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1.
  • Drake, Henrik, 1979-, et al. (author)
  • Ancient microbial activity in deep hydraulically conductive fracture zones within the Forsmark target area for deep geological nuclear waste disposal, Sweden
  • 2018
  • In: Geosciences. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-3263. ; 8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recent studies reveal that organisms from all three domains of life—Archaea, Bacteria, and even Eukarya—can thrive under energy-poor, dark, and anoxic conditions at large depths in the fractured crystalline continental crust. There is a need for an increased understanding of the processes and lifeforms in this vast realm, for example, regarding the spatiotemporal extent and variability of the different processes in the crust. Here, we present a study that set out to detect signs of ancient microbial life in the Forsmark area—the target area for deep geological nuclear waste disposal in Sweden. Stable isotope compositions were determined with high spatial resolution analyses within mineral coatings, and mineralized remains of putative microorganisms were studied in several deep water-conducting fracture zones (down to 663 m depth), from which hydrochemical and gas data exist. Large isotopic variabilities of 13Ccalcite (?36.2 to +20.2‰V-PDB) and 34Spyrite (?11.7 to +37.8‰V-CDT) disclose discrete periods of methanogenesis, and potentially, anaerobic oxidation of methane and related microbial sulfate reduction at several depth intervals. Dominant calcite–water disequilibrium of 18O and 87Sr/86Sr precludes abundant recent precipitation. Instead, the mineral coatings largely reflect an ancient archive of episodic microbial processes in the fracture system, which, according to our microscale Rb–Sr dating of co-genetic adularia and calcite, date back to the mid-Paleozoic. Potential Quaternary precipitation exists mainly at ~400 m depth in one of the boreholes, where mineral–water compositions corresponded.
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2.
  • Roth, Florian, et al. (author)
  • High spatiotemporal variability of methane concentrations challenges estimates of emissions across vegetated coastal ecosystems.
  • 2022
  • In: Global change biology. - : Wiley. - 1365-2486 .- 1354-1013. ; 28:14, s. 4308-4322
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Coastal methane (CH4 ) emissions dominate the global ocean CH4 budget and can offset the "blue carbon" storage capacity of vegetated coastal ecosystems. However, current estimates lack systematic, high-resolution, and long-term data from these intrinsically heterogeneous environments, making coastal budgets sensitive to statistical assumptions and uncertainties. Using continuous CH4 concentrations, δ13 C-CH4 values, and CH4 sea-air fluxes across four seasons in three globally pervasive coastal habitats, we show that the CH4 distribution is spatially patchy over meter-scales and highly variable in time. Areas with mixed vegetation, macroalgae, and their surrounding sediments exhibited a spatiotemporal variability of surface water CH4 concentrations ranging two orders of magnitude (i.e., 6-460nM CH4 ) with habitat-specific seasonal and diurnal patterns. We observed (1) δ13 C-CH4 signatures that revealed habitat-specific CH4 production and consumption pathways, (2) daily peak concentration events that could change >100% within hours across all habitats, and (3) a high thermal sensitivity of the CH4 distribution signified by apparent activation energies of ~1eV that drove seasonal changes. Bootstrapping simulations show that scaling the CH4 distribution from few samples involves large errors, and that ~50 concentration samples per day are needed to resolve the scale and drivers of the natural variability and improve the certainty of flux calculations by up to 70%. Finally, we identify northern temperate coastal habitats with mixed vegetation and macroalgae as understudied but seasonally relevant atmospheric CH4 sources (i.e., releasing≥100μmol CH4 m-2 day-1 in summer). Due to the large spatial and temporal heterogeneity of coastal environments, high-resolution measurements will improve the reliability of CH4 estimates and confine the habitat-specific contribution to regional and global CH4 budgets.
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3.
  • Cheung, Henry Lok Shan, et al. (author)
  • Denitrification, anammox, and DNRA in oligotrophic continental shelf sediments
  • 2024
  • In: Limnology and Oceanography. - 1939-5590 .- 0024-3590.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Continental shelf sediments are considered hotspots for nitrogen (N) removal. While most investigations have quantified denitrification in shelves receiving large amounts of anthropogenic nutrient supply, we lack insight into the key drivers of N removal on oligotrophic shelves. Here, we measured rates of N removal through denitrification and anammox by the revised-isotope pairing technique (r-IPT) along the Northeastern New Zealand shelf. Denitrification dominated total N2 production at depths between 30 and 128 m with average rates (± SE) ranging from 65 ± 28 to 284 ± 72 μmol N m−2 d−1. N2 production by anammox ranged from 3 ± 1 to 28 ± 11 μmol N m−2 d−1 and accounted for 2–19% of total N2 production. DNRA was negligible in these oligotrophic settings. Parallel microbial community analysis showed that both Proteobacteria and Planctomycetota were key taxa driving denitrification. Denitrification displayed a negative correlation with oxygen penetration depth, and a positive correlation with macrofauna abundance. Our denitrification rates were comparable to oligotrophic shelves from the Arctic, but were lower than those from nutrient-rich Pacific and Atlantic shelves. Based on our results and existing IPT measurements, the global shelf denitrification rate was reassessed to be 53.5 ± 8.1 Tg N yr−1, equivalent to 20 ± 2% of marine N removal. We suggest that previous estimates of global shelf N loss might have been overestimated due to sampling bias toward areas with high N loads in the Northern Hemisphere.
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4.
  • Baresel, Christian, et al. (author)
  • Uncertainty-Accounting Environmental Policy and Management of Water Systems
  • 2007
  • In: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 41:10, s. 3653–3659-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Environmental policies for water quality and ecosystemmanagement do not commonly require explicit stochasticaccounts of uncertainty and risk associated with thequantification and prediction of waterborne pollutant loadsand abatement effects. In this study, we formulate andinvestigate a possible environmental policy that does requirean explicit stochastic uncertainty account. We compareboth the environmental and economic resource allocationperformance of such an uncertainty-accounting environmentalpolicy with that of deterministic, risk-prone and riskaverseenvironmental policies under a range of differenthypothetical, yet still possible, scenarios. The comparisonindicates that a stochastic uncertainty-accountingpolicy may perform better than deterministic policies overa range of different scenarios. Even in the absence ofreliable site-specific data, reported literature values appearto be useful for such a stochastic account of uncertainty.
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5.
  • Sonesten, Lars (author)
  • Miljöövervakningen av Sveriges sjöar och vattendrag : Representativiteten av den kontrollerande miljöövervakningen
  • 2013
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Samtliga ytvattenkategorier inom ett vattendistrikt ska omfattas av övervakningsprogram inklusive övervakningsnät för kontrollerande övervakning som upprättas enligt kap. 7 VFF. En översyn av hur representativt Sveriges kontrollerade övervakningsnät är har tidigare inte kunnat utföras på grund av omfattande kvalitetsbrister i länsstyrelserna och vattenmyndigheternas datasystem VISS (VattenInformationsSystem Sverige). Kvaliteten på informationen i VISS har under senare år genomgått en omfattande kvalitetssäkring, vilket har gett förutsättningarna för att nu kunna genomföra den sammanställning och översyn över den svenska miljöövervakningen av sjöar och vattendrag. Denna översyn har varit starkt önskad under flera år, då det finns ett stort behov av att se över och analysera hur ett representativt samordnat kontrollerande övervakningsprogram skulle kunna se ut. Översynen sker mot bakgrund av den samlade vatten övervakning som bedrivs i Sverige, bland annat för att optimera befintlig övervakning och att kunna förstärka den där brister har identifierats. Arbetet är också viktigt för att säkerställa att kommande rapporteringar såväl internationellt som nationellt blir så bra som möjligt.Uppdraget för projektet Representativ kontrollerande miljöövervakning (RepKöp) syftar till att ta fram ett förslag på hur ett representativt kontrollerande övervakningsprogram med avseende på (vattentyper), kvalitetsfaktorer och statusklasser bör se ut på nationell­ och distriktsnivå i Sverige. Förslaget tas fram mot bakgrund av den samlade vattenövervakningen som bedrivs i Sverige idag och mot bakgrund av vad behövs för att uppfylla vattendirektivets krav på kontrollerande övervakning av vattenförekomster.Resultaten från översynen är tänkta att dels fungera som underlag för att underlätta Havs­ och vattenmyndighetens och Vattenmyndigheternas arbete inför rapporteringen 2012, men framför allt ska projektet ge underlag för att ta fram optimerade övervakningsprogram för sjöar och vattendrag till en långsiktig plan med en första anhalt 2016. För att RepKÖP ska få praktisk betydelse i övervakningsSverige skall projektet resultera i ett underlag för framtida revision av befintliga övervakningsprogram för respektive distrikt.Arbetet inom RepKöp är uppdelat i flera delar, vilka tillsammans ska fungera som vägledning till:• Vattenförvaltningens arbete med kontrollerande övervakning• Upplägg av nationell och regional miljöövervakningMålgruppen för arbetet är i första hand:• Vattenmyndigheter• Länsstyrelserna• Naturvårdsverket• Havs­ och vattenmyndigheten• Datavärdar och utförare av miljöövervakningFöreliggande rapport är en sammanställning och analys av miljöövervakningen av svenska sjöar och vattendrag så som de beskrevs i VISS vid datauttaget för sjöar i oktober 2011 och vattendrag i maj 2012. Sammanställningen av informationen från VISS har initierat en hel del korrigeringar i systemet, men tyvärr har det inte av praktiska skäl varit möjligt att ta hänsyn till dessa i arbetet. Man skall vara medveten om att VISS är en levande databas som ständigt uppdateras och korrigeras, vilket gör att endast en ”ögonblicksbild” kan analyseras. Detta gör att när analysen är färdig har verkligheten med stor sannolikhet redan till viss del hunnit förändrats.
