| 1. |
- Bakker, F. T., et al.
(författare)
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The Global Museum: natural history collections and the future of evolutionary science and public education
- 2020
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Natural history museums are unique spaces for interdisciplinary research and educational innovation. Through extensive exhibits and public programming and by hosting rich communities of amateurs, students, and researchers at all stages of their careers, they can provide a place-based window to focus on integration of science and discovery, as well as a locus for community engagement. At the same time, like a synthesis radio telescope, when joined together through emerging digital resources, the global community of museums (the 'Global Museum') is more than the sum of its parts, allowing insights and answers to diverse biological, environmental, and societal questions at the global scale, across eons of time, and spanning vast diversity across the Tree of Life. We argue that, whereas natural history collections and museums began with a focus on describing the diversity and peculiarities of species on Earth, they are now increasingly leveraged in new ways that significantly expand their impact and relevance. These new directions include the possibility to ask new, often interdisciplinary questions in basic and applied science, such as in biomimetic design, and by contributing to solutions to climate change, global health and food security challenges. As institutions, they have long been incubators for cutting-edge research in biology while simultaneously providing core infrastructure for research on present and future societal needs. Here we explore how the intersection between pressing issues in environmental and human health and rapid technological innovation have reinforced the relevance of museum collections. We do this by providing examples as food for thought for both the broader academic community and museum scientists on the evolving role of museums. We also identify challenges to the realization of the full potential of natural history collections and the Global Museum to science and society and discuss the critical need to grow these collections. We then focus on mapping and modelling of museum data (including place-based approaches and discovery), and explore the main projects, platforms and databases enabling this growth. Finally, we aim to improve relevant protocols for the long-term storage of specimens and tissues, ensuring proper connection with tomorrow's technologies and hence further increasing the relevance of natural history museums.
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| 2. |
- Ahrens, Lutz, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and phenolic compounds in Swedish rivers over four different seasons
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and phenolic compounds are emerging organic pollutants characterized by their persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity potential. In this study, 28 PFASs and 10 phenolic compounds were investigated in 10 Swedish rivers over four different seasons (October 2016, January 2017, April 2017 and July 2017). The objective was to investigate the levels, composition profiles, sesonal trends and fluxes for both compound classes. In total, 7 out of 28 PFASs and 9 out of 10 phenolic compounds were detected in surface water from the 10 rivers. The average concentration in all samples was 3.2 ng L-1 for ∑28PFASs (median 2.4 ng L-1, n = 40), while 230 ng L-1 for the sum of the phenolic compounds (median 0 ng L-1, n = 38). Highest average ∑28PFAS concentrations were found in Rönneån with 10 ng L-1 (median 11 ng L-1), followed by Norrström with 9.0 ng L-1 (median 9.1 ng L-1), whereas no PFASs were detected in Umeå älv and Ångermanälven. On the other hand, highest average of the sum of the phenolic compound concentrations were found in Nyköpingsån with 1500 ng L-1 (median 57 ng L-1), while for the other rivers the average ranged between 50 ng L-1 and 140 ng L-1, except for Emån where TBP was only detected in one sample with 0.33 ng L-1. This indicates that PFASs and phenolic compounds origin from different sources. The dominant PFASs were perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFBS, 38 % of the ∑28PFASs), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 21 %), and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS (branched), 8.9 %), while the dominant phenolic compounds were 4nonylphenol (4-NP, 67 %), 4-tert-nonylphenol-diethoxylate (4-NP-EO2, 20 %), and 2,4,6tribromophenol (TBP, 10 %). The concentrations of PFASs and phenolic compounds were relatively constant during the four investigated seasons which indicates a relatively steady input of these two compound classes into the river systems. The daily fluxes of Σ28PFAS was estimated to be in total 220 g d-1 (81 kg year-1), whereas the daily fluxes of phenolic compounds was estimated to be 16000 g d-1 (5700 kg year-1) for all 10 investigated rivers. The Annual Average Environmental Quality Standard (AA-EQS) of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) was exceeded in 33% (n = 13) of the surface water samples for the sum of linear and branched PFOS and in 13% (n = 5) of the surface water samples for 4NP. This indicates that there is a potential risk for the aquatic environment. The AA-EQS of 4-octylphenol (4-OP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was not exceeded in any surface water sample.
