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1.
  • A. Bateki, Christian, et al. (författare)
  • Of milk and mobiles: Assessing the potential of cellphone applications to reduce cattle milk yield gaps in Africa using a case study
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1699. ; 191
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There are growing expectations that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) applications could help improve on-farm yields amongst smallholder farmers in developing countries, and consequently, food and nutrition security. However, few studies have quantified the actual contribution of ICT applications on farmers’ yields, and these studies predominantly focused on crop production. We assessed the potential of ICT applications to close milk yield gaps among small- and medium scale dairy cattle farmers in Africa. First, we developed a theoretical framework summarizing biophysical and socio-economic constraints that foster milk yield gaps and discussed which constraints can be addressed using ICT applications. Second, using a case study of a feeding advice application for dairy cattle pre-tested with farmers in rural Kenya, we analyzed how much stand-alone the application could contribute to close dairy cattle milk yield gaps. Our findings suggest that ICT applications could help address some existing biophysical and socio-economic constraints fostering milk yield gaps, including data collection for breeding programs, feeding management advice, and facilitating access to markets and capital. Our stand-alone ICT application closed yield gaps by 2 % to 6 % on representative farms. Several factors may explain the limited actual contribution of selected ICT applications to reduce existing milk yield gaps, including the quality of the input data and models used in ICT applications, and more structural constraints that cannot be addressed by digital tools. Therefore, although ICT applications could help address constraints to achieving higher milk yields on dairy farms, a significant contribution to improve yields may only be achieved when conditions surrounding their use are adequate.
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2.
  • Aagaard Hagemann, Frederik, et al. (författare)
  • Challenges to Implementing the Urban Ecosystem Service Concept in Green Infrastructure Planning: A View from Practitioners in Swedish Municipalities
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Socio-Ecological Practice Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2524-5279 .- 2524-5287. ; 2, s. 283-296
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In building a sustainable society, numerous ecosystem services have shown to play important roles for the benefit of urban residents. The distinct concept of Urban Ecosystem Services (UES) to accentuate and enhance the value of urban ecosystems has been proposed, primarily in research, with implementation in practice still at an early stage. This study examined challenges to future implementation of the UES concept in municipal planning and management of urban green spaces. Based on interviews in six Swedish municipalities, we identified four overall discourses challenging implementation of UES in municipal practice. These included (i) a need to prioritize UES in municipal planning in order to address the contemporary challenges of e.g., urbanization and biodiversity loss. This in turn creates (ii) a need for increased holistic thinking within the municipal organization, based on (iii) further documentation and standards, which should help (iv) initiate organizational transition and cross-sectorial approaches. These discourses provide interrelated challenges that could also act as opportunities for scientists and practitioners collaborations to advance integration of UES into planning and management, thereby increasing the sustainability of urban environments. This work provides a starting point for introduction of the UES concept into municipal planning.
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3.
  • Aakko-Saksa, Païvi T., et al. (författare)
  • Renewable Methanol with Ignition Improver Additive for Diesel Engines
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Energy and Fuels. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0887-0624 .- 1520-5029.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Reduced emissions and environmental burden from shipping are an important aim of tightening emission regulations and ambitious climate change strategy. Renewable methanol produced from biomass or from other renewable sources represents one option to face these challenges. We studied the potential of renewable methanol to offer such benefits in diesel operation in a Scania ethanol engine, which is designed for additized ethanol fuel (ED95) containing ignition improver and lubricity additives. Methanol (MD95) with several types of ignition improver and lubricity additives was studied for use in diesel engines. MD95 fuels were clean-burning, emitting even less gaseous emissions than ED95, particularly when glycerol ethoxylate was used as an ignition improver. Particle mass and number emissions originating from additives in the experimental fuels could be reduced with an oxidation catalyst. Reduced additive dosing in the MD95 fuels was studied with the aid of fuel injection into the intake manifold. Overall, the results showed that the monofuel MD95 concept is a promising solution for smaller vessels equipped with 800-1200 kW engines. ©
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4.
  • Aalaei, Kataneh, et al. (författare)
  • Application of a dye-binding method for the determination of available lysine in skim milk powders.
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-7072 .- 0308-8146. ; 196, s. 815-820
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A dye-binding method using Acid Orange 12 was investigated regarding its suitability for the quantification of available lysine, as a means of monitoring the Maillard reaction in skim milk powders. The method was evaluated by analyzing a wide range of milk powders produced by three different drying methods and stored under various conditions. A pilot-scale freeze-dryer, spray-dryer and drum-dryer were used to produce skim milk powders and the samples were stored at two temperatures (20°C and 30°C) and two relative humidities (33% and 52%) under strictly controlled conditions. Moreover to validate the method, two protein isolates; bovine serum albumin and casein were investigated for their available lysine content. The results demonstrate the suitability of this method for measuring the available lysine in skim milk powders with good precision and high reproducibility. The relative standard deviations obtained from the 125 freeze-dried powders were 1.8%, and those from the 100 drum-dried samples were all 1.9%. The highest variation was found for the spray-dried powders, which showed relative standard deviations between 0.9% and 6.7%.
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5.
  • Aalaei, Kataneh, et al. (författare)
  • Chemical methods and techniques to monitor early Maillard reaction in milk products; A review
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1040-8398 .- 1549-7852. ; 59:12, s. 1829-1839
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Maillard reaction is an extensively studied, yet unresolved chemical reaction that occurs as a result of application of the heat and during the storage of foods. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) has been the focus of several investigations recently. These molecules which are formed at the advanced stage of the Maillard reaction, are suspected to be involved in autoimmune diseases in humans. Therefore, understanding to which extent this reaction occurs in foods, is of vital significance. Because of their composition, milk products are ideal media for this reaction, especially when application of heat and prolonged storage are considered. Thus, in this work several chemical approaches to monitor this reaction in an early stage are reviewed. This is mostly done regarding available lysine blockage which takes place in the very beginning of the reaction. The most popular methods and their applications to various products are reviewed. The methods including their modifications are described in detail and their findings are discussed. The present paper provides an insight into the history of the most frequently-used methods and provides an overview on the indicators of the Maillard reaction in the early stage with its focus on milk products and especially milk powders.
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6.
  • Aalaei, Kataneh, et al. (författare)
  • Storage stability of freeze-dried, spray-dried and drum-dried skim milk powders evaluated by available lysine
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: LWT - Food Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0023-6438. ; 73, s. 675-682
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Formation of Maillard products and the influencing factors, which are of crucial importance for both manufacturers and consumers, are still not fully understood. Thus in this study available lysine was used as a marker to monitor the extent of Maillard reactions in freeze-dried, spray-dried and drum-dried skim milk powders during 200 days of storage at highly controlled atmospheres. Storage variables included two temperatures (20 °C, 30 °C) and two relative humidities (33%, 52%). The available lysine in five replicates was quantified at pre-determined intervals by a dye-binding method using Acid-orange 12, validated in our previous work. Findings of this study show that temperature and relative humidity during storage have a profound influence on the rate of available lysine loss. Choice of the drying technology as the other investigated variable also had a significant impact. The drying process least affected the available lysine content in freeze-dried powders, followed by spray-dried and drum-dried powders. Storage at 52% relative humidity and 30 °C for 200 days led to a 39.2–45.9% decrease in the available lysine content, regardless of the drying of skim milk powder, while the powders stored at 33% relative humidity and 20 °C did not show a significant loss during the same period of time.
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7.
  • Aalaei, Kataneh, et al. (författare)
  • The Impact of Different Drying Techniques and Controlled Storage on the Development of Advanced Glycation End Products in Skim Milk Powders Using Isotope Dilution ESI-LC-MS/MS
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Food and Bioprocess Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1935-5130 .- 1935-5149. ; 10:9, s. 1704-1714
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The impact of different drying techniques and storage conditions on the formation of carboxymethyl lysine (CML) as an advanced glycation end product (AGE) was investigated in various pilot-scale produced skim milk powders (SMP). CML, an indicator of advanced stages of the Maillard reaction, was analyzed by isotope dilution ESI-LC-MS/MS after drying and at intervals during storage for 200 days. The aim of this study is to increase the awareness that the development of AGEs can be hindered by controlled storage, which is mostly neglected at the domestic level by the consumers. Pilot-scale freeze-dryer, spray-dryer, and drum-dryer were utilized for manufacturing SMPs. The storage was designed in such a way that it simulated how an average consumer keeps the dried products at home, specifically after opening the packages and how the products may be exposed to unfavorable conditions. To do so, four storage conditions including two temperatures (20 °C, 30 °C) and two relative humidities RH (33%, 52%) were studied and CML formation was monitored using LC-MS/MS. Our results show that the spray-dried samples developed two times higher CML after 200 days, compared to the freeze-dried samples, and this value was 1.6 times for the drum-dried samples. Storage at 52% RH developed 9.8–10 times more CML in the samples, in comparison with 33% RH, at the same storage temperature (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that AGEs, molecules suspected to be involved in risks factors for auto-immune diseases, may be formed during storage of SMPs after opening the packages by the consumers.
