| 1. |
- Axell, Cecilia, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence in Contemporary Children’s Culture : A Case Study
- 2022
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Ingår i: PATT 39. - : Memorial University of Newfoundland. - 9780889015050 ; , s. 376-386
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The overall aim of the school subject technology is to develop pupils’ understanding of technological solutions in everyday life. A starting point for this study is that it is important for teachers in technology to have knowledge of pupils’ prior conceptions of the subject content since these can both support and hinder their learning. In a previous study we found that when pupils (age 7) talk about digital technology and programming, they often refer to out-of-school experiences such as films, television programmes and books. Typically, their descriptions include robots with some form of intelligence. Hence, it seems like children’s culture may have an impact on the conceptions they bring to the technology classroom. In light of this, it is vital that technology teachers have knowledge about how robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are portrayed in children’s culture, and how pupils perceive these portrayals. However, knowledge about these aspects of technology in children’s culture is limited.The purpose of this study is to investigate how artifacts with artificial intelligence are portrayed in television programmes and literature aimed at children. This study is the first step in a larger study aiming to examine younger pupils’ conceptions and ideas about artificial intelligence. A novice conception of artificial intelligence can be described as an understanding of what a programmed device may, or may not, “understand” in relation to a human, which includes discerning th edifferences between the artificial and the human mind. Consequently, as a theoretical framework for investigating how artificial intelligence is portrayed in children’s culture, the concepts of Theoryof Mind (ToM) and Theory of Artificial Mind (ToAM), are used. The empirical material presented in this paper, i.e. four children’s books and a popular children’s television programme, was analysed using a qualitative thematic analysis. The results show that the portrayal of AI is ambiguous. The structure and function of the robot has elements of both human and machine, and the view of the human fictional characters of the robot is sometimes that of a machine, sometimes of a human. In addition, the whole empirical material includes portrayals of AI as a threat as well as a saviour. As regards implications, there is a risk that without real-life experiences of robots, the representations children’s books and other media convey can lead to ambivalent feelings towards real robots.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Alenljung, Beatrice, et al.
(författare)
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User Experience in Social Human-Robot Interaction
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence (IJACI). - : I G I Global. - 1941-6237 .- 1941-6245. ; 8:2, s. 12-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Socially interactive robots are expected to have an increasing importance in human society. For social robots to provide long-term added value to people’s lives, it is of major importance to stressthe need for positive user experience (UX) of such robots. The human-centered view emphasizes various aspects that emerge in the interaction between humans and robots. However, a positive UX does not appear by itself but has to be designed for and evaluated systematically. In this paper, the focus is on the role and relevance of UX in human-robot interaction (HRI) and four trends concerning the role and relevance of UX related to socially interactive robots are identified, and three challenges related to its evaluation are also presented. It is argued that current research efforts and directions are not sufficient in HRI research, and that future research needs to further address interdisciplinary research in order to achieve long-term success of socially interactive robots.
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| 4. |
- Billing, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Finding Your Way from the Bed to the Kitchen: Reenacting and Recombining Sensorimotor Episodes Learned from Human Demonstration
- 2016
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Robotics and Ai. - Lausanne, Switzerland : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-9144. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several simulation theories have been proposed as an explanation for how humans and other agents internalize an "inner world" that allows them to simulate interactions with the external real world - prospectively and retrospectively. Such internal simulation of interaction with the environment has been argued to be a key mechanism behind mentalizing and planning. In the present work, we study internal simulations in a robot acting in a simulated human environment. A model of sensory-motor interactions with the environment is generated from human demonstrations and tested on a Robosoft Kompai robot. The model is used as a controller for the robot, reproducing the demonstrated behavior. Information from several different demonstrations is mixed, allowing the robot to produce novel paths through the environment, toward a goal specified by top-down contextual information. The robot model is also used in a covert mode, where the execution of actions is inhibited and perceptions are generated by a forward model. As a result, the robot generates an internal simulation of the sensory-motor interactions with the environment. Similar to the overt mode, the model is able to reproduce the demonstrated behavior as internal