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| 3. |
- Allen, Craig R., et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying spatial resilience
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. ; 53:3, s. 625-635
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- 1. Anthropogenic stressors affect the ecosystems upon which humanity relies. In some cases when resilience is exceeded, relatively small linear changes in stressors can cause relatively abrupt and nonlinear changes in ecosystems. 2. Ecological regime shifts occur when resilience is exceeded and ecosystems enter a new local equilibrium that differs in its structure and function from the previous state. Ecological resilience, the amount of disturbance that a system can withstand before it shifts into an alternative stability domain, is an important framework for understanding and managing ecological systems subject to collapse and reorganization. 3. Recently, interest in the influence of spatial characteristics of landscapes on resilience has increased. Understanding how spatial structure and variation in relevant variables in landscapes affects resilience to disturbance will assist with resilience quantification, and with local and regional management. 4. Synthesis and applications. We review the history and current status of spatial resilience in the research literature, expand upon existing literature to develop a more operational definition of spatial resilience, introduce additional elements of a spatial analytical approach to understanding resilience, present a framework for resilience operationalization and provide an overview of critical knowledge and technology gaps that should be addressed for the advancement of spatial resilience theory and its applications to management and conservation.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Claes, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Zooming out the microscope on cumulative cultural evolution: ‘Trajectory B’ from animal to human culture
- 2023
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Ingår i: Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. - 2662-9992. ; 10, s. 1-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is widely believed that human culture originated in the appearance of Oldowan stone-tool production (circa 2.9 Mya) and a primitive but effective ability to copy detailed know-how. Cumulative cultural evolution is then believed to have led to modern humans and human culture via self-reinforcing gene-culture co-evolution. This outline evolutionary trajectory has come to be seen as all but self-evident, but dilemmas have appeared as it has been explored in increasing detail. Can we attribute even a minimally effective know-how copying capability to Oldowan hominins? Do Oldowan tools really demand know-how copying? Is there any other evidence that know-how copying was present? We here argue that this account, which we refer to as “Trajectory A”, may be a red herring, and formulate an alternative “Trajectory B” that resolves these dilemmas. Trajectory B invokes an overlooked group-level channel of cultural inheritance (the Social Protocell) whereby networks of cultural traits can be faithfully inherited and potentially undergo cumulative evolution, also when the underpinning cultural traits are apelike in not being transmitted via know-how copying (Latent Solutions). Since most preconditions of Trajectory B are present in modern-day Pan, Trajectory B may even have its roots considerably before Oldowan toolmaking. The cumulative build-up of networks of non-cumulative cultural traits is then argued to have produced conditions that both called for and afforded a gradual appearance of the ability to copy know-how, but considerably later than the Oldowan.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- André, Hampus, 1989
(författare)
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Assessing Mineral Resource Scarcity in a Circular Economy Context
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Due to humanity’s dependence on metal resources there are growing concerns regarding impacts related to their potential scarcity, both for current and future generations. The vision of a more circular economy suggests that extending the functional use of metals through measures aiming for resource-efficiency (RE) such as increasing technical lifetime, repairing and recycling could reduce mineral resource scarcity. However, evidence of this is limited. In addition, there is limited understanding regarding on what principles metals can be prioritized when assessing mineral resource scarcity. The aim of this thesis is to provide knowledge on mineral resource scarcity impacts of RE measures applied to metal-diverse products and on which conditions they depend. This is achieved by: 1) studying RE measures from a life cycle perspective; 2) comparing principles of prioritization between metals on which mineral resource scarcity impacts are assessed and 3) analysing how such principles (of prioritization) can affect conclusions regarding RE measures applied to metal-diverse products. The research is conducted through case studies, syntheses of literature and method development within the methodologies of life cycle assessment, material flow analysis and criticality assessment. Results indicate that effects of RE measures depend on a number of product characteristics and real-world conditions. RE measures can both increase and decrease mineral resource scarcity impacts compared to business as usual and effects vary greatly between metals. RE measures based on use extension e.g. reuse of laptops, repair of smartphones, and increasing technical lifetimes of LED lighting, have been indicated to reduce impacts through two principal features: use extension, and, increased functional recycling. However, there are risks of increasing mineral resource scarcity impacts if RE measures require additional metal use, product use extensions are short and if functional recycling is lacking. For example, repair of smartphones risks to increase the use of metals in commonly replaced components such as screens. Because of the varying effects on different metals, implementation of RE measures requires prioritizing some metals over others. The principles of prioritization give diverging results, and, are sometimes unclear and methodologically inconsistent. The thesis clarifies how they relate to concepts such as depletion, criticality, rarity and scarcity. Further it suggests that, although mineral resources are fundamentally stock resources, they can pose stock, fund and flow problems. Distinguishing between these different problems in distinct methodologies is conducive to purposive and complementary assessment by resolving methodological inconsistencies and providing accurate terminology. In the long term, scarcity is most purposively addressed by focusing on depletion of ecospheric stocks. Accordingly, the Crustal Scarcity Indicator is proposed to assess potential long term scarcity in life cycle assessment, alongside other environmental impacts. In the near term, potential scarcity for nations, industries and companies, as commonly assessed in criticality assessment, is most purposively addressed by focusing on technospheric circumstances, such as geopolitics, which can disrupt technospheric resource flows. In medium term, secondary resources in technospheric funds could be relevant, especially, with the advent of a more circular economy. Altogether, it is recommended that implementation of RE measures to metal-diverse products are based on analysis of product characteristics and real-world conditions and that effects of RE measures are assessed by methodologies which distinguish between mineral resource flows, funds and stocks so that well-informed prioritizations between metals can be made.
