| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Biganzoli, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Aluminium recovery vs. hydrogen production as resource recovery options for fine MSWI bottom ash fraction
- 2013
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Ingår i: Waste Management: international journal of integrated waste management, science and technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-2456. ; 33:5, s. 1174-1181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste incineration bottom ash fine fraction contains a significant amount of aluminium, but previous works have shown that current recovery options based on standard on-step Eddy Current Separation (ECS) have limited efficiency. In this paper, we evaluated the improvement in the efficiency of ECS by using an additional step of crushing and sieving. The efficiency of metallic Al recovery was quantified by measuring hydrogen gas production. The ash samples were also tested for total aluminium content with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). As an alternative to material recovery, we also investigated the possibility to convert residual metallic Al into useful energy, promoting H-2 gas production by reacting metallic Al with water at high pH. The results show that the total aluminium concentration in the <4 mm bottom ash fraction is on average 8% of the weight of the dry ash, with less than 15% of it being present in the metallic form. Of this latter, only 21% can be potentially recovered with ECS combined with crushing and sieving stages and subsequently recycled. For hydrogen production, using 10 M NaOH at 1 L/S ratio results in the release of 6-111 of H-2 gas for each kilogram of fine dry ash, equivalent to an energy potential of 118 kJ. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 3. |
- Heerenklage, Jörn, et al.
(författare)
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Huminstoffbildung während der mechanisch-biologischen Vorbehandlung von Restabfällen
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research study on mechanical-biological pre-treated wastes has shown, that the emission potential can be reduced of appr. 95% while the aerobic treatment in a con-tainer system of a large-scale treatment plant. Humification processes can be detected, Humic substances are build up while the aerobic processes and can be analyzed in the organic matter and in the eluate. The humic substances are part of the analyzed TOC in the organic matter and in the DOC of the Eluate
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| 4. |
- Ilyas, Aamir, et al.
(författare)
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Dielectric properties of MSWI bottom ash for non-invasive monitoring of moisture.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2959 .- 0167-6369. ; 185:8, s. 7053-7063
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dielectric procperties of MSWI bottom ash as a function of volumetric water content (VWC) are reported in this paper. The objective was to aid the development of microwave based non-invasive emission monitoring and control system for various bottom ash applications. The dielectric measurements were made, on a 1.5-year-old bottom ash, with an electrical network analyzer in microwave range (300 MHz-1.5 GHz). The VWC of the samples ranged between 0.05 and 0.40 m(3) m(-3). The relationship between the dielectric permittivity and the VWC was modeled with an empirical model and a physically based Birchak model (BM). The results showed that a linear relationship existed between the permittivity and the VWC at higher water contents (>0.25 m(3) m(-3)). However, at lower water contents (<0.25 m(3) m(-3)), the relationship between the permittivity and the WVC was affected by the composition of the bottom ash. The permittivity measurement, with the current method, was not affected by high salt concentrations (10 and 20 dS/m). The empirical model, as compared to BM, provided the best fit between the actual and the predicted water content. The root mean square error (RMSE) values were 0.008-0.010 and 0.06-0.09 m(3) m(-3) for the empirical and the Birchak model, respectively.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Ilyas, Aamir, et al.
(författare)
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MEASUREMENT OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF WASTE MATERIALS WITH FREQUENCY DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY(FDR)
- 2009
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. ; , s. 14-14
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) has resulted in large quantities of residues which can be recycled in roads and landfill covers provided the environmental concerns related to leaching of salts and metals can be mitigated. The pollutant transport from these residues depends on quantity and variability of moisture at re-use sites. For realistic assessment of leaching rates and pollutant transport risks quantifying the moisture variability is important.However due to destructive nature of traditional sampling regimes it is not possible to study moisture content of residues in the field. This study has tested a non invasive frequency domain based method at laboratory scale for its ability to measure moisture content in two different types of waste materials. The results show that despite high salt concentrations in waste samples this technique is robust and does not suffer from errors often encountered in time domain approaches
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johansson, Matilda, et al.