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8.
  • Aballay, Erwin (författare)
  • Rhizobacteria associated to Vitis vinifera and their effect on the control of Xiphinema index, Meloidogyne ethiopica and Vitis growth
  • 2012
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Plant-parasitic nematodes are one of the most important pests affecting the growth of vineyards due to the destruction of new roots. Several species are associated with this problem, the most important being the ectoparasite Xiphinema index and the endoparasite Meloidogyne ethiopica. The search for new pest and disease control methods based on bioantagonist microorganisms is an important aspect of modern agriculture and the development of tools based on the use of rhizobacteria is becoming a widely evaluated alternative. The present study on suppressive soils started with a survey undertaken in productive Chilean vineyards to explore the younger roots of grapevines and identify the presence of rhizobacteria. More than 1800 soils were surveyed and a set of 11 vineyards were selected and considered suitable for bacteria isolation, as they showed low densities of plant-parasitic nematodes. A total of 400 bacterial isolates in 25 genera were obtained using tryptic soy broth agar and identified with fatty acid profiling. Two of the most frequently isolated species were Pseudomonas putida (35.1%) and P. fluorescens (6.1%). The effect of these isolates on the parasitism and reproduction of X. index was assessed through assays using potted vine plants (cv. Thompson Seedless) and a bacterial suspension containing 1×106 CFU/mL. Some isolates from Bacillus megaterium, B. brevis, B. mycoides, B. sphaericus, B. thuringiensis, Pseudomonas corrugata, P. putida, P. alcaligenes, P. savastanoi, P. fluorescens, P. pseudoalcaligenes, P. viridiflava, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Serratia plymuthica, Cytophaga johnsonae, Rahnella aquatilis, Stenotrophomonas sp., Variovorax paradoxus and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens reduced root damage and suppressed populations. Isolates of B. brevis, Comamonas acidovorans, B. megaterium, Pantoea agglomerans and P. savastanoi increased plant growth or root weight, but did not control nematodes. Most of the culture filtrates obtained from isolates from four vineyards were effective in killing X. index and decreasing egg hatching, which was not related to damage or population control. It was estimated that 89, 32 and 16% of the isolates were effective against X. index under supernatant conditions, in potted plants growing in sterile substrate and in potted plants growing in field soil, respectively. Sixteen bacterial isolates previously assessed were also evaluated on M. ethiopica in vine cv. Chardonnay. Seven isolates (Serratia marcescens, C. acidovorans, P. agglomerans, Sphingobacterium spiritivorum, B. mycoides, Alcaligenes piechaudii and S. plymuthica) decreased damage or reproduction, showing that different species of nematodes can respond differently to a particular isolate.
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9.
  • Abarenkov, Kessy, et al. (författare)
  • PlutoF—a web based workbench for ecological and taxonomic research, with an online implementation for fungal ITS sequences
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Evolutionary Bioinformatics. - 1176-9343. ; 6, s. 189-196
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • DNA sequences accumulating in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD) form a rich source of information for taxonomic and ecological meta-analyses. However, these databases include many erroneous entries, and the data itself is poorly annotated with metadata, making it difficult to target and extract entries of interest with any degree of precision. Here we describe the web-based workbench PlutoF, which is designed to bridge the gap between the needs of contemporary research in biology and the existing software resources and databases. Built on a relational database, PlutoF allows remote-access rapid submission, retrieval, and analysis of study, specimen, and sequence data in INSD as well as for private datasets though web-based thin clients. In contrast to INSD, PlutoF supports internationally standardized terminology to allow very specific annotation and linking of interacting specimens and species. The sequence analysis module is optimized for identification and analysis of environmental ITS sequences of fungi, but it can be modified to operate on any genetic marker and group of organisms. The workbench is available at http://plutof.ut.ee.
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10.
  • Abarenkov, Kessy, et al. (författare)
  • Protax-fungi: A web-based tool for probabilistic taxonomic placement of fungal internal transcribed spacer sequences
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 220:2, s. 517-525
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • © 2018 New Phytologist Trust. Incompleteness of reference sequence databases and unresolved taxonomic relationships complicates taxonomic placement of fungal sequences. We developed Protax-fungi, a general tool for taxonomic placement of fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and implemented it into the PlutoF platform of the UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi. With empirical data on root- and wood-associated fungi, Protax-fungi reliably identified (with at least 90% identification probability) the majority of sequences to the order level but only around one-fifth of them to the species level, reflecting the current limited coverage of the databases. Protax-fungi outperformed the Sintax and Rdb classifiers in terms of increased accuracy and decreased calibration error when applied to data on mock communities representing species groups with poor sequence database coverage. We applied Protax-fungi to examine the internal consistencies of the Index Fungorum and UNITE databases. This revealed inconsistencies in the taxonomy database as well as mislabelling and sequence quality problems in the reference database. The according improvements were implemented in both databases. Protax-fungi provides a robust tool for performing statistically reliable identifications of fungi in spite of the incompleteness of extant reference sequence databases and unresolved taxonomic relationships.
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11.
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12.
  • Abbas, Nadeem, 1980-, et al. (författare)
  • Smart Forest Observatories Network : A MAPE-K Architecture Based Approach for Detecting and Monitoring Forest Damage
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the Conference Digital solutions for detecting and monitoring forest damage.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Forests are essential for life, providing various ecological, social, and economic benefits worldwide. However, one of the main challenges faced by the world is the forest damage caused by biotic and abiotic factors. In any case, the forest damages threaten the environment, biodiversity, and ecosystem. Climate change and anthropogenic activities, such as illegal logging and industrial waste, are among the principal elements contributing to forest damage. To achieve the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to forests and climate change, detecting and analyzing forest damages, and taking appropriate measures to prevent or reduce the damages are essential. To that end, we envision establishing a Smart Forest Observatories (SFOs) network, as shown below, which can be either a local area or a wide area network involving remote forests. The basic idea is to use Monitor, Analyze, Plan, Execute, and Knowledge (MAPE-K) architecture from autonomic computing and self-adaptive software systems domain to design and develop the SFOs network. The SFOs are planned to collect, analyze, and share the collected data and analysis results using state-of-the-art methods. The principal objective of the SFOs network is to provide accurate and real-time data to policymakers and forest managers, enabling them to develop effective policies and management strategies for global forest conservation that help to achieve SDGs related to forests and climate change.
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13.
  • Abbas, Nasir, et al. (författare)
  • Untargeted-metabolomics differentiation between poultry samples slaughtered with and without detaching spinal cord
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Arabian Journal of Chemistry. - : ELSEVIER. - 1878-5352 .- 1878-5379. ; 13:12, s. 9081-9089
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Chicken meat is among the common and relatively inexpensive source of protein consumed worldwide from the poultry industry. Many communities show concern regarding the procedure of slaughtering animals for meat consumption due to ethical, religious, or cultural reasons. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) based untargeted metabolomics of 40 chicken meat samples were evaluated to differentiate meat samples based on slaughtering methods. Samples were grouped into, Zabiha (cutting neck without detaching spinal cord) and Non-Zabiha (completely detaching neck). A volcano plot reveals at least 150 features found significantly different between the two groups having >= 2-fold changes in intensities with p-values <= 0.05. Among them 05 identified and 25 unidentified metabolites have clear differences in peak intensities. The identified features can be employed to differentiate meat obtained from different slaughtering methods. A characteristic pattern based on principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was observed among the groups. The results will benefit Halal certification, food safety, and security agencies to curb food fraud. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
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14.