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6.
  • Omstedt, Anders, 1949 (author)
  • The Development of Climate Science of the Baltic Sea Region
  • 2017
  • In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science. - : Oxford University Press.
  • Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Dramatic climate changes have occurred in the Baltic Sea region caused by changes in orbital movement in the earth–sun system and the melting of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet. Added to these longer-term changes, changes have occurred at all timescales, caused mainly by variations in large-scale atmospheric pressure systems due to competition between the meandering midlatitude low-pressure systems and highpressure systems. Here we follow the development of climate science of the Baltic Sea from when observations began in the 18th century to the early 21st century. The question of why the water level is sinking around the Baltic Sea coasts could not be answered until the ideas of postglacial uplift and the thermal history of the earth were better understood in the 19th century and periodic behavior in climate related time series attracted scientific interest. Herring and sardine fishing successes and failures have led to investigations of fishery and climate change and to the realization that fisheries themselves have strongly negative effects on the marine environment, calling for international assessment efforts. Scientists later introduced the concept of regime shifts when interpreting their data, attributing these to various causes. The increasing amount of anoxic deep water in the Baltic Sea and eutrophication have prompted debate about what is natural and what is anthropogenic, and the scientific outcome of these debates now forms the basis of international management efforts to reduce nutrient leakage from land. The observed increase in atmospheric CO and its effects on global warming have focused the climate debate on trends and generated a series of international and regional assessments and research programs that have greatly improved our understanding of climate and environmental changes, bolstering the efforts of earth system science, in which both climate and environmental factors are analyzed together.
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7.
  • Teutschbein, Claudia, 1985-, et al. (author)
  • Future Riverine Inorganic Nitrogen Load to the Baltic Sea From Sweden : An Ensemble Approach to Assessing Climate Change Effects
  • 2017
  • In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0886-6236 .- 1944-9224. ; 31:11, s. 1674-1701
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The dramatic increase of bioreactive nitrogen entering the Earth’s ecosystems continues toattract growing attention. Increasingly large quantities of inorganic nitrogen are flushed from land towater, accelerating freshwater, and marine eutrophication. Multiple, interacting, and potentiallycountervailing drivers control the future hydrologic export of inorganic nitrogen. In this paper, we attempt toresolve these land-water interactions across boreal/hemiboreal Sweden in the face of a changing climatewith help of a versatile modeling framework to maximize the information value of existing measurementtime series. We combined 6,962 spatially distributed water chemistry observations spread over 31 years withdaily streamflow and air temperature records. An ensemble of climate model projections, hydrologicalsimulations, and several parameter parsimonious regression models was employed to project future riverineinorganic nitrogen dynamics across Sweden. The median predicted increase in total inorganic nitrogenexport from Sweden (2061–2090) due to climate change was 14% (interquartile range 0–29%), based on theensemble of 7,500 different predictions for each study site. The overall export as well as the seasonal patternof inorganic nitrogen loads in a future climate are mostly influenced by longer growing seasons and morewinter flow, which offset the expected decline in spring flood. The predicted increase in inorganic nitrogenloading due to climate change means that the political efforts for reducing anthropogenic nitrogen inputsneed to be increased if ambitions for reducing the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea are to be achieved.
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8.
  • Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al. (author)
  • Scientific Models : Red Atoms, White Lies and Black Boxes in a Yellow Book
  • 2016
  • Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
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9.
  • Gerlee, Philip, 1980, et al. (author)
  • Scientific Models
  • 2016
  • Book (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.
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10.
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11.
  • Brandt, S. Anders, 1970-, et al. (author)
  • 3D geovisualization as a communication and analysis tool in fluvial geomorphology
  • 2004
  • In: Geoinformatics 2004. - Gävle : Gävle University Press. - 919749481X ; , s. 339-346
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The fields of hydrology and fluvial geomorphology get more and more attention in the general public. The reason for this is changed climate patterns with increased frequencies of storms and river flooding and as a result changed geomorphology and living conditions for the inhabitants of the area. With the development of 3D geovisualization, hydrological and geomorphological processes can be better simulated and visualized. Thus not only the domain specialists, but also the general public can appreciate very complex hydrological processes and resulting geomorphology. This is of great value since a high frequency of storms and flooding has been a big issue for politicians, planners, and the general public. It is in this sense that 3D geovisualization can be an important tool for analysis and communication. Complex hydrological and geomorphological processes can be effectively simulated and analyzed by the domain specialists while efficient and effective visualization provides a common platform for communication among domain specialists and the general public. This paper will discuss and illustrate these issues using a case study of geomorphology along the Reventazón River, downstream from the Cachí Reservoir in Costa Rica, due to the release of extreme amounts of sediment during flushing of the reservoir.
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12.
  • Brandt, S. Anders, 1970- (author)
  • Conceptualization of hydraulic and sedimentary processes in downstream reaches during flushing of reservoirs
  • 2005
  • In: Proceedings of the XXXI IAHR Congress [Elektronisk resurs]. - Seoul : Korea Water Resources Association. - 8987898237 ; , s. 2577-2588
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The main focus of this paper is to describe the active hydraulic and sedimentary processes in downstream river reaches during flushing of sediments from reservoirs. During flushing extreme amounts of sediment may be released. Therefore, these processes are different than those downstream from dams and reservoirs not subjected to flushing. Hence, also the effects differ, which knowledge of may be of value for biologists, etc. During flushing of a reservoir a wave will be released to the downstream reaches. This wave can be divided into one water part and one sediment part. Initially they are in phase with each other, but with increased distance downstream from the dam, the transported sediment lags behind the water due to different traveling velocities. The paper treats when and where sedimentation occurs, and how this is related to the different traveling velocities of water and sediment. Also included are discussions on how the downstream effects during flushing differ from non-flushing effects, how visualization of effects can enhance both the analysis and communication with planners, politicians, etc., as well as discussions on how the studies of these effects can benefit from improved field-work methods.
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13.
  • Björk, Mats, 1960-, et al. (author)
  • Methane emissions from macrophyte beach wrack on Baltic seashores
  • 2023
  • In: Ambio. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 52:1, s. 171-181
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Beach wrack of marine macrophytes is a natural component of many beaches. To test if such wrack emits the potent greenhouse gas methane, field measurements were made at different seasons on beach wrack depositions of different ages, exposure, and distance from the water. Methane emissions varied greatly, from 0 to 176 mg CH4-C m−2 day−1, with a clear positive correlation between emission and temperature. Dry wrack had lower emissions than wet. Using temperature data from 2016 to 2020, seasonal changes in fluxes were calculated for a natural wrack accumulation area. Such calculated average emissions were close to zero during winter, but peaked in summer, with very high emissions when daily temperatures exceeded 20 °C. We conclude that waterlogged beach wrack significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and that emissions might drastically increase with increasing global temperatures. When beach wrack is collected into heaps away from the water, the emissions are however close to zero.
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14.
  • Hassellöv, Ida-Maja, 1974, et al. (author)
  • Miljörisker sjunkna vrak II. Undersökningsmetoder och miljöaspekter
  • 2015
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • During 2015 the Swedish Maritime Administration continued the second phase of thegovernmental task Environmental risks from sunken wrecks which first report was finalized2014-10-31 (Dnr: 1399-14-01942-6).The main conclusions from the 2014 report remain; for future handling of potentially pollutingshipwrecks it is recommended that the Swedish Agency for Water and Marine Management isgiven a coordinating responsibility in close cooperation with other competent nationalauthorities, such as Swedish Maritime Administration, Swedish Coastguard, Swedish NationalMaritime Museums, the Geological Survey of Sweden, SMHI, Swedish EPA, and SwedishCivil Contingencies Agency. Through coordination of wreck related operations and activitieswithin the concerned competent authorities’ ordinary areas of responsibility, resourceefficiency is improved. The estimated extra cost for implementation of a national strategy forhandling of the wrecks are estimated to be 10-15 MSEK which should be allocated to thecompetent authorities by the Swedish Agency for Water and Marine Management.The conclusions from 2014 was reinforced during 2015, e.g. through the validation of the riskassessment model VRAKA, which is now available in a first operative version. Additionalecotoxicological experiments on the development of tolerance against PAHs in meiofauna andmicroorganism communities were conducted in a field study in Brofjorden. The mainconclusions from this work is that comprehensive analyzes of PAHs should include alkylatedPAHs, and that exposure to PAHs over time can lead to tolerance development in ammoniumoxidizing bacteria, at the expense of their ability to perform the essential ecosystem servicenitrification.Continued measurements of the bottom currents were made at the wrecks Villon and Skytteren,and at the dumping area west of Måseskär. Measurement series yielded important informationon how measuring equipment at the wreck can be deployed in an optimized way in futuremonitoring program; to calculate the possible spreading of pollution from a wreck, currentmeasurements should be performed upstream from the wreck site, while sensors for thedetection of, for example, oil should be put into the turbulence downstream of the wreck.The current measurement instruments (RDCP) deployed at the Måseskär dump site was trawledup after only three weeks of measurements, but still gave valuable information on the extensivebottom trawling that resuspend (stir up) sediments. Earlier geochemical surveys have shownsignificantly elevated arsenic concentrations in the area and sediment resuspension greatlyincreased the risk for spread of any contaminants in the area. Trawling is not prohibited in thearea, and the current lack of knowledge regarding potential effects on human health whenconsuming seafood from dump areas calls for reflection upon the suitability of trawling in thearea.In addition to the current measurements Swedish Maritime Administration and the SwedishNavy conducted hydrographic survey with multibeam and side scan sonar and ROVinvestigation of the wrecks in the dumping area at Måseskär. 28 wrecks were found, and ROVinvestigation showed cargo holds with dumped torpedoes or mines and other containers in some SjöfartsverketDnr: 1399-14-01942-156of the wrecks. There is some discrepancy between the previously measured elevated arsenicconcentrations in the Måseskär area and recently presented data from historical archives thatdoes not support the theory that chemical weapons were dumped in the area. However, there isa very good correlation between the dominant current direction in the area, and the highestmeasured arsenic concentrations in the area downstream of the wrecks, suggesting some formof arsenic source in the area.