(författare)
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Screening av askorKlorerade och bromerade dioxiner och furaner samt metaller i askor från förbränning av biobränslen och avfall
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Screeningen har innefattat analyser av metaller samt klorerade och bromerade dioxiner och furaner i 25 askprov från förbränning av avfall och biobränslen. Både flyg- och bottenaskor har ingått i undersökningen.Provtagning av askor har skett inom ramen för detta projekt samt kompletterats med prov från tidigare undersökning av kritiska metaller i avfallsaskor (Johansson m.fl., 2013). Resultaten visar att halterna av metaller och klorerade dioxiner och furaner huvudsakligen var i nivå med vad som redovisats i tidigare undersökningar. Bromerade dioxiner och furaner kunde påvisas i samtliga prov. Vid utvärdering av resultat har samma toxikologiska ekvivalensfaktor (TEF) används för bromerade dioxiner och furaner som för motsvarande klorerad kongen. Bromerade dioxiner och furaner ger i de flesta prov ett litet bidrag till den totala toxiciteten för dioxiner och furaner, räknat som WHO TEQ. Slutligen föreslås askor inte som lämplig matris för löpande miljöövervakning.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Modin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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A modern landfill - experiences from Fläskebo landfill, Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Sardinia 2009 Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fläskebo is the first landfill in Sweden to be constructed entirely according to the national implementation of the European landfilling directive. It has only received waste with total organic carbon content below 10 %. The leachate of Fläskebo has been studied and compared to that from other Swedish landfills with the aid of multivariate data analyses and geochemical modelling. Concentrations of carbon and nutrients are very low. Salinity and metal concentrations were not generally higher than in other leachates. The conditions in Fläskebo were probably more oxidizing compared to classical MSW landfills and the landfill does not seem to go through the phases of a classical landfill. Multivariate statistical analyses in combination with geochemical modelling were valuable tools for understanding leachate behaviour and the interrelations between leachate parameters.
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| 12. |
- Modin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Kvalitet i nya deponiers lakvatten - resultat från Renovas deponi Fläskebo
- 2008
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Ingår i: Vatten: tidskrift för vattenvård /Journal of Water Management and research. - 0042-2886. ; 64:4, s. 283-290
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The European landfill directive increases demands on landfills. The amount of organic matter being landfilled is restricted and landfills should be as dry as possible. The consequences of these changes are not yet fully understood. In this study the first landfill in Sweden to be constructed according to the directive, Fläskebo, has served as an example of future landfills. Its leachate has been studied with multivariate techniques (principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis) and with the geochemical model PHREEQC. Several interesting correlations were found and the results clearly show that multivariate statistics can be of great use when studying landfill leachate. Their ability to extract the most important information is one thing that can be very useful. Combined with geochemical models they can provide an increased understanding of processes governing leachate quality. The next part of the study will be to use multivariate statistics to compare Fläskebo’s leachate with that from older landfills to find interesting differences and similarities.
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| 13. |
- Modin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Lab Scale Simulation of a Leak in a Landfill Cover
- 2010
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many Swedish landfills are currently applied with a final cover. To minimise costs and the use of natural resources, waste materials can be a suitable substitute in landfill covers. Depending on the wastes’ contents, their mobility and in which layer of the final cover they are used, they could potentially contribute to the emission potential of the landfill. In this study the impact on landfill leachate quality from the drainage water of a final cover is investigated. Part of a landfill and its cover, below the upper drainage layer, was simulated in lab scale: The simulated liner was constructed from a mixture of fibre and ash residues from paper pulp production and the foundation and gas drainage layer was simulated by bottom ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator. The waste below the liner was simulated by residues from sorting of construction and demolition waste. The leachate from the simulated damaged landfill cover had elevated concentrations of many substances including metals, ions and organic matter. However, the simulated landfilled waste could sorb several of these. Ag, Cd, Cu, Hg, N, P, Pb and Sb were sorbed to such an extent that the effect from the cover leachate was unnoticeable. The only pollutants that passed through the waste unattenuated were As, K, Na, TOC, V and Zn. In a real landfill the sorption would be even better since the waste mass will be much larger compared to the cover. Despite elevated concentrations of potentially complex forming substances there was no evidence that the cover leachate enhanced the leaching of any contaminants from the waste. Altogether the results show that the use of the studied waste materials in landfill covers can only be expected to have a small effect on the concentration of contaminants in the leachate from the landfill.