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| 8. |
- André, Hampus, 1989
(författare)
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Resource and Environmental Impacts of Resource-Efficiency Measures Applied to Electronic Products
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Natural resources such as ecosystems, land, water and metals underpin the functioning of economies and human well-being, and are becoming increasingly scarce due to growth in population and affluence. Metals are increasingly demanded for their specific properties as modern technology develops. The dependence on metals is of growing concern due to the environmental impacts related, for example, to energy use and local impacts from mining, as well as the scarcity risks posed by socio-economic, geological and geopolitical constraints. Thus, there is a clear need to use metals and other natural resources more efficiently. The vision of a circular economy has been proposed as a way to do this, for example by improving durability, reusing, repairing and recycling. Such so-called resource-efficiency (RE) measures are commonly assumed to be environmentally beneficial, although the evidence is not plentiful. It is plausible that focusing on recirculating products and materials could shift burdens to other environmental impacts or life cycle stages. It has therefore been argued that a life cycle-based approach, such as in life cycle assessment (LCA), is useful to critically assess the environmental implications of RE measures. LCA aims to quantify the environmental impacts of products over their entire life cycles - from cradle to grave - assessing a wide range of impacts such as toxicity, climate change and metal resource use. For metal resource use, however, there are a number of perspectives as to what constitutes the actual environmental problem. These perspectives are represented in a variety of life cycle impact assessment methods (LCIA) which have previously been shown to give diverging results. Electronic products are emblematic of metal resource use challenges since they deploy a broad spectrum of scarce metals. This thesis aims to provide knowledge on the potential for RE measures to reduce the environmental impacts of electronic products, by addressing the following research questions: (1) What resource-efficiency measures result in reduced potential environmental impacts and resource use – for what types of products and under what conditions? (2) How does extended use of electronic products through design for increased technical lifetime, reuse and repair affect environmental impacts, particularly metal resource use? (3) How does the application of different LCIA methods for metal resource use influence interpretations of resource-efficiency measures applied to electronic products? This thesis builds on three appended papers which are all based on comparative assessments of resource efficiency, studied as resource use and environmental impacts per function delivered, using LCA and material flow analysis. The results indicate that extended use of electronic products through increasing technical lifetimes, reusing and repairing, is generally resource-efficient. Exceptions may occur, however, if extended use is insufficient to motivate impacts from producing more durable products or spare parts. Use extension of electronic products leads to resource efficiency in two distinct ways: through the intended use extension and by increasingly steering material flows into recycling. Further resource efficiency could be realised by combining RE measures over the entire life cycles of products. With regards to metal resource use, the choice of LCIA method can influence the interpretation of the results of RE measures for electronic products. Therefore, it is advisable to use several complementary LCIA methods to minimise the risks of overlooking potentially important resources issues. Furthermore, better understanding and transparency of such issues is valuable in order to provide more comprehensive information to decision-makers.
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| 9. |
- Angeler, David
(författare)
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Deathcore, creativity and scientific thinking.