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15.
  • Stenfors, Elin, et al. (author)
  • Droughts in forested ecoregions in cold and continental climates : A review of vulnerability concepts and factors in socio-hydrological systems
  • 2023
  • In: WIREs Water. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2049-1948.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In a changing climate, drought risk and vulnerability assessments are becoming increasingly important. Following the global call for proactive drought risk management, drought vulnerability assessments are progressively taking their stage in the drought research community. As the manifestation of drought vulnerability is dependent on the social, ecological, and hydroclimatic context in which it occurs, identifying vulnerability factors relevant for specific climatological and ecological regions may improve the quality of vulnerability assessments. Meanwhile, a holistic overview of factors affecting vulnerability in polar and cold climates is currently lacking. These regions are home to large socio-hydrological systems including urban areas, energy systems, agricultural practices, and the boreal forest. By conducting an interdisciplinary systematic literature review, the manifestation and conceptualization of drought vulnerability were identified for forested ecoregions in the Köppen–Geiger D and E climates. Vulnerability factors, as described by several scientific disciplines, were identified and combined into a conceptual framework for drought vulnerability in the study region. The results demonstrate the wide range of conceptualizations that exist for assessing drought vulnerability, and the thematic differences between sectors such as forestry, water supply, and agriculture. The conceptual framework presented herein adopts a novel approach, categorizing vulnerability factors by their location in a socio-hydrological system, and their relation to blue or green water sources. This allowed for identification of systemic vulnerability patterns, providing new insights into regional differences in drought vulnerability and a base for stakeholders performing proactive drought risk assessments in the study region.
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16.
  • Wurzbacher, Christian, 1980, et al. (author)
  • Poorly known microbial taxa dominate the microbiome of permafrost thaw ponds.
  • 2017
  • In: The ISME journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1751-7370 .- 1751-7362. ; 11:8, s. 1938-1941
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In the transition zone of the shifting permafrost border, thaw ponds emerge as hotspots of microbial activity, processing the ancient carbon freed from the permafrost. We analyzed the microbial succession across a gradient of recently emerged to older ponds using three molecular markers: one universal, one bacterial and one fungal. Age was a major modulator of the microbial community of the thaw ponds. Surprisingly, typical freshwater taxa comprised only a small fraction of the community. Instead, thaw ponds of all age classes were dominated by enigmatic bacterial and fungal phyla. Our results on permafrost thaw ponds lead to a revised perception of the thaw pond ecosystem and their microbes, with potential implications for carbon and nutrient cycling in this increasingly important class of freshwaters.
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17.
  • Nilsson, R. Henrik, 1976, et al. (author)
  • Mycobiome diversity: high-throughput sequencing and identification of fungi.
  • 2019
  • In: Nature reviews. Microbiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1740-1534 .- 1740-1526. ; 17, s. 95-109
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fungi are major ecological players in both terrestrial and aquatic environments by cycling organic matter and channelling nutrients across trophic levels. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) studies of fungal communities are redrawing the map of the fungal kingdom by hinting at its enormous - and largely uncharted - taxonomic and functional diversity. However, HTS approaches come with a range of pitfalls and potential biases, cautioning against unwary application and interpretation of HTS technologies and results. In this Review, we provide an overview and practical recommendations for aspects of HTS studies ranging from sampling and laboratory practices to data processing and analysis. We also discuss upcoming trends and techniques in the field and summarize recent and noteworthy results from HTS studies targeting fungal communities and guilds. Our Review highlights the need for reproducibility and public data availability in the study of fungal communities. If the associated challenges and conceptual barriers are overcome, HTS offers immense possibilities in mycology and elsewhere.
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18.
  • Oni, Stephen, et al. (author)
  • Local- and landscape-scale impacts of clear-cuts and climate change on surface water dissolved organic carbon in boreal forests
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 120:11, s. 2402-2426
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Forest harvesting and climate change may significantly increase concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in boreal surface waters. However, the likely magnitude of any effect will vary depending on the landscape-element type and spatial scale. We used a chain of hydrological, empirical, and process-based biogeochemical models coupled to an ensemble of downscaled Regional Climate Model experiments to develop scenario storylines for local- and landscape-scale effects of forest harvesting and climate change on surface water DOC concentrations and fluxes. Local-scale runoff, soil temperature, and DOC dynamics were simulated for a range of forest and wetland landscape-element types and at the larger landscape scale. The results indicated that climate change will likely lead to greater winter flows and earlier, smaller spring peaks. Both forest harvesting and climate change scenarios resulted in large increases in summer and autumn runoff and higher DOC fluxes. Forest harvesting effects were clearly apparent at local scales. While at the landscape scale, approximately 1 mg L−1 (or 10%) of the DOC in surface waters can be attributed to clear-cuts, both climate change and intensified forestry can each increase DOC concentrations by another 1 mg L−1 in the future, which is less than that seen in many waterbodies recovering from acidification. These effects of forestry and climate change on surface water DOC concentrations are additive at a landscape scale but not at the local scale, where a range of landscape-element specific responses were observed.
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19.
  • Barthel, Roland, 1967, et al. (author)
  • Similarity-based approaches in hydrogeology: proposal of a new concept for data-scarce groundwater resource characterization and prediction
  • 2021
  • In: Hydrogeology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-0157 .- 1431-2174. ; 29:5, s. 1693-1709
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A new concept is proposed for describing, analysing and predicting the dynamic behaviour of groundwater resources based on classification and similarity. The concept makes use of the ideas put forward by the “PUB” (predictions in ungauged basins) initiative in surface-water hydrology. One of the approaches developed in PUB uses the principle that similar catchments, exposed to similar weather conditions, will generate a similar discharge response at the catchment outlet. This way, models developed for well-observed catchments can be used to make predictions for ungauged catchments with similar properties (topography, land use, etc.). The concept proposed here applies the same idea to groundwater systems, with the goal to make predictions of the dynamic behaviour of groundwater in poorly observed systems using similarities to well-observed and understood systems. This paper gives an overview of the main ideas, the methodological background, the progress so far, and the challenges that the authors regard as most crucial for further development. One of the main goals of this article is thus to raise interest for this new concept within the groundwater community. There are a multitude of highly interesting aspects to investigate, and a community effort, as with PUB, is required. A second goal is to foster and exchange ideas between the groundwater and surface water research communities who, while often working on similar problems, have often missed the opportunity to learn from each other.
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20.
  • Aldenhoff, Wiebke, 1985, et al. (author)
  • Comparison of ice/water classification in Fram Strait from C- and L-band SAR imagery
  • 2018
  • In: Annals of Glaciology. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0260-3055 .- 1727-5644. ; 59:76pt2, s. 112-123
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this paper an algorithm for ice/water classification of C- and L-band dual polarization synthetic aperture radar data is presented. A comparison of the two different frequencies is made in order to investigate the potential to improve classification results with multi-frequency data. The algorithm is based on backscatter intensities in co- and cross-polarization and autocorrelation as a texture feature. The mapping between image features and ice/water classification is made with a neural network. Accurate ice/water maps for both frequencies are produced by the algorithm and the results of two frequencies generally agree very well. Differences are found in the marginal ice zone, where the time difference between acquisitions causes motion of the ice pack. C-band reliably reproduces the outline of the ice edge, while L-band has its strengths for thin ice/calm water areas within the icepack. The classification shows good agreement with ice/water maps derived from met.no ice-charts and radiometer data from AMSR-2. Variations are found in the marginal ice zone where the generalization of the ice charts and lower accuracy of ice concentration from radiometer data introduce deviations. Usage of high-resolution dual frequency data could be beneficial for improving ice cover information for navigation and modelling.
  •  
21.
