for non-HDL (p<0.001). HRs were 1.13-1.16 adjusted for LDL, and 1.22-1.26 adjusted for total cholesterol and triglycerides (p<0.001). Splines showed progressively increasing 6-year CHD rates with lower HDL down to 0.5mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that lower levels of non-HDL:HDL are a better risk marker for CHD than LDL-cholesterol below 3mmol/l.
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