  • Abbasi, Umar Aftab, et al. (författare)
  • Biological, structural and functional responses of tropical forests to environmental factors
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Biological Conservation. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3207 .- 1873-2917. ; 276, s. 109792-109792
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Here, we hypothesize that the biological, structural and functional attributes of tropical forests respond to water-related climatic and soil nutrient-related factors.Thus, we quantified 27 forest attributes and 20 environmental factors across 189 plots of Sri Lankan tropical forests. Our results suggest that environmental conditions were characterized by both water-related and temperature-related factors, and as such, both coarse-textured and compacted-structured soils determined soil conditions.Forest conditions were characterized by high species-functional diversity, structural complexity and aboveground biomass-related functions. We found strong positive effects of water-related climatic factors followed by temperature-related climatic factors but negligible positive to negative effects of textured-related and nutrient-related soil factors on most of the biological, structural and functional attributes.Overall the biodiversity and carbon stocks of Sri Lankan tropical forests are likely to increase with water-energy balance and improved soil conditions, and thus, studied forests could offset a substantial quantity of anthropogenic carbon emissions to achieve carbon neutrality which can have both regional and global significance if protected from anthropogenic disturbances. 
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15.
  • Abbasi, Umar Aftab, et al. (författare)
  • Species α-diversity promotes but β-diversity restricts aboveground biomass in tropical forests, depending on stand structure and environmental factors
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Forestry Research. - Göteborg : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet AB. - 1007-662X .- 1993-0607.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Forest plays a vital role in the global biogeochemical cycles through a high rate of carbon sequestration and harboring biodiversity. However, local species diversity is declining while also becoming increasingly homogenized across communities. Although effects of local biotic processes (e.g., species α-diversity and stand structural heterogeneity) and environmental factors on aboveground biomass (AGB) have been widely tested, there is a huge knowledge gap for the effect of regional biotic processes (i.e., taxonomic and functional β-diversity) in forests. Here, we hypothesized that regional and local environmental factors along with biotic processes jointly regulate AGB through species shifts in tropical forests.Using piecewise structural equation modeling (pSEM), we linked climatic water availability, soil fertility, stand structural heterogeneity (either tree DBH inequality, height inequality, or stand density), species α-diversity, taxonomic or functional β-diversity (and its two components; β-turnover and β-richness), and AGB across 189 inventory plots in tropical forests of Sri Lanka. Soil fertility and climatic water availability shaped local and regional biotic processes. Stand structural heterogeneity promoted species α-diversity but declined β-diversity (but increased β-taxonomic turnover). Species α-diversity and stand structural heterogeneity promoted AGB whereas taxonomic and functional β-diversity declined (but β-taxonomic turnover increased) AGB.The relationships of AGB with species α-diversity and β-diversity varied from significant to nonsignificant positive depending on the specific combinations of stand structural heterogeneity metrics used. This study shows that local biotic processes could increase AGB due to the local and regional niche complementarity effect whereas the regional biotic processes could restrict AGB due to the regional selection or functional redundancy effect under favorable environmental conditions. We argue that biotic homogenization, as well as drought conditions, may have strong divergent impacts on forest functions and that the impacts of tree diversity loss may greatly reduce carbon sequestration.
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16.
  • Abbott, Benjamin W., et al. (författare)
  • Biomass offsets little or none of permafrost carbon release from soils, streams, and wildfire : an expert assessment
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 11:3
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As the permafrost region warms, its large organic carbon pool will be increasingly vulnerable to decomposition, combustion, and hydrologic export. Models predict that some portion of this release will be offset by increased production of Arctic and boreal biomass; however, the lack of robust estimates of net carbon balance increases the risk of further overshooting international emissions targets. Precise empirical or model-based assessments of the critical factors driving carbon balance are unlikely in the near future, so to address this gap, we present estimates from 98 permafrost-region experts of the response of biomass, wildfire, and hydrologic carbon flux to climate change. Results suggest that contrary to model projections, total permafrost-region biomass could decrease due to water stress and disturbance, factors that are not adequately incorporated in current models. Assessments indicate that end-of-the-century organic carbon release from Arctic rivers and collapsing coastlines could increase by 75% while carbon loss via burning could increase four-fold. Experts identified water balance, shifts in vegetation community, and permafrost degradation as the key sources of uncertainty in predicting future system response. In combination with previous findings, results suggest the permafrost region will become a carbon source to the atmosphere by 2100 regardless of warming scenario but that 65%-85% of permafrost carbon release can still be avoided if human emissions are actively reduced.
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17.
  • Abbott, D. Wade, et al. (författare)
  • Seaweed and Seaweed Bioactives for Mitigation of Enteric Methane : Challenges and Opportunities
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2615. ; 10:12
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Simple Summary The need to become more efficient in agriculture and the food industry exists parallel to the challenge of climate change. Meat and dairy production is the target of much scrutiny due to methane (CH4) emissions and global warming. On the other hand, it should be noted that two-thirds of the world's agricultural land consists of pastures and permanent grasslands and is used for livestock grazing. This land is predominantly unsuitable for arable purposes but facilitates the production of high-quality human-edible protein in the form of ruminant animal-derived meat and milk. This makes a significant contribution to feeding the world's population. There is a need to reduce CH4 emissions, however, and several approaches are being researched currently. Seaweeds are diverse plants containing bioactives that differ from their terrestrial counterparts and they are increasingly under investigation as a feed supplement for the mitigation of enteric CH4. Seaweeds are rich in bioactives including proteins, carbohydrates and to a lesser extent lipids, saponins, alkaloids and peptides. These bioactives could also play a role as feed ingredients to reduce enteric CH4. This review collates information on seaweeds and seaweed bioactives and their potential to impact on enteric CH4 emissions. Seaweeds contain a myriad of nutrients and bioactives including proteins, carbohydrates and to a lesser extent lipids as well as small molecules including peptides, saponins, alkaloids and pigments. The bioactive bromoform found in the red seaweed Asparagopsis taxiformis has been identified as an agent that can reduce enteric CH4 production from livestock significantly. However, sustainable supply of this seaweed is a problem and there are some concerns over its sustainable production and potential negative environmental impacts on the ozone layer and the health impacts of bromoform. This review collates information on seaweeds and seaweed bioactives and the documented impact on CH4 emissions in vitro and in vivo as well as associated environmental, economic and health impacts.
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18.
  • Abd El-Daim, Islam Ahmed Moustafa, et al. (författare)
  • Bacillus velezensis 5113 Induced Metabolic and Molecular Reprogramming during Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Wheat
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abiotic stresses are main limiting factors for agricultural production around the world. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been shown to improve abiotic stress tolerance in several plants. However, the molecular and physiological changes connected with PGPR priming of stress management are poorly understood. The present investigation aimed to explore major metabolic and molecular changes connected with the ability of Bacillus velezensis 5113 to mediate abiotic stress tolerance in wheat. Seedlings treated with Bacillus were exposed to heat, cold/freezing or drought stress. Bacillus improved wheat survival in all stress conditions. SPAD readings showed higher chlorophyll content in 5113-treated stressed seedlings. Metabolite profiling using NMR and ESI-MS provided evidences for metabolic reprograming in 5113-treated seedlings and showed that several common stress metabolites were significantly accumulated in stressed wheat. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of wheat leaves resolved more than 300 proteins of which several were differentially expressed between different treatments and that cold stress had a stronger impact on the protein pattern compared to heat and drought. Peptides maps or sequences were used for database searches which identified several homologs. The present study suggests that 5113 treatment provides systemic effects that involve metabolic and regulatory functions supporting both growth and stress management.
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19.
  • Abd El-Daim, Islam Ahmed Moustafa, et al. (författare)
  • Identifying potential molecular factors involved in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 5113 mediated abiotic stress tolerance in wheat
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Plant Biology. - : Wiley. - 1435-8603 .- 1438-8677. ; 20, s. 271-279
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abiotic stressors are main limiting factors for agricultural production around the world. Plant growth-promoting bacteria have been successfully used to improve abiotic stress tolerance in several crops including wheat. However, the molecular changes involved in the improvement of stress management are poorly understood. The present investigation addressed some molecular factors involved in bacterially induced plant abiotic stress responses by identifying differentially expressed genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings treated with the beneficial bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum UCMB5113 prior to challenge with abiotic stress conditions such as heat, cold or drought. cDNA-AFLP analysis revealed differential expression of more than 200 transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) in wheat leaves. Expression of selected TDFs was confirmed using RT-PCR. DNA sequencing of 31 differentially expressed TDFs revealed significant homology with both known and unknown genes in database searches. Virus-induced gene silencing of two abscisic acid-related TDFs showed different effects upon heat and drought stress. We conclude that treatment with B.amyloliquefaciens 5113 caused molecular modifications in wheat in order to induce tolerance against heat, cold and drought stress. Bacillus treatment provides systemic effects that involve metabolic and regulatory functions supporting both growth and stress management.
