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| 5. |
- Carelli, Peter
(författare)
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En kapitalistisk anda : kulturella förändringar i 1100-talets Danmark.
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Early Middle Ages, comprising the period ca. 1000-1250, is usually described as a dynamic and eventful time, when many spheres of society underwent radical changes. The aim of this dissertation is to link these processes together in an overall holistic description of medieval society. The intention is thus to provide a "total historical" account of early medieval Denmark by means of a broad interdisciplinary study. Great emphasis is placed on identifying and describing the more crucial changes in Danish society. Other important questions requiring answers are when these changes took place, who initiated them, and who they affected. It is also important to clarify the causes underlying the changes. I argue a thesis involving an overall causal explanation. This is based on the claim that a general economization of social life took place in the Early Middle Ages. By this is meant a widespread aspiration to handle the available assets and resources in a systematic way. A direct consequence of economization was an incipient capitalization. This development was based on the emergence of a capitalist spirit which influenced the way people thought and acted, and which was expressed in both spiritual and material culture. In the dissertation these cultural changes are described in four empirically based case studies. In the chapter "A new earthly order: Homo oeconomicus and the economized landscape" it is the changes in agrarian production that are in focus. The chapter "When the town became a town: The emergence of an urban identity" deals with the towns and the urban population. The chapter "The power and the glory: The economization of political and ideological power" deals with changes in political and ideological power. Finally, the chapter "The holy scriptures: Latin and the artificial memory" deals with the emergence of a Latin written culture in Denmark in the Early Middle Ages. The results of the case studies show that the period ca. 1075-1150 was an introductory phase of change, whereas the period ca. 1150-1250 was the time when the changes had a broader impact on society. A particularly dynamic period came in 1150-1250. A common feature that the changes show is an increased degree of individualization, privatization, and commercialization. Since economic life did not constitute an independent ideology, being instead "embedded" in a general Christian mentality, it is therefore not relevant to view the changes as the result of an emergent capitalist social system. Yet the early medieval period was full of capitalistic actions which were steered by a new form of rational economic thinking, capitalism as an economic strategy. It is therfore possible to regard this development as the emergence of a specific capitalist spirit in twelfth-century Denmark.
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| 8. |
- Elfwendahl, Magnus
(författare)
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Från skärva till kärl : ett bidrag till vardagslivets historia i Uppsala.
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract From Sherd to Pot. A Contribution to the History of Everyday Life in Uppsala tackles the question: how is the culturally created reality produced, fixed, and changed, and how can this be related to the social structure as a whole? The hypothesis is that changes in society result in new cultural patterns which can be read in objects. The work consists of three main parts, an extensive summary in English, an appendix with archaeological data from the Studentholmen, Atle, Sandbacken and Bryggaren blocks in Uppsala and a catalogue with drawings of c. 850 different vessels. The object of study is Uppsala, an urban setting of significance for many people in Central Sweden in historical times. This study aims to produce new knowledge to explain changes in the households of Uppsala in the period 1160—1702. The study proceeds from the hypothesis that changes in society are also reflected in the vessels used in the households. To clarify the discussion of changes through time, potsherds are regarded here as a form of archaeological source material which, in certain general conditions, can increase our knowledge of the way people think and behave. Potsherds are viewed as fragments of a larger historical stage on which roles were played by the people and the objects with which they surrounded themselves. The processing of the material involved ordering the occurrence of different characteristics and distinctive elements in the sherds. The account show the span in wares and shapes in order to answer the question: what do the vessels look like? The processing of the material distinguish chronological variations, a time scale, which answers the question: when did particular vessels first come into use in Uppsala? To understand whether the changes are the result of changes in the mentality of the people who used the vessels or are a consequence of competition between different types of material used for making vessels, I confront the archaeological sources with sources describing the development of some functionally equivalent vessels of alternative material. The third, concluding part is an attempt to summarize and present an overall view of the chronology and forces behind cultural change in Uppsala. The vessels are used as a source for cultural history. The empirical findings from the second part of the study are put in a broader societal context. Information about changes in vessels, the care and consumption of food and drink, the educational level in society, and other changes in Uppsala can be summed up in a model with six phases, showing the approximate dates of changes and some of the underlying motive forces.