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| 14. |
- Modin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Leaching test using samples from a modern, carbon-poor landfill
- 2011
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Ingår i: [Host publication title missing].
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Landfilling of organic waste is prohibited in Sweden. Modern Swedish landfills differ from landfills containing municipal solid waste rich in organic matter. As a first step to understanding long-term leaching from modern landfills, a leaching test was performed. The leaching of heavy metals was small compared to the total contents. At a liquid to solid ratio of 10 more than 99 % of most heavy metals remained in the waste. The degradation potential measured as respiration during four days was below 1 mg O2•g-1 dry waste and it decreased during the leaching. Due to the low degradability of this waste it does not seem motivated to keep the landfill moist to enhance degradation during the active phase. The contaminants of concern in a modern landfill are largely non-degradable, e.g. heavy metals, and they must be disposed of somewhere once removed from the leachate. A reasonable management option, therefore, could be to keep the landfill as dry as possible in an attempt to keep the metals in the landfill for as long time as possible.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Modin, Hanna, et al.
(författare)
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Removal of metals from landfill leachate by sorption to activated carbon, bone meal and iron fines.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Hazardous Materials. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3336 .- 0304-3894. ; 189, s. 749-754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sorption filters based on granular activated carbon, bone meal and iron fines were tested for their efficiency of removing metals from landfill leachate. Removal of Al, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn were studied in a laboratory scale setup. Activated carbon removed more than 90% of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni. Ca, Pb, Sr and Zn were removed but less efficiently. Bone meal removed over 80% of Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Sr and 20-80% of Al, Ca, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn. Iron fines removed most metals (As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr and Zn) to some extent but less efficiently. All materials released unwanted substances (metals, TOC or nutrients), highlighting the need to study the uptake and release of a large number of compounds, not only the target metals. To remove a wide range of metals using these materials two or more filter materials may need to be combined. Sorption mechanisms for all materials include ion exchange, sorption and precipitation. For iron fines oxidation of Fe(0) seems to be important for metal immobilisation.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Persson, Kenneth M, et al.
(författare)
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Removing metals form leachate: When is sorption the solution?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Sardinia 2009 Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three potential filter materials, granular activated carbon, bone meal and iron fines, were evaluated for treatment of heavy metal contaminated landfill leachate. All materials could sorb some metals to a high extent; more than 90 % of some metals were removed. However, all filters suffered from the drawback of releasing unwanted substances. Geochemical modelling was used to elucidate sorption mechanisms since the mechanisms are important for predicting long-term behaviour of the filter and for choosing option for disposal of the spent filters. It was not possible to draw any certain conclusions about sorption mechanisms. However, the results indicate that that ion exchange with H+ was important in the case of activated carbon, hydroxyapatite precipitation might have been important in the case of bone meal and sorption to and precipitation with iron corrosion products should have been important in iron fines filtration.
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| 19. |
- Simongini, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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MICROPLASTICS IDENTIFICATION IN LANDFILL LEACHATES BY DIFFERENT SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
- 2022
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Ingår i: Detritus. - : Eurowaste SRL. - 2611-4135. ; 18, s. 58-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Discovered more than 40 years ago, microplastics have become a major environmental issue. With increasing global plastic production, microplastics are of growing concern. Landfills have been pinpointed as primary sources of microplastics to surface waters and they have, in fact, been identified and quantified as such. Due to their small size, different polymers and interfering non-plastic materials, microplastics are difficult to analyse in a complex matrix such as leachate. To elucidate the impact of pre-treatment on the performance of the most common microspectroscopical analytical methods employed, i.e., FT-IR and Raman, we re-examined previously pre-treated and analysed leachate samples. Additionally, we subjected duplicates of previously analysed samples to different concentrations of H2O2 with varied reaction times to digest and remove non-plastic organic matter. The pre-treated samples were subjected density separation and (re-)analysed by means of FT-IR and Raman microspectroscopy. Larger particles were also analysed by near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging. We found the concentration of H2O2 to impact the possibility of identifying and quantifying PET particles, with Raman scattering microspectroscopy enabling more particles to be counted than with FT-IR. This is likely due to the increased detectable particle size range, from around 50 μm for FT-IR to 1 μm for Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Optimized H2O2 concentration with subsequent density separation enabled to clearly identify numerous PE particles, but also PP, PS, and PET particles and carbon compounds with Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Hyperspectral imaging performed well for particles larger than 30 μm.