simulations. When experiences from several demonstrations are combined with a top-down goal signal, the system produces internal simulations of novel paths through the environment. These results can be understood as the robot imagining an "inner world" generated from previous experience, allowing it to try out different possible futures without executing actions overtly. We found that the success rate in terms of reaching the specified goal was higher during internal simulation, compared to overt action. These results are linked to a reduction in prediction errors generated during covert action. Despite the fact that the model is quite successful in terms of generating covert behavior toward specified goals, internal simulations display different temporal distributions compared to their overt counterparts. Links to human cognition and specifically mental imagery are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Billing, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Robot-Enhanced Therapy for Children with Autism
- 2018
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 14th SweCog Conference. - Skövde : University of Skövde. - 9789198366730 ; , s. 19-22
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Billing, Erik, PhD, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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The DREAM Dataset : Supporting a data-driven study of autism spectrum disorder and robot enhanced therapy
- 2020
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 15:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a dataset of behavioral data recorded from 61 children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The data was collected during a large-scale evaluation of Robot Enhanced Therapy (RET). The dataset covers over 3000 therapy sessions and more than 300 hours of therapy. Half of the children interacted with the social robot NAO supervised by a therapist. The other half, constituting a control group, interacted directly with a therapist. Both groups followed the Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) protocol. Each session was recorded with three RGB cameras and two RGBD (Kinect) cameras, providing detailed information of children’s behavior during therapy. This public release of the dataset comprises body motion, head position and orientation, and eye gaze variables, all specified as 3D data in a joint frame of reference. In addition, metadata including participant age, gender, and autism diagnosis (ADOS) variables are included. We release this data with the hope of supporting further data-driven studies towards improved therapy methods as well as a better understanding of ASD in general.
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| 7. |
- Bjurling, Oscar, et al.
(författare)
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Drone Swarms in Forest Firefighting : A Local Development Case Study of Multi-Level Human-Swarm Interaction
- 2020
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Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450375795
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swarms of autonomous and coordinating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are rapidly being developed to enable simultaneous control of multiple UAVs. In the field of Human-Swarm Interaction (HSI), researchers develop and study swarm algorithms and various means of control and evaluate their cognitive and task performance. There is, however, a lack of research describing how UAV swarms will fit into future real-world domain contexts. To remedy this, this paper describes a case study conducted within the community of firefighters, more precisely two Swedish fire departments that regularly deploy UAVs in fire responses. Based on an initial description of how their UAVs are used in a forest firefighting context, participating UAV operators and unit commanders envisioned a scenario that showed how the swarm and its capabilities could be utilized given the constraints and requirements of a forest firefighting mission. Based on this swarm scenario description we developed a swarm interaction model that describes how the operators' interaction traverses multiple levels ranging from the entire swarm, via subswarms and individual UAVs, to specific sensors and equipment carried by the UAVs. The results suggest that human-in-the-loop simulation studies need to enable interaction across multiple swarm levels as this interaction may exert additional cognitive strain on the human operator.
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| 8. |
- Bjurling, Oscar, et al.
(författare)
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Swarms, teams, or choirs? : Metaphors in multi-UAV systems design
- 2021
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Ingår i: Advances in Human Factors in Robots, Unmanned Systems and Cybersecurity. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783030799960 - 9783030799977 ; , s. 10-15
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are projected to fly and operate in swarms. The swarm metaphor makes explicit and implicit mappings regarding system architecture and human interaction to aspects of natural systems, such as bee societies. Compared to the metaphor of a team, swarming agents as individuals are less capable, more expendable, and more limited in terms of communication and coordination. Given their different features and limitations, the two metaphors could be useful in different scenarios. We also discuss a choir metaphor and illustrate how it can give rise to different design concepts. We conclude that designers and engineers should be mindful of the metaphors they use because they influence—and limit—how to think about and design for multi-UAV systems.
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| 9. |
- Cai, Haibin, et al.