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| 10. |
- Eriksdotter, Gunhild
(författare)
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Bakom fasaderna : byggnadsarkeologiska sätt att fånga tid, rum och bruk
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation is about the way buildings archaeology approaches historical buildings. The aim is to show how buildings archaeology can be renewed and developed. The motivation is my belief that buildings archaeology does not fully utilize the potential of standing buildings as historical sources, which is mainly due to the traditional outlook on buildings as two-dimensional objects. When three-dimensionality is ignored, the spatial dimension disappears from the analysis and with it a significant aspect of the building which is difficult to reconstruct and discuss afterwards. The main aim of the dissertation is to expose the limitations of the two-dimensional outlook, and simultaneously to conduct a critical trial of an approach that brings the three-dimensionality of a building into buildings archaeology. To assist me I use ideas borrowed from current research and methodological development in excavating archaeology and architectural theory. With Dalby monastery as a case study, I show that three-dimensional observation can bring us much further in our understanding of a building than the two-dimensional outlook of buildings archaeology. I apply this as part of a method whereby knowledge is extracted from a building in several stages. The method analyses three forms of expression in the building: material, spatiality and use, which enable the historical building to be peopled with users who leave traces that do not reveal anything with the traditional methods of buildings archaeology. To be able to apply the method it is essential to incorporate three-dimensionality as a variable in the analysis of the building.
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| 13. |
- Gustin, Ingrid
(författare)
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Mellan gåva och marknad : handel, tillit och materiell kultur under vikingatid
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The view of the exchange and trade that took place during the Viking Age has varied considerably. This variation is obvious from a scrutiny of how one and the same place, Birka, is described by different scholars over a period of a hundred years. Two very polarized pictures of Birka appear: A town with a mostly free market-oriented trade or an emporium with an administered commodity exchange controlled by the elite/king and with no market principles involved. This thesis aims at examining how these two polarized stereotypes have come into existence and at presenting a more varied picture. Other questions posed in this dissertation are geared to what we can say on the basis of material culture about the market sphere during the Viking Age. What was the character and practice of commercial transactions during the period? How were trust and stabilizing mechanisms in trade created? Who were the players in trade and what type of social relations occurred in the market sphere? The material point of departure for the discussions about the character and practice of commercial transactions during the Viking Age consists above all of the cubo-octahedral weights and the cubo-octahedral design elements which can be associated with means of payment and the weighing of precious metals. Jewellery, such as penannular brooches, and other items of material culture which can carry messages about identity and group affiliation serve as a starting-point for discussions about actors in trade, social relations, and any organizations that may have existed in the market sphere.