- 2016
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Ingår i: Research Ideas and Outcomes. - : Pensoft Publishers. - 2367-7163. ; 2, s. 2-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Major scientific breakthroughs are generally the result of materializing creative ideas, the result of an inductive process that sometimes spontaneously and unexpectedly generates a link between thoughts and/or objects that did not exist before. Creativity is the cornerstone of scientific thinking, but scientists in academia are judged by metrics of quantification that often leave little room for creative thinking. In many scientific fields, reductionist approaches are rewarded and new ideas viewed skeptically. As a result, scientific inquiry is often confined to narrow but safe disciplinary ivory towers, effectively preventing profoundly creative explorations that could yield unexpected benefits. New information This paper argues how apparently unrelated fields specifically music and belief systems can be combined in a provocative allegory to provide novel perspectives regarding patterns in nature, thereby potentially inspiring innovation in the natural, social and other sciences. The merger between basic human tensions such as those embodied by religion and music, for example the heavy metal genre of deathcore, may be perceived as controversial, challenging, and uncomfortable. However, it is an example of moving the thinking process out of unconsciously established comfort zones, through the connection of apparently unrelated entities. We argue that music, as an auditory art form, has the potential to enlighten and boost creative thinking in science. Metal, as a fast evolving and diversifying extreme form of musical art, may be particularly suitable to trigger surprising associations in scientific inquiry. This may pave the way for dealing with questions about what we don´t know that we don´t know in a fast-changing planet.
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| 10. |
- Anikin, Andrey, et al.
(författare)
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Human Non-linguistic Vocal Repertoire : Call Types and Their Meaning
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-3653 .- 0191-5886. ; 42:1, s. 53-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research on human nonverbal vocalizations has led to considerable progress in our understanding of vocal communication of emotion. However, in contrast to studies of animal vocalizations, this research has focused mainly on the emotional interpretation of such signals. The repertoire of human nonverbal vocalizations as acoustic types, and the mapping between acoustic and emotional categories, thus remain underexplored. In a cross-linguistic naming task (Experiment 1), verbal categorization of 132 authentic (non-acted) human vocalizations by English-, Swedish- and Russian-speaking participants revealed the same major acoustic types: laugh, cry, scream, moan, and possibly roar and sigh. The association between call type and perceived emotion was systematic but non-redundant: listeners associated every call type with a limited, but in some cases relatively wide, range of emotions. The speed and consistency of naming the call type predicted the speed and consistency of inferring the caller's emotion, suggesting that acoustic and emotional categorizations are closely related. However, participants preferred to name the call type before naming the emotion. Furthermore, nonverbal categorization of the same stimuli in a triad classification task (Experiment 2) was more compatible with classification by call type than by emotion, indicating the former's greater perceptual salience. These results suggest that acoustic categorization may precede attribution of emotion, highlighting the need to distinguish between the overt form of nonverbal signals and their interpretation by the perceiver. Both within- and between-call acoustic variation can then be modeled explicitly, bringing research on human nonverbal vocalizations more in line with the work on animal communication.
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| 11. |
- Axelsson Linkowski, Weronika
(författare)
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Managing mountains, past and present conditions for traditional summer farming and Sami reindeer husbandry in northern Scandinavia
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traditional land use and conditions for maintenance of biodiversity are often interlinked. When land use changes and ecosystems change as a result, there is a risk to loose both the traditional ecological knowledge and the biodiversity connected to this land use. This thesis focuses on traditional land use, summer farming and Sami reindeer husbandry, in the mountain areas of northern Scandinavia (mainly Sweden), in a historical and contemporary perspective. The overall aim is to contribute to the understanding of the conditions for the traditional land use in the Scandinavian (mainly Swedish) mountains, using the concepts of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and a historical-ecological perspective. Both summer farming and reindeer husbandry are under strong external pressure and face large challenges today. Some of these challenges are shared and some differ between the two types of northern pastoralism. Scandinavian summer farmers experience that different views on their land use from different authorities affect them negatively. The increasing populations of large carnivores also worry the summer farmers. Recent depredation rates are in fact of the same level as historically (around 1900). Interviews showed that traditional knowledge about protective measures had eroded during years without carnivores, but also that farming practices have changed recently and that new knowledge developed. Sami plant use has been studied historically, but information about Sami plant management of Angelica archangelica was not documented. We argue that Sami ecological knowledge should be used to ensure sustainable harvest methods. Today traditional reindeer husbandry faces severe problems due to the reduction of winter grazing land by different encroachments, most importantly from modern forestry. The negative effects are even larger since increasingly difficult winter conditions create a need for a wider range of good grazing areas. Traditional knowledge is essential in the herders´ daily work, but the usability of the knowledge is severely constrained by recent changes. In the future planning of an ecologically and socially sustainable mountain management it is necessary to work with traditional land users and integrate their traditional knowledge.
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| 12. |
- Baird, Emily, et al.