(författare)
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Sensing-enhanced Therapy System for Assessing Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders : A Feasibility Study
- 2019
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Ingår i: IEEE Sensors Journal. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 1530-437X .- 1558-1748. ; 19:4, s. 1508-1518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is evident that recently reported robot-assisted therapy systems for assessment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) lack autonomous interaction abilities and require significant human resources. This paper proposes a sensing system that automatically extracts and fuses sensory features such as body motion features, facial expressions, and gaze features, further assessing the children behaviours by mapping them to therapist-specified behavioural classes. Experimental results show that the developed system has a capability of interpreting characteristic data of children with ASD, thus has the potential to increase the autonomy of robots under the supervision of a therapist and enhance the quality of the digital description of children with ASD. The research outcomes pave the way to a feasible machine-assisted system for their behaviour assessment. IEEE
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Chilufya, Emma Mainza, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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A Comparative Study of Physical and Virtual Reality Prototyping of a Migrating Agent Interface
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9798400708244 ; , s. 369-371
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Prototyping methods are commonly employed iteratively throughout the design and product development, typically ranging from early low-fidelity to later high-fidelity prototypes. We present a case study focusing on prototyping a receptionist agent migrating between three platforms (a monitor on the wall, a mobile phone, and a physical robot). More specifically, we compare virtual reality (VR) and physical (real world) prototyping methods. The two methods are compared in terms of fidelity and usability. The breadth of features, the degree of functionality, and the interactivity were similar. However, the aesthetic refinement differed. The VR prototyping method also had much higher prerequisites in terms of equipment and skills, and the learning curve for the designer was steep. Both methods were equally efficient in user testing, but the VR method revealed more usability issues in the efficiency category, while the physical space method revealed more issues in the effectiveness category.
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| 12. |
- Esteban, Pablo G., et al.
(författare)
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How to Build a Supervised Autonomous System for Robot-Enhanced Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
- 2017
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Ingår i: Paladyn - Journal of Behavioral Robotics. - : De Gruyter Open. - 2080-9778 .- 2081-4836. ; 8:1, s. 18-38
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Robot-Assisted Therapy (RAT) has successfully been used to improve social skills in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) through remote control of the robot in so-called Wizard of Oz (WoZ) paradigms.However, there is a need to increase the autonomy of the robot both to lighten the burden on human therapists (who have to remain in control and, importantly, supervise the robot) and to provide a consistent therapeutic experience. This paper seeks to provide insight into increasing the autonomy level of social robots in therapy to move beyond WoZ. With the final aim of improved human-human social interaction for the children, this multidisciplinary research seeks to facilitate the use of social robots as tools in clinical situations by addressing the challenge of increasing robot autonomy.We introduce the clinical framework in which the developments are tested, alongside initial data obtained from patients in a first phase of the project using a WoZ set-up mimicking the targeted supervised-autonomy behaviour. We further describe the implemented system architecture capable of providing the robot with supervised autonomy.
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| 13. |
- Johansson, Ronnie, et al.
(författare)
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On the Definition and Scope of Information Fusion as a Field of Research
- 2022
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Ingår i: ISIF Perspectives on Information Fusion. - : International Society of Information Fusion (ISIF). - 2831-4824 .- 2831-4832. ; 5:1, s. 3-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A definition of information fusion (IF) as a field of research can benefit researchers within the field, who may use such a definition when motivating their own work and evaluating the contributions of others. Moreover, it can enable researchers and practitioners outside the field to more easily relate their own work to the field and more easily understand the scope of IF techniques and methods. Based on strengths and weaknesses of existing definitions, a definition is proposed that is argued to effectively fulfill the requirements that can be put on a definition of IF as a field of research. Although the proposed definition aims to be precise, it does not fully capture the richness and versatility of the IF field. To address that limitation, we highlight some topics to explore the scope of IF, covering the systems perspective of IF and its relation to ma-chine learning, optimization, robot behavior, opinion aggregation, and databases.
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| 14. |
- Lindblom, Jessica, 1969-
(författare)
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Minding the Body : Interacting socially through embodied action
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation clarifies the role and relevance of the body in social interaction and cognition from an embodied cognitive science perspective. Theories of embodied cognition have during the past two decades offered a radical shift in explanations of the human mind, from traditional computationalism which considers cognition in terms of internal symbolic representations and computational processes, to emphasizing the way cognition is shaped by the body and its sensorimotor interaction with the surrounding social and material world. This thesis develops a framework for the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition, which is based on an interdisciplinary approach that ranges historically in time and across different disciplines. The theoretical framework presents a thorough and integrated understanding that supports and explains the embodied nature of social interaction and cognition. It is argued that embodiment is the part and parcel of social interaction and cognition in the most general and specific ways, in which dynamically embodied actions themselves have meaning and agency. The framework is illustrated by empirical work that provides some detailed observational fieldwork on embodied actions captured in three different episodes of spontaneous social interaction in situ. Besides illustrating the theoretical issues discussed in the thesis, the empirical work also reveals some novel characteristics of embodied action in social interaction and cognition. Furthermore, the ontogeny of social interaction and cognition is considered, in which social scaffolding and embodied experience play crucial roles during child development. In addition, the issue what it would take for an artificial system to be (socially) embodied is discussed from the perspectives of cognitive modeling and technology. Finally, the theoretical contributions and implications of the study of embodied actions in social interaction and cognition for cognitive science and related disciplines are summed up. The practical relevance for applications to artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction is also outlined as well as some aspects for future work.