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| 14. |
- Hansson, Martin
(författare)
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Huvudgårdar och herravälden : En studie av småländsk medeltid
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation focuses on the medieval nobility and its manors in the inland of Småland. The problems tackled in the dissertation may be divided into two major complexes. One concerns the emergence and growth of the Småland nobility in a long-term perspective, the second concerns the spatial conditions in which the nobles established their manors in the landscape. An important question concerns the castle-building activities of the nobility and the fortification of their manors. The actual object of the study is the noblemen’s manors, which may be regarded as a social centre in the landscape from where local lordship was exercised. There seem to have been at least 250 manors in the area. The majority of them appear to have existed for a relatively short time. Alongside these short-lived manors there were others that seem to have existed as local centres of power throughout the Middle Ages. By studying the distribution of different elements in the medieval churches in the area, such as towers, vaults, stone treatment and decoration, and the distribution of runestones and weapon graves from the Late Iron Age, it is shown that local lordship in the Late Middle Ages can be associated on a structural level with the local magnates who were involved in the building of Romanesque stone churches in the Early Middle Ages and the raising of runestones in the Viking Age. This structural continuity had its foundation in the socio-economic conditions in the area. At about sixty places in the study area there are remains that can be characterized as castles or fortified manors, mainly built in the fourteenth century. By studying how these often weakly fortified manors were located in the landscape in relation to other buildings and cultivated land, it is possible to show that they were not remains of ordinary farms. The spatial position of the farms was used as a way for the owner to consolidate his social status. The “fortifications” seems to have been as much social demarcations as military fortifications. The significance of the social space at medieval manors is shown by studies of how individual fortified manors were spatially organized. One can thereby see how the nobility, even at the level of the farm, used spatial strategies to assert and reproduce their lordship. The large number of nobles in the area can be viewed as a deliberate strategy whereby the king could assert his lordship over a peripheral area. The king’s strategies for the exercise of power, however, would have been ineffective if there had not been men who were prepared to serve as knights. Establishing oneself as a noble in a manor was a social act which was performed from an actor’s perspective. A great number of men were prepared to take the step to establish themselves as nobles and meet the demands made by the king. There was therefore a structure in the area which encouraged peasants to become nobles.
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| 15. |
- Josefson, Kristina
(författare)
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Sökandet efter en tidsanda : i spåren efter Absalon
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this dissertation I have sought to test the possibility of recreating a detailed picture of an individual medieval person, tracing the Danish archbishop Absalon's own world of thought and action through those surviving sources that he has left behind. The sources are both written and material, and they include the cloister church in Sorø, the Havn Castle, the Medieval history Gesta Danorum, the rune stone and church in Norra Åsum and Absalon's testament. During the course of this work, a pattern has emerged. In Absalon's contemporary Denmark, there were mainly two strong loci of power. One was the regional aristocratic power. The other was the international power of the Church. These two forces and interests encompassed different traditional ideologies, and they were defined by somewhat distinctive ambitions and goals. By working within these different power loci - and by integrating their traditional ideologies - Absalon created his own field of practical action. The Cistercian Order became, for Absalon, a mediating link between those two major political forces. The Order could unite ideals taken from both the local aristocratic and also the Catholic Church tradition. In my work, I utilise Absalon in synthesising a Zeitgeist. At the same time, I try to use my analysis to bring forth the contours of Absalon's personality and identity; I examine Absalon as his person appears, not only in the different sources, but also in the meetings between them. Here, I define a focus for this dissertation. From the material traces and written sources, I seek those (political) acts of positioning that can be interpreted as characteristically Absalon's own.
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| 17. |
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Lindholmen : Medeltida riksborg i Skåne
- 1995
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A collection of 25 articles on the medieval castle of Lindholmen in Scandia. The castle was excavated in the 1930s and 1990s. The articles discuss the castle with its excavations, remains and finds, its surrounding settlement and political context.