(författare)
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X-ray micro computed-tomography
- 2017
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Ingår i: Current Biology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-9822. ; 27:8, s. 289-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emily Baird and Gavin Taylor describe how you can make three-dimensional models of biological samples using x-ray micro-computed tomography
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Berglund, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Land use on organic soils in Sweden – a survey on the land use of organic soils within agriculture and forest lands during 1983-2014
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Data from the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), the Swedish Board of Agriculture and the Swedish National Forest Inventory were used in a GIS analysis to evaluate the distribution of organic soils (OS) used for agriculture and forestry in Sweden. The status of agricultural soils and agricultural land use changes were also studied, based on the most recent data available from the SGU. The total surface area of OS in Sweden was estimated to be 6 207 284 ha (15.2% of the land surface area), which is less than reported in previous assessments (Berglund and Berglund, 2008; Berglund et al., 2009). Of the total OS area 98.2% was peat, of which 4.7% was shallow peat and 2.5% 40K peat (peat determined using gamma radiation data). The remaining 1.8% were gyttja soils. Total agricultural area under EU regulations (i.e. on the EU agriculture block map) in Sweden was 3 232 039 ha (7.9% of the land surface area) and most of this was arable land (82.8%). Pasture occupied approx. 16% of the area, the land use on the remaining 1.2% is unknown. Agricultural area on OS (AOS) based on SGU-data and the EU agriculture block map was estimated to be 225 722 ha which is 7% of the total agricultural area based on EU agriculture block maps and 9.0% based on the national maps over agricultural land areas provided by the Swedish Board of Agriculture. More than 50% of AOS was arable land whereas approx. 40% was divided between pasture and unmanaged arable land. The remaining area was wetland, unknown or other land use type. In comparison to previously studies in 2003 (Berglund and Berglund, 2008) and 2008 (Berglund et al., 2009), both the total agricultural area and AOS area have decreased, probably due to structural changes in agriculture. The decline has been sharper for the surface area of AOS than for the total agricultural area. Among the Swedish National Forest Inventory plots, 12.3% were located on OS. Land use changes recorded on the Forest Inventory plots were mostly from arable land to other land uses rather than from other land uses to arable land both in total area and in OS.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Berkström, Charlotte, et al.
(författare)
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Konnektivitet och fysisk påverkan i kustvatten : en sammanställning över kunskapsläget och förslag till revidering av bedömningsgrund
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Konnektivitet i kustvatten beskrivs som möjligheten för djur, växter, sediment och organiskt material att sprida sig och passera fritt mellan det öppna havet och kusten, längsgående i kustområden och mellan kustområden och inlandsvatten. Då konnektiviteten har en betydande och bred påverkan på det biologiska, fysikalisk-kemiska, och det hydromorfologiska tillståndet i kustoch havsmiljön, ingår den som en kvalitetsfaktor för bedömning av ekologisk status av ytvatten i kustzonen. Beskrivningen av konnektivitet och hur den ska bedömas i kustzonen är knapphändig i Havs- och vattenmyndighetens föreskrifter (HVMFS 2019:25). Institutionen för akvatiska resurser vid SLU har därför fått i uppdrag att ge förslag på information om biologisk konnektivitet som rör växter och djur som kan ingå i en revidering av dessa föreskrifter, samt ta fram ett kunskapsunderlag om konnektivitet och fysisk störning i kustzonen. I uppdraget har även ingått att analysera hur fysisk störning påverkar konnektivitet för fisk i både Skagerraks, Kattegatts och Östersjöns kustområden.Vid genomgång av föreskrifterna noterade vi att de saknar information om biologiska aspekter av konnektivitet och vilka rumsliga skalor man ska beakta. De nuvarande bedömningsgrunderna tar inte tillräcklig hänsyn till att konnektivitet antingen kan ske genom aktiv migration av organismer, såväl vuxna som juvenila, eller genom passiv spridning via larver, ägg, sporer, frön och fragment (kapitel 2.1.2). Detta är viktigt att ha i åtanke då fysisk störning i form av bryggor, pirar, buller, båttrafik och annat har olika påverkan på organismer som rör sig genom olika habitattyper aktivt genom migration eller passivt med strömmar. De olika spridningstyperna sker även över olika tidsskalor där aktiva migrationer ofta sker på säsongsbasis och mellan olika livsstadier, medan passiv spridning ofta sker över ett antal veckor när larver och sporer utvecklas i den fria vattenmassan innan de slår sig ner vid lämpligt habitat. Det finns även arter som genomför hela sina livscykler i den fria vattenmassan, till exempel växtplankton som också ingår som en biologisk kvalitetsfaktor att bedöma. Dessutom är det viktigt att särskilja typiska hemområden från maximala migrations- och spridningsavstånd, eftersom hemområden är relevanta för populationsdynamiken, medan de maximala migrations- och spridningsavstånden har större betydelse för den genetiska variationen mellan olika populationer. Likaså är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till hur konnektivitet kan påverkas av ett förändrat klimat. Fiskar har en central roll i de marina ekosystemen. Därför blir konnektivitet av fisk – både mellan kust och hav, inom kustområden samt mellan kust och sötvatten – avgörande faktorer för ekologisk status, både i sötvatten och i kustvatten. Eftersom det främst är fiskar som genomför vandringar mellan kust och sötvatten och kust och hav är det svårt att klassificera parametern 8.3 Konnektivitet mellan kustvatten och vatten i övergångszon och kustnära landområden i föreskrifterna (HVMFS 2019:25) utan att inkludera fisk. Fisk borde därför ingå som en biologisk kvalitetsfaktor även i föreskrifterna för kustvatten (kapitel 2.1.3). Fisk ingår vid bedömning av ekologisk status i havsmiljödirektivet, som geografiskt överlappar med vattendirektivet i kustzonen. I havsmiljödirektivet finns i stället inte konnektivitet med som ett kriterium i ekologiska statusbedömningar. Detta gör att konnektivitet, framförallt gällande fisk, inte beaktas tillräckligt i bedömningarna varför en samordning mellan direktiven måste till. Då konnektivitet främst är en biologisk funktion kopplad till fiskar och andra organismer bör det övervägas om konnektivitet ska ingå bland de biologiska kvalitetsfaktorerna istället för de hydromorfologiska.Sverige är ett av de länder inom EU som har kommit längst gällande bedömning av konnektivitet inom vattendirektivet. Övriga EU-länder tycks mer fokusera på de två andra hydromorfologiska kvalitetsfaktorerna hydrografiskt villkor och morfologiskt tillstånd i sina bedömningar. Detta kan bero på att konnektivitet inte ingår i vattendirektivet men att man i Sverige har valt att lägga in det Sammanfattning som en egen kvalitetsfaktor i föreskrifterna om statusbedömning i svenska kustvatten. Konnektivitet nämns i några sammanhang i andra EU-länder, men är då oftast kopplat till sötvatten med fokus på vandrande fiskar och hinder i form av vattenkraft och andra fysiska strukturer som stoppar vattenflödet. Intresset för att utveckla den hydromorfologiska kvalitetsfaktorn där konnektivitet ingår har vuxit inom EU och ett antal rapporter och vetenskapliga artiklar finns tillgängliga i ämnet (kapitel 2.1.4).Konnektivitet kan mätas på olika sätt och på olika rumsliga skalor. I kapitel 3 sammanfattar vi denna information i ett kunskapsunderlag för bedömning av konnektivitet i kustzonen. Mätning och analys av arters spridning i kust- och havsområden är en utmanande uppgift, och kunskapen inom detta område är fortfarande begränsad. För att analysera och bedöma aktiv migration i framförallt Östersjön och Skagerrak har rumsliga analyser baserade på habitatkartor och information om arters spridningsavstånd använts, likaså märkningsstudier och kombinationer av metoder. För att undersöka passiv spridning har man främst använt en kombination av empiriska data och hydrodynamiska modeller för att undersöka spridningsvägar och uppväxtmiljöer för olika marina organismer och för att identifiera viktiga områden för konnektivitet som till exempel källor och sänkor. I kapitel 3 sammanfattas även konnektivitetsmönster hos några biologiskt viktiga organismgrupper och information om naturliga barriärer som salthalt, djup och temperatur som påverkar spridning av organismer och organiskt material.Få studier har undersökt effekter av fysisk störning på konnektivitet. I kapitel 4.2 beskriver vi studier som gjorts i svenska vatten gällande effekter av fysisk störning på passiv spridning och aktiv migration och i kapitel 4.3 sammanfattar vi information om fysisk påverkan och konnektivitet på några