  • Ledesma, Jose, et al. (author)
  • Boreal forest riparian zones regulate stream sulfate and dissolved organic carbon
  • 2016
  • In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 560-561, s. 110-122
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In boreal forest catchments, solute transfer to streams is controlled by hydrological and biogeochemical processes occurring in the riparian zone (RZ). However, RZs are spatially heterogeneous and information about solute chemistry is typically limited. This is problematic when making inferences about stream chemistry. Hypothetically, the strength of links between riparian and stream chemistry is time-scale dependent. Using a ten-year (2003-2012) dataset from a northern Swedish catchment, we evaluated the suitability of RZ data to infer stream dynamics at different time scales. We focus on the role of the RZ versus upslope soils in controlling sulfate (SO42-) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). A priori, declines in acid deposition and redox-mediated SO42- pulses control sulfur (S) fluxes and pool dynamics, which in turn affect dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We found that the catchment is currently a net source of S, presumably due to release of the S pool accumulated during the acidification period. In both, RZ and stream, SO42- concentrations are declining over time, whereas DOC is increasing. No temporal trends in SO42- and DOC were observed in upslope mineral soils. SO42- explained the variation of DOC in stream and RZ, but not in upslope mineral soil. Moreover, as SO42- decreased with time, temporal variability of DOC increased. These observations indicate that: (1) SO42- is still an important driver of DOC trends in boreal catchments and (2) RZ processes control stream SO42- and subsequently DOC independently of upslope soils. These phenomena are likely occurring in many regions recovering from acidification. Because water flows through a heterogeneous mosaic of RZs before entering the stream, upscaling information from limited RZ data to the catchment level is problematic at short-time scales. However, for long-term trends and annual dynamics, the same data can provide reasonable representations of riparian processes and support meaningful inferences about stream chemistry. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
  •  
22.
  • Oni, Stephen, et al. (author)
  • Using dry and wet year hydroclimatic extremes to guide future hydrologic projections
  • 2016
  • In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1027-5606 .- 1607-7938. ; 20, s. 2811-2825
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • There are growing numbers of studies on climate change impacts on forest hydrology, but limited attempts have been made to use current hydroclimatic variabilities to constrain projections of future climatic conditions. Here we used historical wet and dry years as a proxy for expected future extreme conditions in a boreal catchment. We showed that runoff could be underestimated by at least 35% when dry year parameterizations were used for wet year conditions. Uncertainty analysis showed that behavioural parameter sets from wet and dry years separated mainly on precipitation-related parameters and to a lesser extent on parameters related to landscape processes, while uncertainties inherent in climate models (as opposed to differences in calibration or performance metrics) appeared to drive the overall uncertainty in runoff projections under dry and wet hydroclimatic conditions. Hydrologic model calibration for climate impact studies could be based on years that closely approximate anticipated conditions to better constrain uncertainty in projecting extreme conditions in boreal and temperate regions.
  •  
23.
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24.
  • Thompson, Luke R., et al. (author)
  • A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity
  • 2017
  • In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 551:7681, s. 457-463
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • © 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. Our growing awareness of the microbial world's importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth's microbial diversity.
  •  
25.
  • Zilius, Mindaugas, et al. (author)
  • Spatiotemporal patterns of N2 fixation in coastal waters derived from rate measurements and remote sensing
  • 2021
  • In: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 18, s. 1857-1871
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Coastal lagoons are important sites for nitrogen (N) removal via sediment burial and denitrification. Blooms of heterocystous cyanobacteria may diminish N retention as dinitrogen (N2) fixation offsets atmospheric losses via denitrification. We measured N2 fixation in the Curonian Lagoon, Europe's largest coastal lagoon, to better understand the factors controlling N2 fixation in the context of seasonal changes in phytoplankton community composition and external N inputs. Temporal patterns in N2 fixation were primarily determined by the abundance of heterocystous cyanobacteria, mainly Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, which became abundant after the decline in riverine nitrate inputs associated with snowmelt. Heterocystous cyanobacteria dominated the summer phytoplankton community resulting in strong correlations between chlorophyll a (Chl a) and N2 fixation. We used regression models relating N2 fixation to Chl a, along with remote-sensing-based estimates of Chl a to derive lagoon-scale estimates of N2 fixation. N2 fixation by pelagic cyanobacteria was found to be a significant component of the lagoon's N budget based on comparisons to previously derived fluxes associated with riverine inputs, sediment-water exchange, and losses via denitrification. To our knowledge, this is the first study to derive ecosystem-scale estimates of N2 fixation by combining remote sensing of Chl a with empirical models relating N2 fixation rates to Chl a.
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26.
  • Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., et al. (author)
  • Towards critical white ice conditions in lakes under global warming.
  • 2022
  • In: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The quality of lake ice is of uppermost importance for ice safety and under-ice ecology, but its temporal and spatial variability is largely unknown. Here we conducted a coordinated lake ice quality sampling campaign across the Northern Hemisphere during one of the warmest winters since 1880 and show that lake ice during 2020/2021 commonly consisted of unstable white ice, at times contributing up to 100% to the total ice thickness. We observed that white ice increased over the winter season, becoming thickest and constituting the largest proportion of the ice layer towards the end of the ice cover season when fatal winter drownings occur most often and light limits the growth and reproduction of primary producers. We attribute the dominance of white ice before ice-off to air temperatures varying around the freezing point, a condition which occurs more frequently during warmer winters. Thus, under continued global warming, the prevalence of white ice is likely to substantially increase during the critical period before ice-off, for which we adjusted commonly used equations for human ice safety and light transmittance through ice.
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27.
  • Broman, Elias, 1985-, et al. (author)
  • Biotic interactions between benthic infauna and aerobic methanotrophs mediate methane fluxes from coastal sediments
  • 2024
  • In: The ISME journal. - 1751-7370 .- 1751-7362. ; 18:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Coastal ecosystems dominate oceanic methane (CH4) emissions. However, there is limited knowledge about how biotic interactions between infauna and aerobic methanotrophs (i.e. CH4 oxidizing bacteria) drive the spatial-temporal dynamics of these emissions. Here, we investigated the role of meio- and macrofauna in mediating CH4 sediment-water fluxes and aerobic methanotrophic activity that can oxidize significant portions of CH4. We show that macrofauna increases CH4 fluxes by enhancing vertical solute transport through bioturbation, but this effect is somewhat offset by high meiofauna abundance. The increase in CH4 flux reduces CH4 pore-water availability, resulting in lower abundance and activity of aerobic methanotrophs, an effect that counterbalances the potential stimulation of these bacteria by higher oxygen flux to the sediment via bioturbation. These findings indicate that a larger than previously thought portion of CH4 emissions from coastal ecosystems is due to faunal activity and multiple complex interactions with methanotrophs.
  •  
28.
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29.
  • Bonaglia, Stefano, et al. (author)
  • The fate of fixed nitrogen in marine sediments with low organic loading : an in situ study
  • 2017
  • In: Biogeosciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 14:2, s. 285-300
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Over the last decades, the impact of human activities on the global nitrogen (N) cycle has drastically increased. Consequently, benthic N cycling has mainly been studied in anthropogenically impacted estuaries and coasts, while in oligotrophic systems its understanding is still scarce. Here we report on benthic solute fluxes and on rates of denitrification, anammox, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) studied by in situ incubations with benthic chamber landers during two cruises to the Gulf of Bothnia (GOB), a cold, oligotrophic basin located in the northern part of the Baltic Sea. Rates of N burial were also inferred to investigate the fate of fixed N in these sediments. Most of the total dissolved fixed nitrogen (TDN) diffusing to the water column was composed of organic N. Average rates of dinitrogen (N-2) production by denitrification and anammox (range: 53-360 mu mol Nm(-2) day(-1)) were comparable to those from Arctic and subarctic sediments worldwide (range: 34-344 mu mol Nm(-2) day(-1)). Anammox accounted for 18-26% of the total N2 production. Absence of free hydrogen sulfide and low concentrations of dissolved iron in sediment pore water suggested that denitrification and DNRA were driven by organic matter oxidation rather than chemolithotrophy. DNRA was as important as denitrification at a shallow, coastal station situated in the northern Bothnian Bay. At this pristine and fully oxygenated site, ammonium regeneration through DNRA contributed more than one-third to the TDN efflux and accounted, on average, for 45% of total nitrate reduction. At the offshore stations, the proportion of DNRA in relation to denitrification was lower (0-16% of total nitrate reduction). Median value and range of benthic DNRA rates from the GOB were comparable to those from the southern and central eutrophic Baltic Sea and other temperate estuaries and coasts in Europe. Therefore, our results contrast with the view that DNRA is negligible in cold and well-oxygenated sediments with low organic carbon loading. However, the mechanisms behind the variability in DNRA rates between our sites were not resolved. The GOB sediments were a major source (237 kt yr(-1), which corresponds to 184% of the external N load) of fixed N to the water column through recycling mechanisms. To our knowledge, our study is the first to document the simultaneous contribution of denitrification, DNRA, anammox, and TDN recycling combined with in situ measurements.
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30.