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| 19. |
- Mogren, Mats
(författare)
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Faxeholm i maktens landskap : en historisk arkeologi
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In which way did the power structures of central Sweden expand into the territories north of the forest Ödmården during the Middle Ages? This text reads like a general hypothesis for this process, which attempts to incorporate all relevant elements in the Medieval landscape of power. The study area chosen is the province of Hälsingland. The chronological take-off is the 6th century AD, when settlement at a macro scale was restructured to such an extent that it is justified to talk about a societal collapse. In the wake of this collapse power structures were gradually built up again. The 11th century elites were Christians, but the major conversion process took place in the 12th century, while parish formation is a 13th century phenomenon. All through the 13th century the Church had severe difficulties in collecting the tithes. Not until the second decade of the 14th century there are indications in the sources of relative control. Medieval Swedish kingship was weak and before the middle of the 13th century there were no means of controlling peripheral areas like Hälsingland effectively. There are no indications whatsoever of a real presence of royal power during the early Middle Ages. It is therefore postulated that the Crown domain in Norrland, the six manors known as part of Uppsala öd, can not have been founded as royal manors before the second half of the 13th century. Using a model for political expansion in peripheral areas developed by Guillermo Algaze for Mesopotamia, the royal manors are seen as outposts in uncontrolled territory during their earliest phase. Not until after ca. 1320 there are serious attempts to implement a tightened control over Hälsingland, through military presence, a codification of a provincial law, and, by changing the collection of tribute within a system of indirect rule into one with a permanent bailiff. Thus it is evident that also the Crown had severe difficulties in reaching beyond nominal overlordship during the course of the 13th century. The 14th century is seen as the period when Hälsingland got incorporated into the Swedish realm in the same sense as the central provinces. A survey of the scanty written documents includes a more in depth discussion of four societal sectors seen as crucial for relative control: implementation of a taxation system, attempts towards the establishment of fixed borders of the realm, codification of the legislation and the enforcement of trade monopolies. A survey of the physical remains in the landscape of structures with strong power connotations follows: fortifications, Crown manors, maritime barrages, certain manifest churches, and insular sites directed towards supporting the mainland power foci. Finally a discussion is initiated about what power presence actually implies. The relatively strong fort of Faxeholm could be seen as a representation of a very limited authority, in line with Giddens’ diversification of the power concept. The landscape of power has its negation in the landscape of resistance, and perhaps in a landscape of indifference to the structures of power.
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- Svensson, Eva
(författare)
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Människor i utmark
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this study is to illuminate the complex and varied uses of the forested outlands, from the Iron Age, through the Middle Ages, to Early Modern times. Material evidence from the landscape of Värmland, in Western Sweden, will be examined, focusing on the local societies of Dalby and Gunnarskog. Evidence for the reconstruction of outland activities comes from a range of sites, including pitfalls for elk, bloomery furnaces, shielings, localities with outland haymaking and agriculture, tar production sites, and soapstone quarries. Results from the excavation of two settlement sites connected with outland use are also presented. A multi-disciplinary approach has been adopted where the evidence is available. Outland use functioned within the "permanent field and meadow system", although some outland activites predate the introduction of this system, during the Middle Iron Age in the forests of central Sweden, and some continued to function after its breakdown in the pre-industrial period. Outland use developed from a dialogue between the natural environment, pre-existing practices within the outland, patterns of land division introduced by the "permanent field and meadow system", the structure of society and general human strategies. The people involved in outland use were the forest farmers, a wealthy element of society, due to the marketable value of the products of outland use, and the risk-management capacity of outland use. The strategies adopted by the forest farmers to the surrounding environment, both natural and social, is studied through the two main arenas for social practices and daily actions; the household and associated work co-operatives, and the local society. The forest farmers of the two local societies of Dalby and Gunnarskog adopted quite different strategies toward outland use. In Gunnarskog the forest farmers appear to have practised a form of labour division, where different households speciliased in different outland activities. In Dalby the various households were engaged in most forms of outland production and appear to have been competing against one another to produce goods for an external market during the Viking Age and the Early Medieval period. When this external market collapsed during the High Middle Ages the forest farmers of Dalby appear to have responded by establishing systems for co-operation. By the Early Modern period the forest farmers of both Gunnarskog and Dalby were engaged in cattle breeding for the lucrative market of the Swedish mining districts.