nyckelhabitat. I kapitel 5 beskrivs resultaten av nya analyser med fokus på fisk längs svenska västkusten som gjorts inom ramen av detta uppdrag. Resultaten från dessa studier visar att fysisk påverkan kan ha en betydande inverkan på konnektivitet, särskilt för de arter som är beroende av grunda och vågskyddade områden för sin reproduktion. Denna typ av habitat är särskilt känslig och uppvisar en påtaglig minskning av konnektiviteten till följd av fysisk påverkan. Just dessa områden drabbas mest av förluster i konnektivitet då de har en hög grad av fysisk exploatering, inkluderande bryggor, bojar och småbåtshamnar. Dessutom visade resultaten från vår modellering att makroalger och fröväxter påverkas starkt av fysiska förändringar. Detta understryker vikten av att noggrant utvärdera och hantera fysisk påverkan på arter och livsmiljöer i kustzonen för att bevara och skydda känsliga marina ekosystem och de tjänster de tillhandahåller. Resultaten är viktiga för beslutsfattare och planerare som arbetar med bevarandeåtgärder och förvaltning av dessa miljöer.Det finns betydande kunskapsluckor inom området konnektivitet i kustvattenmiljöer och även inom området fysisk påverkan på konnektiviteten. I kapitel 6 listas dessa kunskapsluckor där bland annat behovet av högupplösta kartunderlag över förekomsten av både organismer och påverkansfaktorer pekas ut, liksom sambanden mellan dessa. Detta gäller för de biologiska kvalitetsfaktorerna bottenfauna, makroalger, fröväxter och växtplankton och för fisk, där fisken inte ingår som biologisk kvalitetsfaktor i kustzonen. Även effekter av ett förändrat klimat och av olika typer av restaureringsåtgärder på konnektiviteten är områden där det finns behov av att förbättra kunskapsläget.
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| 18. |
- Bexell, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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"Ge forskningen mer resurser"
- 2003
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Ingår i: Sydsvenska dagbladet. - 1104-0068.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 19. |
- Bjärstig, Therese, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Implementing collaborative planning in the swedish mountains : The case of Vilhelmina
- 2018
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Ingår i: WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. - Southampto : WIT Press. - 9781784662912 ; , s. 781-796, s. 781-795
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Critical appraisals have stressed the need for participation and social learning in spatial planning, and planning is now seen as a process of innovative collaboration by multiple actors. During such ‘collaborative planning’, various parties try to develop new inclusive strategies through dialog. Collaborative planning is a major strand of current planning theory and highlights the need for new methods that involve citizen participation. In Sweden, the realization of collaborative planning in practice remains elusive, and research on the subject is limited, so further studies are needed. Thus, in the project “Green planning: Vilhelmina as a testbed for innovative land use planning in the mountain region”, we tested and implemented methods for involving citizens and other land-use stakeholders in the process of developing Vilhelmina municipality’s comprehensive plan (MCP). This paper presents lessons learned from that process and data obtained from a set of focus groups, a workshop, surveys, and personal communication. From these activities in the Swedish mountain region, we learned that collaborative practices have both pros and cons that must be addressed for practical realization of the widely embraced ideal of collaborative planning.
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| 20. |
- Bodnar, Taras, et al.
(författare)
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A linear test for the global minimum variance portfolio for small sample and singular covariance
- 2015
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Bodnar and Schmid (2008) derived the distribution of the global minimum variance portfolio weights and obtained the distribution of the test statistics for the general linear hypothesis. Their results are obtained in the case when the number of observations n is bigger or equal than the size of portfolio k. In the present paper, we extend the result by analyzing the portfolio weights in a small sample case of n < k, with the singular covariance matrix. The results are illustrated using actual stock returns. A discussion of practical relevance of the model is presented.