  • Löfgren, Stefan, et al. (author)
  • Water chemistry in 179 randomly selected Swedish headwaterstreams related to forest production, clear-felling and climate
  • 2014
  • In: Environmental Monitoring & Assessment. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 0167-6369 .- 1573-2959. ; 186:12, s. 8907-8928
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • From a policy perspective, it is important to understand forestry effects on surface waters from a landscape perspective. The EU Water Framework Directive demands remedial actions if not achieving good ecological status. In Sweden, 44 % of the surface water bodies have moderate ecological status or worse. Many of these drain catchments with a mosaic of managed forests. It is important for the forestry sector and water authorities to be able to identify where, in the forested landscape, special precautions are necessary. The aim of this study was to quantify the relations between forestry parameters and headwater stream concentrations of nutrients, organic matter and acid-base chemistry. The results are put into the context of regional climate, sulphur and nitrogen deposition, as well as marine influences. Water chemistry was measured in 179 randomly selected headwater streams from two regions in southwest and central Sweden, corresponding to 10 % of the Swedish land area. Forest status was determined from satellite images and Swedish National Forest Inventory data using the probabilistic classifier method, which was used to model stream water chemistry with Bayesian model averaging. The results indicate that concentrations of e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus and organic matter are related to factors associated with forest production but that it is not forestry per se that causes the excess losses. Instead, factors simultaneously affecting forest production and stream water chemistry, such as climate, extensive soil pools and nitrogen deposition, are the most likely candidates The relationships with clear-felled and wetland areas are likely to be direct effects.
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31.
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32.
  • Poyatos, R., et al. (author)
  • Global transpiration data from sap flow measurements: the SAPFLUXNET database
  • 2021
  • In: Earth System Science Data. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1866-3508 .- 1866-3516. ; 13:6, s. 2607-2649
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Plant transpiration links physiological responses of vegetation to water supply and demand with hydrological, energy, and carbon budgets at the land-atmosphere interface. However, despite being the main land evaporative flux at the global scale, transpiration and its response to environmental drivers are currently not well constrained by observations. Here we introduce the first global compilation of whole-plant transpiration data from sap flow measurements (SAPFLUXNET, https://sapfluxnet.creaf.cat/, last access: 8 June 2021). We harmonized and quality-controlled individual datasets supplied by contributors worldwide in a semi-automatic data workflow implemented in the R programming language. Datasets include sub-daily time series of sap flow and hydrometeorological drivers for one or more growing seasons, as well as metadata on the stand characteristics, plant attributes, and technical details of the measurements. SAPFLUXNET contains 202 globally distributed datasets with sap flow time series for 2714 plants, mostly trees, of 174 species. SAPFLUXNET has a broad bioclimatic coverage, with woodland/shrubland and temperate forest biomes especially well represented (80 % of the datasets). The measurements cover a wide variety of stand structural characteristics and plant sizes. The datasets encompass the period between 1995 and 2018, with 50 % of the datasets being at least 3 years long. Accompanying radiation and vapour pressure deficit data are available for most of the datasets, while on-site soil water content is available for 56 % of the datasets. Many datasets contain data for species that make up 90 % or more of the total stand basal area, allowing the estimation of stand transpiration in diverse ecological settings. SAPFLUXNET adds to existing plant trait datasets, ecosystem flux networks, and remote sensing products to help increase our understanding of plant water use, plant responses to drought, and ecohydrological processes. SAPFLUXNET version 0.1.5 is freely available from the Zenodo repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3971689; Poyatos et al., 2020a). The "sapfluxnetr" R package - designed to access, visualize, and process SAPFLUXNET data - is available from CRAN.
  •  
33.
  • Soerensen, Anne L., et al. (author)
  • Deciphering the Role of Water Column Redoxclines on Methylmercury Cycling Using Speciation Modeling and Observations From the Baltic Sea
  • 2018
  • In: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0886-6236 .- 1944-9224. ; 32:10, s. 1498-1513
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Oxygen-depleted areas are spreading in coastal and offshore waters worldwide, but the implication for production and bioaccumulation of neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) is uncertain. We combined observations from six cruises in the Baltic Sea with speciation modeling and incubation experiments to gain insights into mercury (Hg) dynamics in oxygen depleted systems. We then developed a conceptual model describing the main drivers of Hg speciation, fluxes, and transformations in water columns with steep redox gradients. MeHg concentrations were 2-6 and 30-55 times higher in hypoxic and anoxic than in normoxic water, respectively, while only 1-3 and 1-2 times higher for total Hg (THg). We systematically detected divalent inorganic Hg (Hg-II) methylation in anoxic water but rarely in other waters. In anoxic water, high concentrations of dissolved sulfide cause formation of dissolved species of Hg-II: HgS2H(aq)- and Hg (SH)(2)(0)((aq)). This prolongs the lifetime and increases the reservoir of Hg-II readily available for methylation, driving the high MeHg concentrations in anoxic zones. In the hypoxic zone and at the hypoxic-anoxic interface, Hg concentrations, partitioning, and speciation are all highly dynamic due to processes linked to the iron and sulfur cycles. This causes a large variability in bioavailability of Hg, and thereby MeHg concentrations, in these zones. We find that zooplankton in the summertime are exposed to 2-6 times higher MeHg concentrations in hypoxic than in normoxic water. The current spread of hypoxic zones in coastal systems worldwide could thus cause an increase in the MeHg exposure of food webs.
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34.
  • Staal, Arie, et al. (author)
  • Global terrestrial moisture recycling in Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • The global water cycle has undergone considerable changes since pre-industrial times due to global climate change and land-use changes. These drivers will almost certainly continue to change during the course of this century. However, where, how, and to which extent terrestrial moisture recycling will change as a result remains unclear.Mutually consistent scenarios of climate change and land-use changes for the 21st century are provided by the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). The SSPs provide a framework of five different narratives involving varying degrees of challenges associated with mitigation or adaptation. From each narrative follow different implications for emissions, energy, and land use. The SSPs serve as the conceptual framework behind the sixth generation of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP6.Terrestrial moisture recycling is often assessed using atmospheric moisture tracking models. An example is UTrack, a Lagrangian model to track moisture through three-dimensional space. Here we present a new forward-tracking version of UTrack that is forced by output of a CMIP6 model to study how terrestrial moisture recycling may change across the globe until the end of the  21st century in a range of SSPs, from mild to severe: SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5. For this forcing, we chose the Norwegian Earth System Model version 2, or NorESM2. It has a temporal resolution of one day and a spatial resolution of 1.25° × 0.9375° at eight pressure levels.We find that across the 21st century, the global terrestrial moisture recycling ratio decreases with the severity of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). We calculate a decrease in global terrestrial precipitation recycling by 2.1% with every degree of global warming. Because the SSPs represent internally consistent scenarios of both global warming and global land cover changes, it is hard to distinguish the relative contributions of these two, but the evidence points at a major influence of global warming on moisture recycling.We find spatial differences in trends in recycling ratios, but which are broadly consistent among SSPs. If a change in precipitation (either drying or wetting) coincides with an increase in terrestrial precipitation recycling ratio, we call it land-dominated. We call the change in precipitation ocean-dominated if it coincides with a decrease in terrestrial precipitation recycling ratio. Land dominance tends to occur in regions with already large terrestrial precipitation recycling ratios, mainly interior South America (land-dominated drying) and eastern Asia (land-dominated wetting). Land-dominated drying may also happen in eastern Europe, in central America and in subtropical sub-Saharan Africa. Ocean-dominance, mainly in the form of wetting, is found primarily in the high northern latitudes and in central Africa.We also simulated the changes in basin recycling for the 27 major river basins of the world, confirming the overall tendency of decreasing recycling with severity of the SSP, as well as its spatial variations.
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35.
  • Alvarez, Belinda, et al. (author)
  • Assessing the potential of sponges (Porifera) as indicators of ocean dissolved Si concentrations
  • 2017
  • In: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We explore the distribution of sponges along dissolved silica (dSi) concentration gradients to test whether sponge assemblages are related to dSi and to assess the validity of fossil sponges as a palaeoecological tool for inferring dSi concentrations of the past oceans. We extracted sponge records from the publically available Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) database and linked these records with ocean physiochemical data to evaluate if there is any correspondence between dSi concentrations of the waters sponges inhabit and their distribution. Over 320,000 records of Porifera were available, of which 62,360 met strict quality control criteria. Our analyses was limited to the taxonomic levels of family, order and class. Because dSi concentration is correlated with depth in the modern ocean, we also explored sponge taxa distributions as a function of depth. We observe that while some sponge taxa appear to have dSi preferences (e.g., class Hexactinellida occurs mostly at high dSi), the overall distribution of sponge orders and families along dSi gradients is not sufficiently differentiated to unambiguously relate dSi concentrations to sponge taxa assemblages. We also observe that sponge taxa tend to be similarly distributed along a depth gradient. In other words, both dSi and/or another variable that depth is a surrogate for, may play a role in controlling sponge spatial distribution and the challenge is to distinguish between the two. We conclude that inferences about palaeo-dSi concentrations drawn from the abundance of sponges in the stratigraphic records must be treated cautiously as these animals are adapted to a great range of dSi conditions and likely other underlying variables that are related to depth. Our analysis provides a quantification of the dSi ranges of common sponge taxa, expands on previous knowledge related to their bathymetry preferences and suggest that sponge taxa assemblages are not related to particular dSi conditions.
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36.