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20.
  • Abd El-Daim, Islam Ahmed Moustafa, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of bacterial priming on some stress tolerance mechanisms and growth of cold stressed wheat seedlings
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Plant Biology. - : MDPI AG. - 2037-0156 .- 2037-0164. ; 4, s. 29-33
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The potential to enhance growth of cold stressed wheat by seed treatment (priming) with the beneficial bacteria Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 5113 and Azospirillum brasilense NO40 were tested. Results showed an improved ability of bacteria-treated seedlings to survive at −5°C up to 12 h. Cold stress increased transcript levels of three stress marker genes and increased activity for the ascorbate-glutathione redox enzymes. However, primed and stressed seedlings generally showed smaller effects on the stress markers correlating with better growth and improved stress tolerance. Bacterial priming to improve crop plant performance at low temperature seems a useful strategy to explore further.
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21.
  • Abd El-Daim, Islam Ahmed Moustafa, et al. (författare)
  • Improved heat stress tolerance of wheat seedlings by bacterial seed treatment
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 379, s. 337-350
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: To investigate if rhizosphere bacteria can improve heat tolerance of wheat. MethodsWheat (Triticum aestivum) seeds of the cultivars Olivin and Sids1 were treated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens UCMB5113 or Azospirillum brasilense NO40 and young seedlings tested for management of short term heat stress. ResultsBacterial treatment improved heat stress management of wheat. Olivin showed higher heat tolerance than Sids1 both with non-inoculated and inoculated seeds. Heat increased transcript levels of several stress related genes in the leaves, while expression was lower in inoculated plants but elevated compared with the control. Enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione redox cycle were activated in leaves after heat challenge but showed a lower response in inoculated plants. Metabolite profiling distinguished different treatments dependent on analysis technique with respect to primary and secondary metabolites. Analysis of some plant stress regulatory genes showed that bacterial treatment increased transcript levels while effects of heat treatment varied. Conclusions: The improvement of heat tolerance by bacteria seems associated with reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (and consequently less cell damage), small changes in the metabolome while preactivation of certain heat shock transcription factors seems important. Seed inoculation with beneficial bacteria seems a promising strategy to improve heat tolerance of wheat.
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22.
  • Abd El-Daim, Islam Ahmed Moustafa (författare)
  • Use of rhizobacteria for the alleviation of plant stress
  • 2015
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria are beneficial microbes able to induce plant stress tolerance and antagonise plant pathogens. The present study showed that wheat seedlings pre-treated with Bacillus thuringiensis AZP2 had better tolerance to severe drought stress and showed 78% greater plant biomass and five-fold higher survivorship compared to wheat seedlings not treated with the bacterium. The effect of B. thuringiensis AZP2 also resulted in improved net assimilation and reduced emission of stress volatiles. The study investigated the effect of the inactivation of sfp-type phosphopantetheinyl transferase in plant growth promoting bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa A26. The inactivation of the sfp gene resulted in loss of NRP/PK production such fusaricidins and polymyxins. In contrast to the former Bacillus spp. model the mutant strain compared to wild type showed greatly enhanced biofilm formation ability. Its biofilm promotion is directly mediated by NRP/PK, as exogenous addition of the wild type metabolite extracts restores its biofilm formation level. Further, increased biofilm formation was connected with enhanced ability of the sfp inactivated strain to remarkably protect wheat seedlings by improving its survival and biomass under severe drought stress conditions compared to wild type. Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum are the causing agents of a destructive disease known as Fusarium head blight (FHB). The disease is the leading cause of contamination of grain with Fusarium mycotoxins that are severe threat to humans and animals. Biological control has been suggested as one of the integrated management strategies to control FHB causing agents. The present study showed that P. polymyxa A26 is a potent antagonistic agent against F. graminearum and F. culmorum. In order to optimize strain A26 production, formulation and application strategies traits important for its compatibility need to be revealed. Hence, a toolbox comprising of dual culture plate assays and wheat kernel assays including simultaneous monitoring of the FHB causing pathogens, A26 and mycotoxins produced was developed in the present study. Using this system results showed that, besides the involvement of lipopeptide antibiotic production by P. polymyxa in the antagonism process, biofilm formation ability may play a crucial role in the case of A26 F. culmorum antagonism.
  •  
23.
  • Abdal, Noman, et al. (författare)
  • Salinity mitigates cadmium-induced phytotoxicity in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) by limiting the Cd uptake and improved responses to oxidative stress : implications for phytoremediation
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Environmental Geochemistry and Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0269-4042 .- 1573-2983. ; 45:1, s. 171-185
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cadmium (Cd) contamination and soil salinity are the main environmental issues reducing crop productivity. This study aimed to examine the combined effects of salinity (NaCl) and Cd on the physiological and biochemical attributes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). For this purpose, 30-day-old plants of quinoa genotype “Puno” were transplanted in Hoagland's nutrient solution containing diverse concentrations of Cd: 0, 50, 100, 200 µM Cd, and salinity: 0, 150, and 300 mM NaCl. Results demonstrated that plant growth, stomatal conductance, and pigment contents were significantly lower at all Cd concentrations than the control plants. Quinoa plants exhibited improved growth and tolerance against Cd when grown at a lower level of salinity (150 mM NaCl) combined with Cd. In contrast, the elevated concentration of salinity (300 mM NaCl) combined with Cd reduced shoot and root growth of experimental plants more than 50%. Combined application of salinity and Cd increased Na (25-fold), while lessened the Cd (twofold) and K (1.5-fold) uptake. A blend of high concentrations of Na and Cd caused overproduction of H2O2 (eightfold higher than control) contents and triggered lipid peroxidation. The activities of antioxidant enzymes: ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were 13, 12, 7 and ninefold higher than control to mitigate the oxidative stress. Due to restricted root to shoot translocation, and greater tolerance potential against Cd, the quinoa genotype, Puno, is suitable for phytostabilization of Cd in saline soils.
  •  
24.
  • Abdalla, M., et al. (författare)
  • Simulation of CO2 and Attribution Analysis at Six European Peatland Sites Using the ECOSSE Model
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2932 .- 0049-6979. ; 225:11, s. 2182-2182
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, we simulated heterotrophic CO2 (Rh) fluxes at six European peatland sites using the ECOSSE model and compared them to estimates of Rh made from eddy covariance (EC) measurements. The sites are spread over four countries with different climates, vegetation and management. Annual Rh from the different sites ranged from 110 to 540 g C m(-2). The maximum annual Rh occurred when the water table (WT) level was between -10 and -25 cm and the air temperature was above 6.2 degrees C. The model successfully simulated seasonal trends for the majority of the sites. Regression relationships (r(2)) between the EC-derived and simulated Rh ranged from 0.28 to 0.76, and the root mean square error and relative error were small, revealing an acceptable fit. The overall relative deviation value between annual EC-derived and simulated Rh was small (-1 %) and model efficiency ranges across sites from -0.25 to +0.41. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that increasing temperature, decreasing precipitation and lowering WT depth could significantly increase Rh from soils. Thus, management which lowers the WT could significantly increase anthropogenic CO2, so from a carbon emissions perspective, it should be avoided. The results presented here demonstrate a robust basis for further application of the ECOSSE model to assess the impacts of future land management interventions on peatland carbon emissions and to help guide best practice land management decisions.
  •  
25.
  • Abdel Hady, Ahmed Wagih Abdallah, 1990, et al. (författare)
  • In situ microstructural evolution of spruce wood during soda pulping using synchrotron X-ray tomography
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1437-434X .- 0018-3830. ; 76:7, s. 611-621
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A new laboratory reactor to perform in situ studies of structural changes in wood during soda pulping using synchrotron X-ray tomography is presented. The reactor is of recirculation type to provide stable reaction conditions and mimic the industrial situation. Experiments have been performed using this reactor in situ at a synchrotron microtomography beamline to provide sequences of 3D images from which measurement of wood cell wall thickness have been possible for the first time. The results showed that the cell wall thickness increased significantly in the early stage of pulping (<10 min), which is due to the transportation of cooking chemicals through the tracheids, resin channels and pits into the cell wall, which is swollen with the increased pH. Subsequently, the cell wall thickness reduces over the processing time up to 60 min with a high rate, which is inferred to be due to the dissolution and transport of lignin and hemicellulose from the secondary walls, allowing for better transportation of active chemicals deep through the cell wall layers. After 60 min processing, the cell wall thickness reduction rate reduced, as dissolution of lignin and hemicelluloses from the cell walls ceased, while the remaining dissolution occurs mainly at the middle lamella.