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| 22. |
- Tagesson, Göran
(författare)
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Biskop och stad : aspekter av urbanisering och sociala rum i medeltidens Linköping
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Is it possible to understand a society and a certain place that is long since gone? The aim of this thesis is to study and analyse a historic period and its people through the remains of their material culture, the social relations and how these were materialized in an urban setting. The main subject of the empirical study, the medieval episcopal town of Linköping, has shifted out-look, function and meaning during different periods, but always with strong ideological expressions. Linköping can be interpreted as a central place in a large landscape – the diocese, the judicial district as well as a place for communications. The making of the new place – with two new churches situated at the point between the old inhabited landscape and a virgin new land – may be interpreted as a deliberate act of creating an ideologically important place, sustaining the claims of the new kingdom to come. During the 13th century the church was consolidated, a period that saw an immense building programme at the cathedral, the bishop’s palace as well as the foundation of the chapter, but still nothing that could be interpreted as an urban settlement. Not until the 1280s, Linköping was deliberately founded, probably by the king Magnus Ladulås and his brother bishop Bengt. The advent of the franciscan convent may be seen as the birth of the town. At the beginning of the 14th century there are also the first archaeological indications of an urban settlement. Finally, the written records gives a very clear indication of urban plots and yards, as well as clear indications of the legislative and administrative network. It is, however, not until the end of the 14th century that we have indications of an expanding and denser settlement and a more varied material culture. During the second half of the 14th century a residing chapter was created, i.e. a lots of canons (members of the chapter) moving from manors in the countryside and settling down at large yards around the cathedral. These residences, with stone-houses in multiple storeys and two-room plan, are interpreted as an aristocratic feature, especially suited to act as a symbol of unity and strength, in a hostile period when the old priviliges of the church were questioned. The residences may be seen as an obvious example of creating an ideological space, a reshaping of the topography in order to create a certain kind of material culture with a certain message. From the analyse we learn that space and material culture changes features, functions and meanings during diffferent historic periods. Space and material culture may be interpreted as different medias, in which social structure is mediated and materialised. A tendency in the Middle Age history of Linköping is that different social actors and groups have used the town as a meeting place for social interaction. By identifying these relations and how they were altered in a changing society, it is possible to study the changing society itself.
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| 23. |
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The European Frontier : Clashes and Compromises in the Middle Ages
- 2004
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the Middle Ages the concepts of `them and us' became concrete in the shape of fiercely defended frontiers, some of which were physical, geographic and political, while others were more ideological. This volume, the proceedings of an international symposium held at Lund University in 2000, presents twenty-four papers which examine the archaeological evidence for frontiers across Europe. Divided into seven sections, the contributios examine: the European frontier; ethnic identities; political identities; symbols and identity; the economic frontier; the administrative frontier; the ecclesiastical frontier. Using such evidence as archaeological settlements, churches, burials, coins, silver, runestones, iconography and written sources, the papers explore the ways in which boundaries and social or ethnic difference and identity can be detected in the archaeological record, or in placenames, or in the symbolism of art and architecture. They consider how boundaries could be crossed, such as by the activities of pilgrimage and crusade, how religion divided or united and how different groups could be integrated when politically necessary. The majority of papers focus on Germany, central Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic. Thirteen papers are in English; the remainder in German.
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| 26. |
- Wienberg, Jes
(författare)
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Den gotiske labyrint : Middelalderen og kirkerne i Danmark
- 1993
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Gothic Maze focuses on the vigorous building activity among the 2,692 parish churches in medieval Denmark in the time up to the Reformation: Was this an expression of economic prosperity, increased piety, or a church in crises? Can the development be described as a transition from Romanesque to Gothic? How did the churches change? What was the economic background? Who were the benefactors? What were their motives? And what can the changes teach us about the Middle Ages as an epoch?The Gothic Maze studies the concepts of church architecture, its explanations, sources, and contexts. The dissertation emphasizes that concepts as "the Middle Ages", "Romanesque", and "Gothic" are nothing but metaphors created in modern times. The traditional explanations, which refer to currents of fashion and changes in the economic cycle, are insufficient for an understanding of the culmination of building activity in the fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries. Church construction and its context are studied in two of the juridical districts known as "härader" (hundres) in Scania. Experience from this area is used to assist in the interpretation of church-building throughout medieval Denmark. In addition, the building activity is examined in relation to economic data and details of the benefactors in selected areas where the sources permit closer study. The intensive period of building shortly before the Reformation is not interpreted as a direct reflection of increased prosperity or piety, but as the use of material symbols in a time of social stress. The church was threatened by a steadily growing opposition between religious ideals and the new economic realities. Gothicization is a sign of crisis.
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