  • Barrientos, Natalia, 1985- (author)
  • Arctic Ocean benthic foraminifera preservation and Mg/Ca ratios : Implications for bottom water palaeothermometry
  • 2018
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Reconstructions of Arctic Ocean palaeotemperatures are needed to disentangle natural variability from anthropogenic changes and understand the role of ocean heat transport in forcing or providing feedbacks on Arctic climate change. Despite known complications with calcareous microfossil preservation in Arctic Ocean sediments, calcareous benthic foraminifera can be common in interglacial sequences. However, thus far they have been underutilized in palaeoceanographic studies. This thesis explores the application of the Mg/Ca palaeothermometry proxy for reconstructing bottom water temperatures (BWT) in the Arctic Ocean during the late Quaternary. This method, which is supported by previous empirical studies demonstrating a strong temperature control on trace Mg inclusion into foraminiferal shell calcite, has been applied in many ocean regions and time intervals. Until now its application in the Arctic Ocean has been sparingly explored.The results of this doctoral thesis are based on benthic foraminifera retrieved from marine sediment cores covering a wide geographical Arctic Ocean area including both the shallow and vast continental shelves and slopes to the intermediate-to-deep waters of the Lomonosov Ridge and Morris Jesup Rise. These provide the first benthic foraminifera Mg/Ca ratios from the central Arctic Ocean region. In the first study, mechanisms that could affect Mg incorporation in Arctic benthic foraminifera are investigated using oceanographic field data and six 'live' modern Arctic species (Elphidium clavatum, Nonionella labradorica, Cassidulina neoteretis, Oridorsalis tener, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Quinqueloculina arctica). The result is new species-specific Mg/Ca–BWT field calibrations that provide important constraints at the cold end of the BWT spectrum (-2 to 1°C) (Paper I). Using the new Mg/Ca–BWT equation for E. clavatum, a palaeotemperature record was generated for the late Holocene (past ca. 4100 yr) from the western Chukchi Sea. The data showed BWT fluctuations from -2 to 1°C that are interpreted as showing pulses of warmer Pacific water inflow at 500–1000 yr periods, thus revealing multi-centennial variability in heat transport into the Arctic Ocean driven by low latitude forcings (Paper II). Complications with foraminiferal calcite preservation that limit Mg/Ca palaeothermometry in the Arctic were discovered and these are tackled in two additional papers. Anomalously high Mg content in benthic foraminifera from the central Arctic Ocean is linked to diagenetic contamination as a result of the unique oceanographic, sedimentary and geochemical environment (Paper III). Lastly, the dramatic post-recovery dissolution of foraminifera from a Chukchi Shelf sediment core during core storage is investigated and attributed to acidification driven by sulphide oxidation in this organic rich and calcite poor shelf setting (Paper IV).The findings of this thesis demonstrate that benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca-palaeothermometry can be applied in the Arctic Ocean and capture small BWT change (on the order of -2 to 2°C) even at low temperatures. In practice, preservational complexities can be limiting and require special sample handling or analysis due to the high potential for diagenetic contamination in the central Arctic Ocean and rapid post coring calcite dissolution in the seasonally productive shelf seas. This Ph.D. project is a component of the multidisciplinary SWERUS-C3 (Swedish-Russian-US Arctic Ocean Climate-Cryosphere- Carbon Interactions) project that included an expedition with Swedish icebreaker Oden to the East Siberian Arctic Ocean.
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37.
  • Erlandsson, M., et al. (author)
  • Spatial and temporal variations of base cation release from chemical weathering on a hillslope scale
  • 2016
  • In: Chemical Geology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2541 .- 1872-6836. ; 441, s. 1-13
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Cation release rates to catchment runoff from chemical weathering were assessed using an integrated catchment model that included the soil's unsaturated, saturated and riparian zones. In-situ mineral dissolution rates were calculated in these zones as a function of pH, aluminum and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations along a hillslope in Northern Sweden where soil water was monitored over nine years. Three independent sets of mineral dissolution equations of varying complexity were used: PROFILE, Transition-State Theory (TST), and the Palandri & Kharaka database. Normalization of the rate-coefficients was necessary to compare the equations, as published rate-coefficients gave base cation release rates differing by several orders of magnitude. After normalizing the TST- and Palandri & Kharaka-rate coefficients to match the base cation release rates calculated from the PROFILE-equations, calculated Ca2 + and Mg2 + release rates are consistent with mass balance calculations, whereas those of Na+ and K+ are overestimated. Our calculations further indicate that a significant proportion of base cations are released from the organic soils in the near-stream zone, in part due to its finer texture. Of the three sets of rate equations, the base cation release rates calculated from the normalized TST-equations were more variable than those calculated using the other two sets of equations, both spatially and temporally, due to its higher sensitivity to pH. In contrast, the normalized Palandri & Kharaka-equations were more sensitive to variations in soil temperature.
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38.
  • Ljungberg, Wilma, 1998, et al. (author)
  • Carbon Outwelling and Uptake Along a Tidal Glacier-Lagoon-Ocean Continuum
  • 2024
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Biogeosciences. - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 129:e2023JG007895
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Tidewater glaciers are highly vulnerable to climate change due to warming from both atmospheric and seawater sources. Most tidewater glaciers are rapidly retreating, but little is known about how glacial melting modifies coastal biogeochemical cycles. Here, we investigate carbonate and nutrient dynamics and fluxes in an expanding proglacial tidal lagoon connected to Europe's largest glacier in Iceland (Vatnajökull). The lagoon N:P:Si ratios (2:1:30) imply a system deficient in nitrogen. The large variations in the freshwater endmembers highlighted the complexity of resolving sources and transformations. The lagoon acted as a sink of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Floating chamber incubations revealed a CO2 uptake of 26±15mmolm−2d−1. Lagoon waters near the glacier had a 170% higher CO2 uptake than near the lagoon mouth, likely driven by primary production stimulated by nitrogen-rich bottom water upwelling. The lateral DIC and total alkalinity (TA) flux rates (outwelling) from the lagoon to the ocean were −1.5±0.1 (export to ocean) and 23±5mmolm−2d−1 (import into the lagoon) respectively. All samples were undersaturated with respect to aragonite due to glacial meltwater dilution of TA and CO2 uptake. This implies dilution of oceanic alkalinity, lowering the nearshore buffering capacity against ocean acidification.
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39.
  • Peacock, Mike, et al. (author)
  • Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Dissolved Methane Across a Large Lake
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 128:8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Lakes process large volumes of organic carbon (OC), are important sources of methane (CH4), and contribute to climatic warming. However, there is a lack of data from large lakes >500 km(2), which creates uncertainty in global budgets. In this data article, we present dissolved CH4, OC bioreactivity measurements, water chemistry, and algal biovolumes at 11 stations across Lake Malaren, the third largest (1,074 km(2)) Swedish lake. Total phosphorus concentrations show that during the study period the lake was classed as mesotrophic/eutrophic. Overall mean CH4 concentration from all stations, sampled five times to cover seasonal variation, was 2.51 mu g l(-1) (0.98-5.39 mu g l(-1)). There was no significant seasonal variation although ranges were greatest during summer. Concentrations of CH4 were greatest in shallow waters close to anthropogenic nutrient sources, whilst deeper, central basins had lower concentrations. Methane correlated positively with measures of lake productivity (chlorophyll a, total phosphorus), and negatively to water depth and oxygen concentration, with oxygen emerging as the sole significant driver in a linear mixed effects model. We collated data from other lakes >500 km(2) (n = 21) and found a significant negative relationship between surface area and average CH4 concentration. Large lakes remain an understudied contributor to the global CH4 cycle and future research efforts should aim to quantify the spatial and temporal variation in their diffusive and ebullitive emissions, and associated drivers. Plain Language Summary Lakes contribute to climatic warming, because they emit large amounts of the powerful greenhouse gas methane into the atmosphere. This occurs because lake bottom sediments and lake waters are home to microbes that produce methane, which then travels diffusively in a dissolved form, or as bubbles, through the lake water and into the air. There is large uncertainty about how much methane is released by lakes on a global scale, and more measurements are required to reduce this uncertainty, particularly from very large lakes. In our study, we measured dissolved methane from 11 sampling locations across a very large Swedish lake, and repeated this five times over a year. Levels of methane within the lake were generally low, but they varied over space and time. Higher methane levels occurred in shallower waters near large towns and cities, and were associated with greater concentrations of nutrients such as phosphorus, which act as food for the methane-producing microbes.
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40.
  • Capo, Eric, et al. (author)
  • Oxygen-deficient water zones in the Baltic Sea promote uncharacterized Hg methylating microorganisms in underlying sediments
  • 2022
  • In: Limnology and Oceanography. - : Wiley. - 1939-5590 .- 0024-3590. ; 67:1, s. 135-146
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Human-induced expansion of oxygen-deficient zones can have dramatic impacts on marine systems and its resident biota. One example is the formation of the potent neurotoxic methylmercury (MeHg) that is mediated by microbial methylation of inorganic divalent Hg (HgII) under oxygen-deficient conditions. A negative consequence of the expansion of oxygen-deficient zones could be an increase in MeHg production due to shifts in microbial communities in favor of microorganisms methylating Hg. There is, however, limited knowledge about Hg-methylating microbes, i.e., those carrying hgc genes critical for mediating the process, from marine sediments. Here, we aim to study the presence of hgc genes and transcripts in metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from four surface sediments with contrasting concentrations of oxygen and sulfide in the Baltic Sea. We show that potential Hg methylators differed among sediments depending on redox conditions. Sediments with an oxygenated surface featured hgc-like genes and transcripts predominantly associated with uncultured Desulfobacterota (OalgD group) and Desulfobacterales (including Desulfobacula sp.) while sediments with a hypoxic-anoxic surface included hgc-carrying Verrucomicrobia, unclassified Desulfobacterales, Desulfatiglandales, and uncharacterized microbes. Our data suggest that the expansion of oxygen-deficient zones in marine systems may lead to a compositional change of Hg-methylating microbial groups in the sediments, where Hg methylators whose metabolism and biology have not yet been characterized will be promoted and expand.