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| 21. |
- Brijs, Jeroen, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to seawater increases intestinal motility in euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
- 2017
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Ingår i: The Journal of experimental biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 1477-9145 .- 0022-0949. ; 220, s. 2397-2408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Upon exposure to seawater, euryhaline teleosts need to imbibe and desalinate seawater to allow for intestinal ion and water absorption, as this is essential for maintaining osmotic homeostasis. Despite the potential benefits of increased mixing and transport of imbibed water for increasing the efficiency of absorptive processes, the effect of water salinity on intestinal motility in teleosts remains unexplored. By qualitatively and quantitatively describing in vivo intestinal motility of euryhaline rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), this study demonstrates that in freshwater, the most common motility pattern consisted of clusters of rhythmic, posteriorly propagating contractions that lasted ∼1-2 minutes followed by a period of quiescence lasting ∼4-5 minutes. This pattern closely resembles mammalian migrating motor complexes (MMCs). Following a transition to seawater, imbibed seawater resulted in a significant distension of the intestine and the frequency of MMCs increased two to three-fold with a concomitant reduction in the periods of quiescence. The increased frequency of MMCs was also accompanied by ripple-type contractions occuring every 12 to 60 seconds. These findings demonstrate that intestinal contractile activity of euryhaline teleosts is dramatically increased upon exposure to seawater, which is likely part of the overall response for maintaining osmotic homeostasis as increased drinking and mechanical perturbation of fluids is necessary to optimize intestinal ion and water absorption. Finally, the temporal response of intestinal motility in rainbow trout transitioning from freshwater to seawater coincides with previously documented physiological modifications associated with osmoregulation and may provide further insight on the underlying reasons shaping the migration patterns of salmonids.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Bundschuh, Mirco
(författare)
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Acute Toxicity and Environmental Risks of Five Veterinary Pharmaceuticals for Aquatic Macroinvertebrates
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0007-4861 .- 1432-0800. ; 96, s. 139-143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to the high use of antibiotics and antiparasitics for the treatment of livestock, there is concern about the potential impacts of the release of these compounds into freshwater ecosystems. In this context, the present study quantified the acute toxicity of two antibiotics (sulfadiazine and sulfadimidine), and three antiparasitic agents (flubendazole, fenbendazole, ivermectin) for nine freshwater invertebrate species. These experiments revealed a low degree of toxicity for the sulfonamide antibiotics, with limited implications in the survival of all test species at the highest test concentrations (50 and 100 mg/L). In contrast, all three antiparasitic agents indicated on the basis of their acute toxicity risks for the aquatic environment. Moreover, chronic toxicity data from the literature for antiparasitics, including effects on reproduction in daphnids, support the concern about the integrity of aquatic ecosystems posed by releases of these compounds. Thus, these pharmaceuticals warrant further careful consideration by environmental risk managers.
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| 24. |
- Bundschuh, Mirco, et al.
(författare)
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An ecological and ecotoxicological perspective on fine particulate organic matter in streams
- 2016
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Ingår i: Freshwater Biology. - : Wiley. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 61, s. 2063-2074
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) provides a key longitudinal link within stream networks, and is the predominant food source for filter- and deposit-feeding invertebrates, collectively classified as collectors'. Organisms involved in producing and using FPOM are sensitive to chemical and other anthropogenic stressors, but information on such impacts, and on FPOM dynamics in general, is limited. Here, we review information on the ecological role of FPOM in streams, and discuss potential impacts on FPOM dynamics of organic and inorganic chemical stressors, including metals and pesticides. Emphasis is placed on faecal particles produced within the leaf-litter processing chain. Key biological factors controlling the resource quality of FPOM for collectors include the identity of the invertebrates producing FPOM, and the nutritional quality of their food resources. FPOM nutrient content is also strongly influenced by microbial colonisation and activity, and FPOM processing rates are thus likely to be sensitive to the impacts of stressors affecting microbes, including nutrients and antimicrobial chemicals. The potential for FPOM to bind and subsequently transport chemical stressors is high, particularly for hydrophobic compounds, but the extent of such effects and impacts on collectors consuming contaminated particles has attracted only limited attention. Combining concepts and research approaches from ecotoxicology and basic stream ecology would facilitate development of a common integrated framework for understanding the role of FPOM, and assessing anthropogenic impacts on FPOM dynamics in stream networks.
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| 25. |
- Bundschuh, Mirco
(författare)
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Do titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce food depletion for filter feeding organisms? A case study with Daphnia magna
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 214, s. 840-846
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although nanoparticles are increasingly investigated, their impact on the availability of food (i.e., algae) at the bottom of food chains remains unclear. It is, however, assumed that algae, which form heteroagglomerates with nanoparticles, sediment quickly limiting the availability of food for primary consumers such as Daphnia magna. As a consequence, it may be hypothesized that this scenario in case of fundamental importance for the nanoparticles impact on primary consumers induces a similar pattern in the life history strategy of daphnids relative to situations of food depletion. To test this hypothesis, the present study compared the life-history strategy of D. magna experiencing different degrees of food limitation as a consequence of variable algal density with daphnids fed with heteroagglomerates composed of algae and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO(2)). In contrast to the hypothesis, daphnids' body length, weight, and reproduction increased when fed with these heteroagglomerates, while the opposite pattern was observed under food limitation scenarios. Moreover, juvenile body mass, and partly length, was affected negatively irrespective of the scenarios. This suggests that daphnids experienced besides a limitation in the food availability additional stress when fed with heteroagglomerates composed of algae and nTiO(2), Potential explanations include modifications in the nutritious quality of algae but also an early exposure of juveniles to nTiO(2). (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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