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26.
  • Abdel Hady, Ahmed Wagih Abdallah, 1990, et al. (författare)
  • Micro/nano-structural evolution in spruce wood during soda pulping
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Holzforschung. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1437-434X .- 0018-3830. ; 75:8, s. 754-764
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Alkaline delignification of wood tissue is the core of the global pulping technology and the most prominent large-scale separation of the main wood components. This work aims at improved understanding of the interplay between the topochemistry of alkaline pulping and the associated morphological changes. Morphology and chemical structure of partially soda-delignified wood chips were studied combining X-ray tomography (XRT), X-ray diffraction analysis and compositional characterization (lignin and carbohydrate content). The XRT studies of wet samples (providing 3D structural information without interfering drying effects), allowed observation of the cell wall separation as an increasing amount of lignin was removed with the increasing pulping time. Comparison between the microstructure of the surface and the central parts of the treated chips showed a more delignified microstructure at the surface, which highlights the dependence of the delignification process on the mass transport (hydroxide ions and lignin fragments) through the wood tissue. The crystallite size of cellulose increased in the <200> crystal planes during the early stage of pulping while there was little effect on the <110> plane.
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27.
  • Abdelaziz, Omar Y., et al. (författare)
  • Oxidative Depolymerization of Kraft Lignin for Microbial Conversion
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 7:13, s. 11640-11652
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The valorization of lignin is being increasingly recognized as crucial to improve the economic viability of integrated biorefineries. Because of its inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance, lignin has been treated as a waste product in the pulp and paper industry, but new technologies are now being explored to transform lignin into a sustainable resource and enhance its value chain. In the present study, alkaline oxidative depolymerization was investigated as a potential form of pretreatment to enable further biological conversion of LignoBoost kraft lignin (LB). LB lignin oxidation reactions were studied at various temperatures (120-200 °C) and O2 partial pressures (3-15 bar) to identify the optimal conditions for obtaining a biocompatible, oxidatively depolymerized lignin (ODLB) stream. The low molecular weight compounds resulting from this treatment consisted mainly of aromatic monomers and carboxylic acids. The highest yield of aromatic monomers, 3 wt %, was obtained at 160 °C and 3 bar O2. The yield of carboxylic acids increased with both increasing temperature and O2 pressure, exceeding 13% under the harshest conditions investigated. The growth of four aromatic-catabolizing bacterial strains was examined on reaction product mixtures, all of which showed growth on agar plates utilizing ODLB as the sole source of carbon and energy. Rhodococcus opacus and Sphingobium sp. SYK-6 were found to consume most of the aromatic monomers present in the ODLB (e.g., vanillin, vanillate, acetovanillone, and guaiacol). The findings of this study indicate that pretreatment by oxidative depolymerization has potential in the biological valorization of technical lignin streams, for the production of valuable chemicals and materials.
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28.
  • Abdeljaber, Osama, et al. (författare)
  • Automatic estimation of annual ring profiles in Norway spruce timber boards using optical scanning and deep learning
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Computers & structures. - : Elsevier. - 0045-7949 .- 1879-2243. ; 275
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In softwood species, annual ring width correlates with various timber characteristics, including the density and modulus of elasticity along with bending and tensile strengths. Knowledge of annual ring profiles may contribute to more accurate machine strength grading of sawn timber. This paper proposes a fast and accurate method for automatic estimation of ring profiles along timber boards on the basis of optical scanning. The method utilizes two 1D convolutional neural networks to determine the pith location and detect the surface annual rings at multiple cross-sections along the scanned board. The automatically extracted rings and pith information can then be used to estimate the annual ring profile at each cross-section. The proposed method was validated on a large number of board cross-sections for which the pith locations and radial ring width profiles had been determined manually. The paper also investigates the potential of using the automatically estimated average ring width as an indicating property in machine strength grading of sawn timber. The results indicated that combining the automatically estimated ring width with other prediction variables can improve the accuracy of bending and tensile strength predictions, especially when the grading is based only on information extracted from optical and laser scanning data.(C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
  •  
29.
  • Abdi, Abdulhakim M., et al. (författare)
  • Biodiversity decline with increasing crop productivity in agricultural fields revealed by satellite remote sensing
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X. ; 130
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Increasing land-use intensity is a main driver of biodiversity loss in farmland, but measuring proxies for land-use intensity across entire landscapes is challenging. Here, we develop a novel method for the assessment of the impact of land-use intensity on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes using remote sensing parameters derived from the Sentinel-2 satellites. We link crop phenology and productivity parameters derived from time-series of a two-band enhanced vegetation index with biodiversity indicators (insect pollinators and insect-pollinated vascular plants) in agricultural fields in southern Sweden, with contrasting land management (i.e. conventional and organic farming). Our results show that arable land-use intensity in cereal systems dominated by spring-sown cereals can be approximated using Sentinel-2 productivity parameters. This was shown by the significant positive correlations between the amplitude and maximum value of the enhanced vegetation index on one side and farmer reported yields on the other. We also found that conventional cereal fields had 17% higher maximum and 13% higher amplitude of their enhanced vegetation index than organic fields. Sentinel-2 derived parameters were more strongly correlated with the abundance and species richness of bumblebees and the richness of vascular plants than the abundance and species richness of butterflies. The relationships we found between biodiversity and crop production proxies are consistent with predictions that increasing agricultural land-use intensity decreases field biodiversity. The newly developed method based on crop phenology and productivity parameters derived from Sentinel-2 data serves as a proof of concept for the assessment of the impact of land-use intensity on biodiversity over cereal fields across larger areas. It enables the estimation of arable productivity in cereal systems, which can then be used by ecologists and develop tools for land managers as a proxy for land-use intensity. Coupled with spatially explicit databases on agricultural land-use, this method will enable crop-specific cereal productivity estimation across large geographical regions.
  •  
30.
  • Abdollahi, Mehdi, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • A novel cold biorefinery approach for isolation of high quality fish oil in parallel with gel-forming proteins
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 332
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The pH-shift process for isolation of gel-forming proteins from fish processing by-products was extended to allow parallel isolation of fish oil. Subjecting the floating emulsion layer formed during pH-shift processing of salmon by-products to pH-adjustment or freeze/thawing efficiently released the emulsified oil at 4 °C. However, for herring by-products higher temperature (10 °C) and a combination of the emulsion-breaking techniques was required for efficient oil release. Oil recovery yield using the adjusted pH-shift process was lower than with classic heat-induced oil isolation (90 °C/20 min), but pH-shift-produced oils had higher amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA). Also, alkaline pH-shift processing produced oils with remarkably less oxidation products and free fatty acids compared with acid pH-shift process or heat-induced isolation. Extending the pH-shift process with emulsion breaking techniques can thus be a promising biorefinery approach for parallel cold production of high-quality fish oil and gel-forming proteins from fish by-products.
  •  
31.
  • Abdollahi, Mehdi, 1985 (författare)
  • Comparing physico-mechanical and thermal properties of alginate nanocomposite films reinforced with organic and/or inorganic nanofillers
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0268-005X. ; 32:2, s. 416-424
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Montmorillonite (MMT) and cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) were added to alginate biopolymer to compare the properties of bionanocomposites reinforced with different organic and inorganic nanofillers in various loading contents (1, 3, and 5 wt%). Both MMT and CNP decreased the water solubility (WS) of the films. However, at all filler contents the WS of the alginate/MMT (84–61%) nanocomposites was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of alginate/CNP films (95–77%). Surface hydrophobicity of the nanocomposites showed a great improvement (83%) with crystalline hydrophobic CNP addition, while MMT made films' surface more hydrophilic. The addition of both nanoreinforcements similarly caused a reduction in the water vapor permeability of the alginate-based nanocomposites. Due to the similar polysaccharide structures and good interfacial interactions, the TS and E of the nanocomposite films improved with an increase in CNP content and reached a maximum at the highest loading level (5 wt%). However, when the content of MMT went beyond 1 wt% nanocomposites, a decrease in the TS was observed. Finally, these results propose that organic CNP more than ability to make a fully renewable and natural nanocomposites may also introduce some other advantages compared to inorganic nanoclay fillers when added to carbohydrate biopolymers.