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| 15. |
- Niklasson, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Lärande Datorer : Utopi eller Verklighet?
- 1996
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Denna populärvetenskapliga rapport ger en kort introduktion till självlärande artificiella neurala nätverk, samt sätter dem i relation till den science fiction-version som ges på TV och film.
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| 16. |
- Petrovych, Veronika, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Human Interpretation of Goal-Directed Autonomous Car Behavior
- 2018
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Ingår i: COGSCI2018 Changing / minds, 40th annual cognitive science society meeting, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, July 25-28. - Victoria, British Columbia : Cognitive Science Society. - 9780991196784 ; , s. 2235-2240
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- People increasingly interact with different types of autonomous robotic systems, ranging from humanoid social robots to driverless vehicles. But little is known about how people interpret the behavior of such systems, and in particular if and how they attribute cognitive capacities and mental states to them. In a study concerning people’s interpretations of autonomous car behavior, building on our previous research on human-robot interaction, participants were presented with (1) images of cars – either with or without a driver – exhibiting various goal-directed traffic behaviors, and (2) brief verbal descriptions of that behavior. They were asked to rate the extent to which these behaviors were intentional and judge the plausibility of different types of causal explanations. The results indicate that people (a) view autonomous car behavior as goal-directed, (b) discriminate between intentional and unintentional autonomous car behaviors, and (c) view the causes of autonomous and human traffic behaviors similarly, in terms of both intentionality ascriptions and behavior explanations. However, there was considerably lower agreement in participant ratings of the driverless behaviors, which might indicate an increased difficulty in interpreting goal-directed behavior of autonomous systems.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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Proceedings of the 14th SweCog Conference : Linköping 2018, 11-12 October
- 2018
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- Welcome to SweCog 2018 in Linköping!This booklet contains the program and short papers for oral and poster presentations at SweCog 2018, this year’s edition of the annual conference of the Swedish Cognitive Science Society. Following the SweCog tradition and its aim to support networking among researchers in cognitive science and related areas, contributions cover a wide spectrum of research.A trend in recent years, also reflected in this year’s conference program, is an increasing number of contributions that deal with different types of autonomous technologies, such as social robots, virtual agents or automated vehicles, and in particular people’s interaction with such systems. This clearly is a growing research area of high societal relevance, where cognitive science - with its interdisciplinary and human-centered approach - can make significant contributions.We look forward to two exciting days in Linköping, and we thank the many people who have contributed to the organization of this year’s SweCog conference, in particular of course all authors and reviewers! The organization of SweCog 2018 has been supported by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, the Department of Culture Communication (IKK), and the Department of Computer Information Science (IDA) at Linköpping University, as well as Cambio Healthcare Systems and Visual Sweden.Tom Ziemke, Mattias Arvola, Nils Dahlbäc and Erik Billing
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Richardson, Kathleen, et al.
(författare)
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Robot Enhanced Therapy for Children with Autism (DREAM) : A Social Model of Autism
- 2018
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Ingår i: IEEE technology & society magazine. - : IEEE. - 0278-0097 .- 1937-416X. ; 37:1, s. 30-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of social robots for children with autism has been a growth field for the past 15 years. This article reviews studies in robots and autism as a neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts socialcommunication development, and the ways social robots could help children with autism develop social skills. Drawing on ethics research from the EU-funded Development of Robot-Enhanced Therapy for Children with Autism (DREAM) project (framework 7), this paper explores how ethics evolves and developed in this European project.