  •  
41.
  • Nygren, Michelle, et al. (author)
  • Exploring groundwater drought responsiveness in lowland post‑glacial environments
  • 2022
  • In: Hydrogeology Journal. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1431-2174 .- 1435-0157. ; 30, s. 1937-1961
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Groundwater drought response to meteorological forcing depends on initial hydrological conditions. This makes it difficult to characterise groundwater droughts and identify the drought vulnerability of aquifers. The objective is to increase the understanding of groundwater memory and response to meteorological forcing in lowland post-glacial environments. Eighty-one groundwater hydrographs are analysed, using the standardised groundwater level index (SGI) and the precipitation index. Memory and response times are assessed using auto- and cross-correlation functions. Response time is estimated by comparing two approaches: (1) the traditional use of the maximum cross-correlation, and (2) the alternative use of the cross-correlation slope. Results are interpreted for different hydrogeological settings. The analysis showed that sand aquifers have the longest memory and response times, particularly in confined settings where the memory could be over 4 years. Silts and tills have relatively short memories and response times, at less than 1 year, though median values for silt are higher than for unconfined sand aquifers. In this study, estimating response time using the correlation slope is superior at capturing the initial response time of groundwater to precipitation. However, the results showed that groundwater anomalies in lowland post-glacial environments are sometimes more influenced by climate teleconnections than concurrent forcing. This emphasises the need for a holistic approach for the characterisation and projection of groundwater drought, as it develops in simultaneous response to meteorological forcing at different timescales.
  •  
42.
  • Rutgersson, Anna, 1971-, et al. (author)
  • Natural hazards and extreme events in the Baltic Sea region
  • 2022
  • In: Earth System Dynamics. - : Copernicus Publications. - 2190-4979 .- 2190-4987. ; 13:1, s. 251-301
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event that has a negative effect on people and society or the environment. Natural hazards may have severe implications for human life and can potentially generate economic losses and damage ecosystems. A better understanding of their major causes, probability of occurrence, and consequences enables society to be better prepared to save human lives as well as to invest in adaptation options. Natural hazards related to climate change are identified as one of the Grand Challenges in the Baltic Sea region. Here, we summarize existing knowledge about extreme events in the Baltic Sea region with a focus on the past 200 years as well as on future climate scenarios. The events considered here are the major hydro-meteorological events in the region and include wind storms, extreme waves, high and low sea levels, ice ridging, heavy precipitation, sea-effect snowfall, river floods, heat waves, ice seasons, and drought. We also address some ecological extremes and the implications of extreme events for society (phytoplankton blooms, forest fires, coastal flooding, offshore infrastructure, and shipping). Significant knowledge gaps are identified, including the response of large-scale atmospheric circulation to climate change and also concerning specific events, for example, the occurrence of marine heat waves and small-scale variability in precipitation. Suggestions for future research include the further development of high-resolution Earth system models and the potential use of methodologies for data analysis (statistical methods and machine learning). With respect to the expected impacts of climate change, changes are expected for sea level, extreme precipitation, heat waves and phytoplankton blooms (increase), and cold spells and severe ice winters (decrease). For some extremes (drying, river flooding, and extreme waves), the change depends on the area and time period studied.
  •  
43.
  • Gomez-Gener, L., et al. (author)
  • Global carbon dioxide efflux from rivers enhanced by high nocturnal emissions
  • 2021
  • In: Nature Geoscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 14, s. 289-294
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere from running waters are estimated to be four times greater than the total carbon (C) flux to the oceans. However, these fluxes remain poorly constrained because of substantial spatial and temporal variability in dissolved CO2 concentrations. Using a global compilation of high-frequency CO2 measurements, we demonstrate that nocturnal CO2 emissions are on average 27% (0.9 gC m(-2) d(-1)) greater than those estimated from diurnal concentrations alone. Constraints on light availability due to canopy shading or water colour are the principal controls on observed diel (24 hour) variation, suggesting this nocturnal increase arises from daytime fixation of CO2 by photosynthesis. Because current global estimates of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from running waters (0.65-1.8 PgC yr(-1)) rely primarily on discrete measurements of dissolved CO2 obtained during the day, they substantially underestimate the magnitude of this flux. Accounting for night-time CO2 emissions may elevate global estimates from running waters to the atmosphere by 0.20-0.55 PgC yr(-1). Failing to account for emission differences between day and night will lead to an underestimate of global CO2 emissions from rivers by up to 0.55 PgC yr(-1), according to analyses of high-frequency CO2 measurements.
  •  
44.
  • Savchuk, Oleg P., et al. (author)
  • External nutrient loads to the Baltic Sea, 1970-2006
  • 2012
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Any research related to nutrient biogeochemistry of the Baltic Sea, especially studies of eutrophication requires knowledge of the long-term dynamics of external nutrient inputs. Information accumulated in the HELCOM’s pollution load compilations is too aggregated and, until recently, covered only specific years. On the other hand, national datasets with higher resolutions are often difficult to access. Therefore, over the years considerable efforts have been put into a compilation of consistent estimates of nutrient input to the entire Baltic Sea.Excluding exchange with the Skagerrak from this report, the external nutrient input is considered here as consisting of three component parts: waterborne land loads, direct point sources at the coasts, and atmospheric depositions.The present reconstruction of time series of these three components is based on three major sources. The compilation of the land loads database has started within the project “Large-scale Environmental Effects and Ecological Processes in the Baltic Sea, 1990-1995” (Wulff et al., 2001c), continued during the MARE (“Marine Research on Eutrophication, 1999-2006”) project (Wulff et al., 2001a, Eriksson Hägg et al., 2010), and was most recently updated and expanded in connection with the latest HELCOM’s activities on the pollution load compilation (HELCOM, 2011) and the revision of the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP, Wulff et al., 2009). However, there is an important difference between information contained in the HELCOM publications and the data presented here.By its very international nature HELCOM has to deal with whatever data are officially provided by the contracting parties, ending up with certain gaps and inconsistencies in the data sets (e.g. see discussion in HELCOM, 2011). On the other hand, considering eutrophication as an imbalance in the large-scale nutrient cycles, whereby more nutrients come into the system than leave it (e.g. Savchuk and Wulff, 2009 and references therein), we need to know the total amounts of external input as close to the reality as possible. Therefore, in our reconstructions we have been trying to both fill such gaps in and correct possible sources of inconsistencies. The reconstructed data sets have extensively been used by ourselves for various nutrient budget estimates (e.g. Wulff et al., 2001b, Savchuk, 2005) and as the boundary conditions for biogeochemical models (e.g. Savchuk and Wulff, 2007, 2009) including development of the eutrophication segment of BSAP (Wulff, 2007), as well as by many researchers around the Baltic Sea, for instance, within several projects of the BONUS+ research programme (e.g.Eilola et al., 2011; Eriksson Hägg et al., 2011; Meier et al., 2011).The implemented nutrient inputs have naturally been described in these publications, but briefly. In order to facilitate afurther distribution of reconstructed inputs and their usage, here we describe the process of reconstruction in more detail and make available the full data sets in digital form.The data used for the reconstruction have kindly been provided by several institutions and agencies around the Baltic Sea (see below) as well as directly by HELCOM during preparation of PLC-4 and PLC-5 (see HELCOM, 2004, 2011). Since not all data providershad given the permission to distribute the original raw measurements, we have here 3 aggregated all the inputs according to the spatial segmentation of the Baltic Sea (Fig.1) currently implemented in the biogeochemical model BALTSEM (BAltic sea Long-Term large Scale Eutrophication Model). Note also that some part of riverine inputs is available in a decision support system Baltic Nest with a much higher spatial resolution, as is further explained below.
  •  
45.
  • Steffens, Karin Anna, et al. (author)
  • Modelling pesticide leaching under climate change: parameter vs. climate input uncertainty
  • 2014
  • In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1027-5606 .- 1607-7938. ; 18, s. 479-491
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Assessing climate change impacts on pesticide leaching requires careful consideration of different sources of uncertainty. We investigated the uncertainty related to climate scenario input and its importance relative to parameter uncertainty of the pesticide leaching model. The pesticide fate model MACRO was calibrated against a comprehensive one-year field data set for a well-structured clay soil in southwestern Sweden. We obtained an ensemble of 56 acceptable parameter sets that represented the parameter uncertainty. Nine different climate model projections of the regional climate model RCA3 were available as driven by different combinations of global climate models (GCM), greenhouse gas emission scenarios and initial states of the GCM. The future time series of weather data used to drive the MACRO model were generated by scaling a reference climate data set (1970-1999) for an important agricultural production area in south-western Sweden based on monthly change factors for 2070-2099. 30 yr simulations were performed for different combinations of pesticide properties and application seasons. Our analysis showed that both the magnitude and the direction of predicted change in pesticide leaching from present to future depended strongly on the particular climate scenario. The effect of parameter uncertainty was of major importance for simulating absolute pesticide losses, whereas the climate uncertainty was relatively more important for predictions of changes of pesticide losses from present to future. The climate uncertainty should be accounted for by applying an ensemble of different climate scenarios. The aggregated ensemble prediction based on both acceptable parameterizations and different climate scenarios has the potential to provide robust probabilistic estimates of future pesticide losses.