  •  
32.
  • Abdollahi, Mehdi, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamic rheological, microstructural and physicochemical properties of blend fish protein recovered from kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) by the pH-shift process or washing-based technology
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 229, s. 695-709
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study aimed to evaluate how blending pH-shift produced protein isolates from gutted kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) affected dynamic rheological and chemical properties of the proteins as well as microstructural and physico-mechanical properties of produced gels. Studied variables were protein solubilization pH (acid vs. alkaline) and blending step (before or after protein precipitation). Comparisons were made with conventionally washed minces from kilka and silver carp fillets; either alone or after blending. Rheological studies revealed that blending alkali-produced protein isolates before precipitation resulted in rapid increase of G′ reflecting the formation of intermolecular protein-protein interactions with higher rate. Furthermore, blending of alkali-produced protein isolates and washed minces, respectively, of kilka and silver carp improved physico-mechanical properties of the resultant gels compared to pure kilka proteins. However, the pH-shift method showed higher efficacy in development of blend surimi at the same blending ratio compared to the conventional washing.
  •  
33.
  • Abdollahi, Mehdi, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of stabilization method and freeze/thaw-aided precipitation on structural and functional properties of proteins recovered from brown seaweed (Saccharina latissima)
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Food Hydrocolloids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0268-005X. ; 96, s. 140-150
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • - Structural, functional and nutritional properties of protein recovered from brown seaweed, S. latissima with alkaline solubilization/isoelectric precipitation as a function of different post-harvest stabilization methods were studied. The latter included freezing at −20 °C/-80 °C, oven-drying, sun-drying, freeze-drying and ensilaging. Also, the efficacy of freeze/thaw-aided precipitation (F/T) in improving protein recovery of the process was evaluated. The freeze-dried, oven-dried, and −20 °C frozen seaweeds resulted in significantly higher protein yield than the −80°C-frozen, sun-dried and ensiled biomasses. F/T increased protein precipitation and doubled total protein yield. Sun-drying and −20°C-freezing caused extensive protein degradation as revealed by SDS-PAGE and HP-SEC, while oven-drying altered the seaweed protein structure with less α-helices. Functional properties of the seaweed proteins were remarkably affected by stabilization condition and F/T, but nutritional value of the proteins was only dependent on stabilization method. Thus, to efficiently recover seaweed proteins, its post-harvest stabilization condition must be carefully chosen based on the final application of the proteins. © 2019 The Authors
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34.
  • Abdollahi, Mehdi, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Minimizing lipid oxidation during pH-shift processing of fish by-products by cross-processing with lingonberry press cake, shrimp shells or brown seaweed
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 327
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The potential of cross-processing herring or salmon by-products with brown seaweed, shrimp peeling by-products and lingonberry press cake (called “helpers”) to minimize lipid oxidation during acid/alkaline pH-shift protein isolation was evaluated. Lingonberry press cake remarkably reduced levels of lipid hydroperoxides, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxy-trans2-hexenal (HHE) in both herring and salmon protein isolates (PI) while seaweed and shrimp by-product mitigated generation of MDA and HHE in herring PI. The salmon PI, however, by itself had very low oxidation levels. Cross-processing reduced protein yield compared with the classical pH-shift process by diminishing protein solubility, but still, the alkaline process version was promising. The color of the PIs varied greatly between different process combinations, reflecting partitioning of natural pigments into isolates. Altogether, cross-processing seems a promising tool for inhibition of lipid oxidation during pH-shift processing of sensitive fish by-products, with the alkaline version and lingonberry press cake being closest at hand for further studies.
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35.
  •  
36.
  • Abdollahi, Mehdi, 1985, et al. (författare)
  • Tuning the pH-shift protein-isolation method for maximum hemoglobin-removal from blood rich fish muscle
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Food Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0308-8146 .- 1873-7072. ; 212, s. 213-224
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A main challenge preventing optimal use of protein isolated from unconventional raw materials (e.g., small pelagic fish and fish by-products) using the pH-shift method is the difficulty to remove enough heme-pigments. Here, the distribution of hemoglobin (Hb) in the different fractions formed during pH-shift processing was studied using Hb-fortified cod mince. Process modifications, additives and prewashing were then investigated to further facilitate Hb-removal. The alkaline pH-shift process version could remove considerably more Hb (77%) compared to the acidic version (37%) when proteins were precipitated at pH 5.5; most Hb was removed during dewatering. Protein precipitation at pH 6.5 improved total Hb removal up to 91% and 74% during alkaline and acid processing, respectively. Adding phytic acid to the first supernatant of the alkaline process version yielded 93% Hb removal. Combining one prewash with phytic acid at pH 5.5 followed by alkaline/acid pH-shift processing increased Hb removal up to 96/92%.
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37.
  • Abdulgadir, Alamin, et al. (författare)
  • Performance Simulation of a Composite Filter Material Containing Mechanical Pulp Fibers, Microfibrillated Cellulose, and Cellulose Nanofibers
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference. ; , s. 160-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Nonwoven fibrous materials with reticular support of an interconnected fiber network and a tortuous airflow pathway have been commonly used in filtration applications. To meet the criteria of filter efficiency and performance, the filter materials are recommended to contain different types of fibers such as mechanical pulp fibers, microfibrillated cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, and other polymer or synthetic fibers with a range of dimensions, i.e., length and diameter. Cellulose fibers in filter media possess irregular and complex structures with hollow or collapsed lumen structures owing to their refinement or pulping method. The development of an appropriate filter media model requires information on actual fiber characteristics. In this study, a simulation method was used to investigate the complex microstructures of filter media. The physical parameters such as fiber wall thickness, diameter, length, cross-section shapes, and curliness were obtained from fiber analyzers and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the experimental findings, GeoDict database comprising different types of common fiber models was constructed. 3-Dimensional fibrous models corresponding to the wet-laid binderless filter material were generated. Using the GeoDict modules, the pore size distributions, average pore sizes, air permeability, pressure drop and initial filter efficiency simulations were performed. The simulation results appear to be in close agreement with the experimental results. The incorporation of cellulose nanofibers resulted in reduced average pore sizes and air permeability of the filter material, thus enhancing the initial filter efficiency. The filter media developed a biobased material derived from pulp fibers for advanced applications such as medical facemask, and air filtration purposes.
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38.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu, et al. (författare)
  • Genome-Wide Association Analysis and Genomic Prediction for Adult-Plant Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch and Powdery Mildew in Winter Wheat
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Genetics. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-8021. ; 12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici and powdery mildew (PM) caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici (Bgt) are among the forefront foliar diseases of wheat that lead to a significant loss of grain yield and quality. Resistance breeding aimed at developing varieties with inherent resistance to STB and PM diseases has been the most sustainable and environment-friendly approach. In this study, 175 winter wheat landraces and historical cultivars originated from the Nordic region were evaluated for adult-plant resistance (APR) to STB and PM in Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania, and Sweden. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and genomic prediction (GP) were performed based on the adult-plant response to STB and PM in field conditions using 7,401 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated by 20K SNP chip. Genotype-by-environment interaction was significant for both disease scores. GWAS detected stable and environment-specific quantitative trait locis (QTLs) on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 1D, 2B, 3B, 4A, 5A, 6A, and 6B for STB and 2A, 2D, 3A, 4B, 5A, 6B, 7A, and 7B for PM adult-plant disease resistance. GP accuracy was improved when assisted with QTL from GWAS as a fixed effect. The GWAS-assisted GP accuracy ranged within 0.53-0.75 and 0.36-0.83 for STB and PM, respectively, across the tested environments. This study highlights that landraces and historical cultivars are a valuable source of APR to STB and PM. Such germplasm could be used to identify and introgress novel resistance genes to modern breeding lines.