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| 22. |
- Sharkey, Noel E., et al.
(författare)
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Life, Mind and Robots : The Ins and Outs of Embodied Cognition
- 1999
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many believe that the major problem facing traditional artificial intelligence (and the functional theory of mind) is how to connect intelligence to the outside world. Some turned to robotic functionalism and a hybrid response, that attempts to rescue symbolic functionalism by grounding the symbol system with a connectionist hook to the world. Others turned to an alternative approach, embodied cognition, that emerged from an older tradition in biology, ethology, and behavioural modelling. Both approaches are contrasted here before a detailed exploration of embodiment is conducted. In particular we ask whether strong embodiment is possible for robotics, i.e. are robot "minds'' similar to animal minds, or is the role of robotics to provide a tool for scientific exploration, a weak embodiment? We define two types of embodiment, Loebian and Uexküllian, that express two different views of the relation between body, mind and behaviour. It is argued that strong embodiment, either Loebian or Uexküllian, is not possible for present day robotics. However, weak embodiment is still a useful way forward.
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| 23. |
- Sharkey, Noel, et al.
(författare)
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Life, Mind, and Robots : The Ins and Outs of Embodied Cognition
- 2000
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Ingår i: Hybrid Neural Systems. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 3540673059 - 9783540673057 - 9783540464174 ; , s. 313-332
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many believe that the major problem facing traditional arti-ficial intelligence (and the functional theory of mind) is how to connect intelligence to the outside world. Some turned to robotic functionalism and a hybrid response, that attempts to rescue symbolic functionalism by grounding the symbol system with a connectionist hook to the world. Others turned to an alternative approach, embodied cognition, that emer-ged from an older tradition in biology, ethology, and behavioural model-ling. Both approaches are contrasted here before a detailed exploration of embodiment is conducted. In particular we ask whether strong embo-diment is possible for robotics, i.e. are robot\minds" similar to animal minds, or is the role of robotics to provide a tool for scientific explora-tion, a weak embodiment? We define two types of embodiment, Loebian and Uexkullian, that express two different views of the relation between body, mind and behaviour. It is argued that strong embodiment, either Loebian or Uexkullian, is not possible for present day robotics. However, weak embodiment is still a useful way forward. © 2000 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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| 24. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
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Does Emotional State Affect How People Perceive Robots?
- 2021
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Ingår i: HRI 21: COMPANION OF THE 2021 ACM/IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION. - New York, NY, USA : ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY. - 9781450382908 ; , s. 113-115
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotions serve important regulatory roles in social interaction. Although recognition, modeling, and expression of emotion have been extensively researched in human-robot interaction and related fields, the role of human emotion in perceptions of and interactions with robots has so far received considerably less attention. We here report inconclusive results from a pilot study employing an affect induction procedure to investigate the effect of people's emotional state on their perceptions of human-likeness and mind in robots, as well as attitudes toward robots. We propose a new study design based on the findings from this study.
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| 25. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
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Folk-Psychological Interpretation of Human vs. Humanoid Robot Behavior : Exploring the Intentional Stance toward Robots
- 2017
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People rely on shared folk-psychological theories when judging behavior. These theories guide people's social interactions and therefore need to be taken into consideration in the design of robots and other autonomous systems expected to interact socially with people. It is, however, not yet clear to what degree the mechanisms that underlie people's judgments of robot behavior overlap or differ from the case of human or animal behavior. To explore this issue, participants (N = 90) were exposed to images and verbal descriptions of eight different behaviors exhibited either by a person or a humanoid robot. Participants were asked to rate the intentionality, controllability and desirability of the behaviors, and to judge the plausibility of seven different types of explanations derived from a recently proposed psychological model of lay causal explanation of human behavior. Results indicate: substantially similar judgments of human and robot behavior, both in terms of (1a) ascriptions of intentionality/controllability/desirability and in terms of (1b) plausibility judgments of behavior explanations; (2a) high level of agreement in judgments of robot behavior -(2b) slightly lower but still largely similar to agreement over human behaviors; (3) systematic differences in judgments concerning the plausibility of goals and dispositions as explanations of human vs. humanoid behavior. Taken together, these results suggest that people's intentional stance toward the robot was in this case very similar to their stance toward the human.
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