  •  
46.
  • Sanli, Kemal, et al. (author)
  • Metagenomic Sequencing of Marine Periphyton: Taxonomic and Functional Insights into Biofilm Communities
  • 2015
  • In: Frontiers in Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-302X. ; 6:1192
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Periphyton communities are complex phototrophic, multispecies biofilms that develop on surfaces in aquatic environments. These communities harbor a large diversity of organisms comprising viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoans and metazoans. However, thus far the total biodiversity of periphyton has not been described. In this study, we use metagenomics to characterize periphyton communities from the marine environment of the Swedish west coast. Although we found approximately ten times more eukaryotic rRNA marker gene sequences compared to prokaryotic, the whole metagenome-based similarity searches showed that bacteria constitute the most abundant phyla in these biofilms. We show that marine periphyton encompass a range of heterotrophic and phototrophic organisms. Heterotrophic bacteria, including the majority of proteobacterial clades and Bacteroidetes, and eukaryotic macro-invertebrates were found to dominate periphyton. The phototrophic groups comprise Cyanobacteria and the alpha-proteobacterial genus Roseobacter, followed by different micro- and macro-algae. We also assess the metabolic pathways that predispose these communities to an attached lifestyle. Functional indicators of the biofilm form of life in periphyton involve genes coding for enzymes that catalyze the production and degradation of extracellular polymeric substances, mainly in the form of complex sugars such as starch and glycogen-like meshes together with chitin. Genes for 278 different transporter proteins were detected in the metagenome, constituting the most abundant protein complexes. Finally, genes encoding enzymes that participate in anaerobic pathways, such as denitrification and methanogenesis, were detected suggesting the presence of anaerobic or low-oxygen micro-zones within the biofilms.
  •  
47.
  • Norrman, Jenny, 1971 (author)
  • Dokumentation workshop geosystemtjänster - ekosystemtjänster
  • 2019
  • Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Dokumentation av workshop gällande att diskutera begreppen ekosystemtjänster och geosystemtjänster Plats: Chalmersska huset i Göteborg, Kanalrummet. Datum och tid: 29 augusti, kl 11.30-15.30 Bakgrund: Utifrån pågående forskning på Chalmers om undermarken som en multifunktionell resurs ser vi ett behov av att kunna systematiskt beskriva alla typer av tjänster undermark som naturen tillhandahåller med syftet att kunna ta bättre och mer hållbara beslut angående hur dessa tjänster/resurser skall nyttjas. Flera av dessa tjänster är biotiska och klassas då som ekosystemtjänster (ES). Andra typer av tjänster såsom t.ex. geoenergi, utrymme, bärförmåga, arkeologiska och geologiska arkiv är inte biotiska och kan därför principiellt inte betecknas vara ES. Hur bör man då beskriva dessa på bästa sätt så att man kan få en helhetsbild över undermarkens tjänster? Vi ser att begreppet geosystemtjänster förmodligen kan fånga in detta och skulle kunna vara ett bra ramverk. Men är det bra eller mindre bra att introducera nya begrepp? Hur ser andra organisationer som arbetar med ES på att föra in ett nytt begrepp? Liknande frågeställningar uppstår när man t.ex. arbetar inom vattenförvaltning där flera av vattnets tjänster är abiotiska, där t.ex. begreppet grundvattentjänster används ibland och som innefattar både biotiska och abiotiska tjänster. Syfte: Att samla representanter från olika organisationer som arbetar med och berörs av arbetet med ES för att dela erfarenheter och kunskap omkring ES och vad som inte fångas in under begreppet ES, om detta är ett problem eller ej för de olika organisationerna, och hur man ser på att föra in nya begrepp och nyttan med det. Upplägg: Ett antal korta föredrag för att introducera alla till frågeställningen, hur de olika organisationerna arbetar med ekosystemtjänster (ES) idag och deras roller. Därefter diskussion utifrån ett antal frågeställningar. Inbjudningslista: Representanter ifrån Sveriges geologiska undersökning, Statens geotekniska institut, Boverket och Naturvårdsverket, forskare (Chalmers), kommuner (Malmö, Göteborg), HaV och Vattenmyndigheterna.
  •  
48.
  • Chan, Phoebe, et al. (author)
  • Freshening of the Alaska Coastal Current recorded by coralline algal Ba/Ca ratios
  • 2011
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. - 0148-0227. ; 116
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Arctic Ocean freshening can exert a controlling influence on global climate, triggering strong feedbacks on ocean-atmospheric processes and affecting the global cycling of the world's oceans. Glacier-fed ocean currents such as the Alaska Coastal Current are important sources of freshwater for the Bering Sea shelf, and may also influence the Arctic Ocean freshwater budget. Instrumental data indicate a multiyear freshening episode of the Alaska Coastal Current in the early 21st century. It is uncertain whether this freshening is part of natural multidecadal climate variability or a unique feature of anthropogenically induced warming. In order to answer this, a better understanding of past variations in the Alaska Coastal Current is needed. However, continuous long-term high-resolution observations of the Alaska Coastal Current have only been available for the last 2 decades. In this study, specimens of the long-lived crustose coralline alga Clathromorphum nereostratum were collected within the pathway of the Alaska Coastal Current and utilized as archives of past temperature and salinity. Results indicate that coralline algal Mg/Ca ratios provide a 60 year record of sea surface temperatures and track changes of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, a pattern of decadal-to-multidecadal ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the North Pacific. Algal Ba/Ca ratios (used as indicators of coastal freshwater runoff) are inversely correlated to instrumentally measured Alaska Coastal Current salinity and record the period of freshening from 2001 to 2006. Similar multiyear freshening events are not evident in the earlier portion of the 60 year Ba/Ca record. This suggests that the 21st century freshening of the Alaska Coastal Current is a unique feature related to increasing glacial melt and precipitation on mainland Alaska.
  •  
49.
  • de Boer, Agatha M., et al. (author)
  • The Impact of Southern Ocean Topographic Barriers on the Ocean Circulation and the Overlying Atmosphere
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Climate. - 0894-8755 .- 1520-0442. ; 35:18, s. 5805-5821
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Southern Ocean bathymetry constrains the path of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), but the bathymetric influence on the coupled ocean–atmosphere system is poorly understood. Here, we investigate this impact by respectively flattening large topographic barriers around the Kerguelen Plateau, Campbell Plateau, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and Drake Passage in four simulations in a coupled climate model. The barriers impact both the wind and buoyancy forcing of the ACC transport, which increases by between 4% and 14% when barriers are removed individually and by 56% when all barriers are removed simultaneously. The removal of Kerguelen Plateau bathymetry increases convection south of the plateau and the removal of Drake Passage bathymetry reduces convection upstream in the Ross Sea. When the barriers are removed, zonal flattening of the currents leads to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies that strongly correlate to precipitation anomalies, with correlation coefficients ranging between r = 0.92 and r = 0.97 in the four experiments. The SST anomalies correlate to the surface winds too in some locations. However, they also generate circumpolar waves of sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies, which induce remote wind speed changes that are unconnected to the underlying SST field. The meridional variability in the wind stress curl contours over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Kerguelen Plateau, and the Campbell Plateau disappears when these barriers are removed, confirming the impact of bathymetry on surface winds. However, bathymetry-induced wind changes are too small to affect the overall wave-3 asymmetry in the Southern Hemisphere westerlies. Removal of Southern Hemisphere orography is also inconsequential to the wave-3 pattern.
  •  
50.
  • Gamboa, G., et al. (author)
  • Mg/Ca ratios in coralline algae record northwest Atlantic temperature variations and North Atlantic Oscillation relationships
  • 2010
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans. - 0148-0227. ; 115
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • [1] Climate variability in the North Atlantic has been linked in part to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The NAO influences marine ecosystems in the northwestern Atlantic and transport variability of the cold Labrador Current. Understanding historic patterns of NAO variability requires long-term and high-resolution climate records that are not available from instrumental data. Here we present the first century-scale proxy record of sea surface temperature (SST) variability from the Newfoundland shelf, a region from which other annual-resolution shallow marine proxies are unavailable. The 116 year record was obtained from three sites along the eastern Newfoundland shelf using laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry-determined Mg/Ca ratios in the crustose coralline alga Clathromorphum compactum. The alga is characterized by a high Mg-calcite skeleton exhibiting annual growth increments and a century-scale lifespan. Results indicate positive correlations between interannual variations in Mg/Ca ratios and both station-based and gridded instrumental SST. In addition, the record shows high spatial correlations to SST across the Newfoundland shelf and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Before 1950 the Mg/Ca proxy record reveals significant departures from gridded temperature records. While the Newfoundland shelf is generally considered a region of negative correlations to the NAO, the algal time series as well as a recent modeling study suggest a variable negative relationship with the NAO which is strongest after similar to 1960 and before the mid-1930s.
  •  
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