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| 20. |
- Törneman, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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(Co-)occurrence in different matrices of WFD priority substances : An expanded analysis of data from an earlier screening
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Within the screening program of 2006 SWECO has had the assignment from theSwedish Environmental Protection Agency to measure the occurrence of WFDpriority Substances in limnic and coastal surface waters of Sweden. Measurementswere made at 95 locations in whole water samples, filtered water samplesand using passive sampling techniques which measures the free (non associated)concentrations. The data set represented a large number of aquatic sites over abroad geographical range (1800 km) in different surface water matrices whichmade the data set ideal for further evaluations of both the co-occurrence of prioritysubstances as well as the occurrence in different water matrices.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- van Praagh, Martijn, et al.
(författare)
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Metal releases from a municipal solid waste incineration air pollution control residue mixed with compost.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - 1096-3669. ; 26:4, s. 377-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of 10 wt.% mature compost was tested on the heavy metal leachate emissions from a calcium-rich municipal solid waste incineration air pollution control residue (MSWI APC). Apart from elongated columns (500 and 1250 mm), an otherwise norm compliant European percolation test setup was used. More than 99% of the metals Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Ni were left in the APC residue after leaching to a liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 10. Apparent short-term effects of elevated leachate DOC concentrations on heavy metal releases were not detected. Zn and Pb leachate concentrations were one order of magnitude lower for L/S 5 and 10 from the pure APC residue column, which suggests a possible long-term effect of compost on the release of these elements. Prolonging the contact time between the pore water and the material resulted in elevated leachate concentrations at L/S 0.1 to L/S 1 by a factor of 2. Only Cr and Pb concentrations were at their maxima in the first leachates at L/S 0.1. Equilibrium speciation modelling with the PHREEQC code suggested portlandite (Ca(OH)2) to control Ca solubility and pH.
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| 25. |
- van Praagh, Martijn, et al.
(författare)
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MICROPLASTICS IN LANDFILL LEACHATES IN THREE NORDIC COUNTRIES
- 2021
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Ingår i: Detritus. - : Eurowaste SRL. - 2611-4127. ; 17, s. 58-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated the occurrence of microplastics (size range 5,000-50 µm) in leach-ates at 11 landfills of different age and operational status in Finland, Iceland and Nor-way. Collective sampling was carried out by pumping leachate with a stainless-steel submergible pump through a custom-made, stainless-steel filter unit containing filter plates with decreasing pore sizes (5,000, 417 and 47 µm, respectively). Samples were pre-treated and split into particles size classes above 500 μm and above 50 μm, and screened for occurrence of microplastics made of PE, PP, PVC, PS, PET, PA, PU, PC, PMMA, POM, SBR (rubber) or PMB (polymer modified bitumen). Samples were analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, both to identify and to count microplastic particles (SBR and PMB were merely identified). Most samples tested positive for multiple mi-croplastics. Three leachates, including drinking water (blank), tested positive for SBR particles and/or PMB only. Treated leachate samples exhibited lower total micro-plastic’s counts than untreated, up to several orders of magnitude. National waste management practices over time, landfill age or operational status do not seem to explain differences in microplastic abundance or counts between leachates. Parti-cle count and calculated loads of microplastic emissions through leachates differed several orders of magnitude between landfills. Results indicate that landfill leachates might be a relatively small source of microplastics (>50 µm) to surface waters com-pared to untreated and treated sewage or road runoff. Continued data acquisition, improved sample preparation and understanding of variability of microplastics in landfill leachate are necessary, including particles smaller than 50 µm.
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