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39.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu (författare)
  • Genome-wide association study for yield-related traits in sesame (Sesamum Indicum)
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Plant Breeding. - : Wiley. - 0179-9541 .- 1439-0523. ; 141, s. 246-256
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sesame is an important oil crop in Ethiopia and other regions in terms of both area coverage and production. However, productivity is low due to biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, dissecting the genetic basis of quantitatively inherited yield-related traits is instrumental to developing stable and high-yielding varieties. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed with a diverse set of 300 sesame accessions tested in two environments and 2997 SNP markers. In total, 21 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected for seven yield-related traits, including days to flower initiation (DFI), days to 50% flowering (DF), days to physiological maturity (DM), capsule length (CAPL), seeds per capsule (SPC), 1000-seed weight (TSW) and bacterial blight (BBL). The majority of MTAs detected on LG 3, 7 and 8 were associated with traits related to physiological periods. Dissecting genetic control of flowering time and maturity has a pivotal contribution to fostering sesame breeding and developing new varieties adaptable to changing climatic conditions. Our GWAS results will assist in incorporating alleles into the elite sesame germplasm through marker-assisted selection.
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40.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu, et al. (författare)
  • Genomic selection in plant breeding: key factors shaping two decades of progress
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Molecular Plant. - 1674-2052 .- 1752-9867. ; 17, s. 552-578
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Genomic selection, the application of genomic prediction (GP) models to select candidate individuals, has significantly advanced in the past two decades, effectively accelerating genetic gains in plant breeding. This article provides a holistic overview of key factors that have influenced GP in plant breeding during this period. We delved into the pivotal roles of training population size and genetic diversity, and their relationship with the breeding population, in determining GP accuracy. Special emphasis was placed on optimizing training population size. We explored its benefits and the associated diminishing returns beyond an optimum size. This was done while considering the balance between resource allocation and maximizing prediction accuracy through current optimization algorithms. The density and distribution of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, level of linkage disequilibrium, genetic complexity, trait heritability, statistical machine-learning methods, and non-additive effects are the other vital factors. Using wheat, maize, and potato as examples, we summarize the effect of these factors on the accuracy of GP for various traits. The search for high accuracy in GP—theoretically reaching one when using the Pearson’s correlation as a metric—is an active research area as yet far from optimal for various traits. We hypothesize that with ultra-high sizes of genotypic and phenotypic datasets, effective training population optimization methods and support from other omics approaches (transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics) coupled with deep-learning algorithms could overcome the boundaries of current limitations to achieve the highest possible prediction accuracy, making genomic selection an effective tool in plant breeding.
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41.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu, et al. (författare)
  • Haplotype-tagged SNPs improve genomic prediction accuracy for Fusarium head blight resistance and yield-related traits in wheat
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics. - 0040-5752 .- 1432-2242. ; 136
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Genomic prediction is a powerful tool to enhance genetic gain in plant breeding. However, the method is accompanied by various complications leading to low prediction accuracy. One of the major challenges arises from the complex dimensionality of marker data. To overcome this issue, we applied two pre-selection methods for SNP markers viz. LD-based haplotype-tagging and GWAS-based trait-linked marker identification. Six different models were tested with preselected SNPs to predict the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of four traits measured in 419 winter wheat genotypes. Ten different sets of haplotype-tagged SNPs were selected by adjusting the level of LD thresholds. In addition, various sets of trait-linked SNPs were identified with different scenarios from the training-test combined and only from the training populations. The BRR and RR-BLUP models developed from haplotype-tagged SNPs had a higher prediction accuracy for FHB and SPW by 0.07 and 0.092, respectively, compared to the corresponding models developed without marker pre-selection. The highest prediction accuracy for SPW and FHB was achieved with tagged SNPs pruned at weak LD thresholds (r2 < 0.5), while stringent LD was required for spike length (SPL) and flag leaf area (FLA). Trait-linked SNPs identified only from training populations failed to improve the prediction accuracy of the four studied traits. Pre-selection of SNPs via LD-based haplotype-tagging could play a vital role in optimizing genomic selection and reducing genotyping costs. Furthermore, the method could pave the way for developing low-cost genotyping methods through customized genotyping platforms targeting key SNP markers tagged to essential haplotype blocks.
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42.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu (författare)
  • Multi-model genome-wide association and genomic prediction analysis of 16 agronomic, physiological and quality related traits in ICARDA spring wheat
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Euphytica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-2336 .- 1573-5060. ; 217
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Identification and exploration of the genetic architecture of traits related to yield, quality, and drought and heat tolerance is important for yield and quality improvement of wheat through marker-assisted selection. One hundred and ninety-two spring wheat genotypes were tested at two heat-stress locations in Sudan (Wad Medani and Dongula), a drought stress site in Morocco (Marchouch) and a site with high yield potential in Egypt (Sids) in replicated trials during the 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 cropping seasons. A total of 10,577 single nucleotide polymorphism markers identified from the 15 K wheat SNP assay were used in a genome-wide association (GWA) study and genomic prediction for 16 phenotypic traits related to yield, quality and drought and heat tolerance. Significant marker-trait associations were detected across GWAS models for all traits. Most detected marker-trait associations (MTAs) were environment-specific, signifying the presence of high quantitative trait loci-by-environment (QTL x E) interaction. Chromosome arm 5AL had significant multi-model MTAs for grain yield and yield-related traits at the heat-stress locations. Highly significant QTLs were detected on chromosome 2D for waxiness. Homoeologous group 2 and 6 chromosomes were with significant MTAs for grain protein content, gluten content, alveograph strength and Zeleny sedimentation test while chromosome arm 3BL was significant for both Z and W traits. Genomic prediction analysis with ridge regression-best linear unbiased prediction model estimated the breeding values of the studied traits with prediction accuracies ranging from 0.16 for leaf rolling to 0.72 for peduncle length. The identified QTLs could be targeted for marker-assisted selection or further studies aimed at fine mapping and cloning the causative genes and detecting favorable haplotypes with positive effects for agronomic, physiological or quality-related traits.
  •  
43.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu (författare)
  • Single- and multi-trait genomic prediction and genome-wide association analysis of grain yield and micronutrient-related traits in ICARDA wheat under drought environment
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Molecular Genetics and Genomics. - 1617-4615 .- 1617-4623. ; 298, s. 12-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Globally, over 2 billion people suffer from malnutrition due to inadequate intake of micronutrients. Genomic-assisted breeding is identified as a valuable method to facilitate developing new improved plant varieties targeting grain yield and micronutrient-related traits. In this study, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and single- and multi-trait-based genomic prediction (GP) analysis was conducted using a set of 252 elite wheat genotypes from the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA). The objective was to identify linked SNP markers, putative candidate genes and to evaluate the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) of grain yield and micronutrient-related traits.. For this purpose, a field trial was conducted at a drought-prone station, Merchouch, Morocco for 2 consecutive years (2018 and 2019) followed by GWAS and genomic prediction analysis with 10,173 quality SNP markers. The studied genotypes exhibited a significant genotypic variation in grain yield and micronutrient-related traits. The GWAS analysis identified highly significantly associated markers and linked putative genes on chromosomes 1B and 2B for zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) contents, respectively. The genomic predictive ability of selenium (Se) and Fe traits with the multi-trait-based GP GBLUP model was 0.161 and 0.259 improving by 6.62 and 4.44%, respectively, compared to the corresponding single-trait-based models. The identified significantly linked SNP markers, associated putative genes, and developed GP models could potentially facilitate breeding programs targeting to improve the overall genetic gain of wheat breeding for grain yield and biofortification of micronutrients via marker-assisted (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) methods.
  •  
44.
  • Abebe, Admas Alemu, et al. (författare)
  • Unraveling the Genetic Basis of Key Agronomic Traits of Wrinkled Vining Pea (Pisum sativum L.) for Sustainable Production
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Plant Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-462X. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Estimating the allelic variation and exploring the genetic basis of quantitatively inherited complex traits are the two foremost breeding scenarios for sustainable crop production. The current study utilized 188 wrinkled vining pea genotypes comprising historical varieties and breeding lines to evaluate the existing genetic diversity and to detect molecular markers associated with traits relevant to vining pea production, such as wrinkled vining pea yield (YTM100), plant height (PH), earliness (ERL), adult plant resistance to downy mildew (DM), pod length (PDL), numbers of pods per plant (PDP), number of peas per pod (PPD), and percent of small wrinkled vining peas (PSP). Marker-trait associations (MTAs) were conducted using 6902 quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers generated from the diversity arrays technology sequencing (DArTseq) and Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) sequencing methods. The best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values were estimated from the two-decades-long (1999-2020) unbalanced phenotypic data sets recorded from two private breeding programs, the Findus and the Birds eye, now owned by Nomad Foods. Analysis of variance revealed a highly significant variation between genotypes and genotype-by-environment interactions for the ten traits. The genetic diversity and population structure analyses estimated an intermediate level of genetic variation with two optimal sub-groups within the current panel. A total of 48 significant (P < 0.0001) MTAs were identified for eight different traits, including five for wrinkled vining pea yield on chr2LG1, chr4LG4, chr7LG7, and scaffolds (two), and six for adult plant resistance to downy mildew on chr1LG6, chr3LG5 (two), chr6LG2, and chr7LG7 (two). We reported several novel MTAs for different crucial traits with agronomic importance in wrinkled vining pea production for the first time, and these candidate markers could be easily validated and integrated into the active breeding programs for marker-assisted selection.
  •  
45.
  • Abebe Abiye, Shenkut, et al. (författare)
  • Genetic diversity of five local Swedish chicken breeds detected by microsatellite markers
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study aimed at investigating the genetic diversity, relationship and population structure of 110 local Swedish chickens derived from five breeds (Gotlandshona, Hedemorahona, Olandsk dvarghona, Skansk blommehona, and Bohuslan-Dals svarthona, in the rest of the paper the shorter name Svarthona is used) using 24 microsatellite markers. In total, one hundred thirteen alleles were detected in all populations, with a mean of 4.7 alleles per locus. For the five chicken breeds, the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.225 to 0.408 and from 0.231 to 0.515, with the lowest scores for the Svarthona and the highest scores for the Skansk blommehona breeds, respectively. Similarly, the average within breed molecular kinship varied from 0.496 to 0.745, showing high coancestry, with Skansk blommehona having the lowest and Svarthona the highest coancestry. Furthermore, all breeds showed significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Across the five breeds, the global heterozygosity deficit (FIT) was 0.545, population differentiation index (F-ST) was 0.440, and the global inbreeding of individuals within breed (F-IS) was 0.187. The phylogenetic relationships of chickens were examined using neighbor-joining trees constructed at the level of breeds and individual samples. The neighbor-joining tree constructed at breed level revealed two main clusters, with Hedemorahona and Olandsk dvarghona breeds in one cluster, and Gotlandshona and Svarthona breeds in the second cluster leaving the Skansk blommehona in the middle. Based on the results of the STRUCTURE analysis, the most likely number of clustering of the five breeds was at K = 4, with Hedemorahona, Gotlandshona and Svarthona breeds forming their own distinct clusters, while Olandsk dvarghona and Skansk blommehona breeds clustered together. Losses in the overall genetic diversity of local Swedish chickens due to breeds extinction varied from -1.46% to -6.723%. The results of the current study can be used as baseline genetic information for genetic conservation program, for instance, to control inbreeding and to implement further genetic studies in local Swedish chickens.
  •  
46.
  • Abedi, Tayebeh (författare)
  • Arsenic Uptake and Accumulation Mechanisms in Rice Species
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Plants. - : MDPI AG. - 2223-7747. ; 9
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Rice consumption is a source of arsenic (As) exposure, which poses serious health risks. In this study, the accumulation of As in rice was studied. Research shows that As accumulation in rice in Taiwan and Bangladesh is higher than that in other countries. In addition, the critical factors influencing the uptake of As into rice crops are defined. Furthermore, determining the feasibility of using effective ways to reduce the accumulation of As in rice was studied. AsV and AsIII are transported to the root through phosphate transporters and nodulin 26-like intrinsic channels. The silicic acid transporter may have a vital role in the entry of methylated As, dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), into the root. Amongst As species, DMA(V) is particularly mobile in plants and can easily transfer from root to shoot. The OsPTR7 gene has a key role in moving DMA in the xylem or phloem. Soil properties can affect the uptake of As by plants. An increase in organic matter and in the concentrations of sulphur, iron, and manganese reduces the uptake of As by plants. Amongst the agronomic strategies in diminishing the uptake and accumulation of As in rice, using microalgae and bacteria is the most efficient.
  •  
47.
  • Abedi, Tayebeh (författare)
  • Cadmium Uptake by Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): An Overview
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Plants. - : MDPI AG. - 2223-7747. ; 9
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that may be detected in soils and plants. Wheat, as a food consumed by 60% of the world's population, may uptake a high quantity of Cd through its roots and translocate Cd to the shoots and grains thus posing risks to human health. Therefore, we tried to explore the journey of Cd in wheat via a review of several papers. Cadmium may reach the root cells by some transporters (such as zinc-regulated transporter/iron-regulated transporter-like protein, low-a ffinity calcium transporters, and natural resistance-associated macrophages), and some cation channels or Cd chelates via yellow stripe 1-like proteins. In addition, some of the effective factors regarding Cd uptake into wheat, such as pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), Fe and Mn oxide content, and soil texture (clay content), were investigated in this paper. Increasing Fe and Mn oxide content and clay minerals may decrease the Cd uptake by plants, whereas reducing pH and CEC may increase it. In addition, the feasibility of methods to diminish Cd accumulation in wheat was studied. Amongst agronomic approaches for decreasing the uptake of Cd by wheat, using organic amendments is most effective. Using biochar might reduce the Cd accumulation in wheat grains by up to 97.8%.
  •  
48.
  • Abideen, Ahmed Zainul, et al. (författare)
  • Scope for Sustainable Development of Small Holder Farmers in the Palm Oil Supply Chain—A Systematic Literature Review and Thematic Scientific Mapping
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Logistics. - : MDPI AG. - 2305-6290. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The expansion of oil palm agriculture across the nations, especially in countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, is growing at exacerbated levels. However, there is still a lack of awareness of the environmental, social, and economic challenges among the sector, ranging from the combination of ecological, economic, and ecosystem sustainability to the livelihoods of plantation workers and small holder communities. Small holders struggle to attain the primary standards on market governance, debt-free livelihood enhancements, certification norms, proper land rights and usage, outsourcing quality seeds, harvesting technologies, labor usage, etc. Method: There is a need to systematize the existing literature toward one that addresses the most fundamental and urgent questions that govern the palm oil small holder sustainability in the palm oil supply chain. The objective of this article is two-fold. One approach was to undertake an integrated systematic review and thematic scientific mapping of the last 10 years of research effort (2009–2020) on the specified research agenda, using data from the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database. Another objective was to gain insights and research direction. Results: The defined gaps and insights from the study helped to form the basis for developing a conceptual framework for achieving the sustainability and livelihood of small holders in the palm oil sector. Conclusions: There is a stringent need to focus on the sustainability factors of small holders in the palm oil upstream logistics to address and improve the overall efficiency of the supply chain.
  •  
49.
  • Abiven, Samuel, et al. (författare)
  • Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching : a shovelomics study in Zambia
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Plant and Soil. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-079X .- 1573-5036. ; 395:1-2, s. 45-55
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Positive crop yield effects from biochar are likely explained by chemical, physical and/or biological factors. However, studies describing plant allometric changes are scarcer, but may be crucial to understand the biochar effect. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of biochar on root architecture under field conditions in a tropical setting. The presented work describes a shovelomics (i.e., description of root traits in the field) study on the effect of biochar on maize root architecture. Four field experiments we carried out at two different locations in Zambia, exhibiting non-fertile to relatively fertile soils. Roots of maize crop (Zea mays L.) were sampled from treatments with fertilizer (control) and with a combination of fertilizer and 4 t.ha(-1) maize biochar application incorporated in the soil. For the four sites, the average grain yield increase upon biochar addition was 45 +/- 14 % relative to the fertilized control (from 2.1-6.0 to 3.1-9.1 ton ha(-1)). The root biomass was approximately twice as large for biochar-amended plots. More extensive root systems (especially characterized by a larger root opening angle (+14 +/- 11 %) and wider root systems (+20 +/- 15 %)) were observed at all biochar-amended sites. Root systems exhibited significantly higher specific surface areas (+54 +/- 14 %), branching and fine roots: +70 +/- 56 %) in the presence of biochar. Biochar amendment resulted in more developed root systems and larger yields. The more extensive root systems may have contributed to the observed yield increases, e.g., by improving immobile nutrients uptake in soils that are unfertile or in areas with prolonged dry spells.
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50.
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