| 1. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-
(författare)
-
School Reform, Educational Achievement and Lifetime Income : Essays in Empirical Labor Economics
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Impact of School Choice on Pupil Achievement, Segregation and Costs: Swedish Evidence. This paper evaluates school choice at the compulsory school level. We estimate the impact of an increased enrolment in private schools on average achievement using within-municipality variation over time. We find positive effects, shown to be the sum of a (small) private school attendance effect and a competition effect. We also find effects on segregation and costs.Age at Immigration and School Performance: A Siblings Analysis Using Swedish Register Data. This paper analyzes the role of age at immigration for the school performance gap between native and immigrant pupils by exploiting within-family variation. The critical age is about nine, above which there is a strong negative impact on performance. The results are similar for boys and girls, but vary by region of origin. A comparison of sibling-difference and cross-sectional estimates reveals striking similarities. Integration of Childhood Immigrants in the Short and in the Long Run: Swedish Evidence. I study childhood immigrants at different stages in life in order to examine the role of age at immigration for educational and labor market outcomes. I find that childhood immigrants tend later to recover strongly in terms of educational achievement. Yet, the same individuals are on average found to be poorly integrated into the labor market. Life-Cycle Variations in the Association between Current and Lifetime Income: Replication and Extension for Sweden. We apply a generalized errors-in-variables model, recently developed by Steven Haider and Gary Solon, in order to produce estimates of the association between current and lifetime income. We find strong life-cycle patterns. This implies that the widespread use of current income as a proxy for lifetime income leads to inconsistent estimates even when the proxy is used as the dependent variable. We find country similarities, but gender and cohort differences.
|
|
| 2. |
- Nermo, Magnus
(författare)
-
Structured by gender : patterns of sex segregation in the Swedish labour market : historical and cross-national comparisons
- 1999
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this thesis is to study changes in the level of sex segregation in the Swedish labour market during the 20th century.The thesis includes four empirical chapters. Chapter 2 studies trends in sex segregation by industry and market position in the Swedish labour market between 1890 and 1990. The analyses demonstrate that the Swedish labour market has in overall terms become relatively less sex segregated, both by industry and by market position, since the turn of the century. Chapter 3 focuses on changes in the level of sex segregation in the Swedish labour market since the late 1960s. However, unlike the previous chapter, the data used here is on a more detailed occupational level.Chapter 4 focuses, unlike the above chapters, on the supply side of female labour force participation and allocation. The aim is to examine why young women end up in male-dominated or sex-integrated occupations rather than female-dominated ones with regard to their upbringing, their educational attainment, and family responsibility.Chapter 5 is a comparative analysis of cross-national variation in sex segregation. The results indicate that, given differences in sex composition and occupational structure, the countries studied here produce fairly similar segregation profiles that are markedly structured by gender. The thesis is concluded by a discussion of how to interpret the principal findings in terms of stability or change over time, as well as in terms of similarity and variability between countries
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Lundberg, Olle, 1958-
(författare)
-
Den ojämlika ohälsan : om klass- och könsskillnader i sjuklighet
- 1990
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study addresses the question of inequalities in health between social classes and betweenmen and women. The purpose of the study is threefold, namely 1) to map class and sex differencesin illnes in Sweden, 2) to seek an explanation for class differences in health and 3) toseek an explanation for sex differences in health. The analyses are mainly performed on datafrom the Swedish Level of Living surveys which were conducted in 1968, 1974 and 1981.The second chapter has a descriptive focus, where the purpose is to show the magnitude ofclass and sex differences in illness and mortality in Sweden. The conclusion of the literaturereviews and the analyses undertaken is that social class and sex differences in illness persist inSweden, although class inequalities in health tend to be smaller than in other comparablecountries.In Chapter Three the question of health-related social mobility as an explanation for classdifferences in illness is analysed. Two types of health-related social mobility are distinguished,namely direct and indirect health-related mobility. The analyses show that although healthrelatedsocial mobility may contribute to class differences in health, other factors are moreimportant for the persisting class gradient in illness.In Chapter Four, several possible causal factors behind class inequalities in health are considered.These are economic problems during upbringing, economic resources, physical workingconditions, psychological working conditions, weak social network, and health-relatedbehaviours (alcohol and tobacco consumption). The analyses, conducted on both cross-sectionaland longitudinal data, point to physical working conditions as a major cause behindclass differences in physical illness, and as a not unimportant factor behind class differencesin mental health problems as well. Conditions during childhood and alcohol and tobacco consumptionalso appear to be of some importance for the production of class inequalities inhealth. On the other hand, class differences in psychological working conditions, measuredas work stress and job decision latitude, seem to diminish rather than increase class differencesin illness, especially mental illness.Chapter Five addresses the question of possible mechanisms behind the female excess ofillness. Two factors are drawn from the present theoretical debate to be tested, namely responsibilityfor everyday household work and societal integration. Although fairly brief andexploratory in nature, the analyses quite clearly point to the combination of household workand social integration as a crucial factor for the understanding of sex differences in health.Finally, the implications for public health policy of the results produced in the study arediscussed. It is argued that class differences in health provide a major potential for publichealth improvement, by reducing health risks for those in the least healthy categories. Furthermore,the analyses undertaken in this study quite clearly point to class differences in physicalworking conditions as the most important factor to change if one wants to achieve a reductionof illness risks for those most exposed. The importance of class differences in childhoodconditions are also highlighted as a crucial factor for subsequent health inequalities.
|
|
| 5. |
- Ahrsjö, ulah0325, et al.
(författare)
-
Identity in Court Decision-Making*
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We explore the role of identity along multiple dimensions in high-stakes decisionmaking.Our data contain information about demographic and socioeconomic indicatorsfor randomly assigned jurors and defendants in a Swedish court. Our results showthat defendants are 15 percent less likely to get a prison sentence if they and the jurorsbelong to the same identity-forming groups. Socioeconomic background and demographicattributes are at least as important, and combining several identities producesstronger e ects.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Almquist, Ylva B., et al.
(författare)
-
Childhood Peer Status and the Clustering of Adverse Living Conditions in Adulthood
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Within the context of the school class, children attain a social position in the peer hierarchy to which varying amounts of status are attached. Several studies have shown that children’s peer status is associated with a wide range of social and health-related outcomes. These studies commonly target separate outcomes, paying little attention to the fact that such circumstances are likely to go hand in hand. The overarching aim of the present study was therefore to examine the impact of childhood peer status on the clustering of living conditions in adulthood. Based on a 1953 cohort born in Stockholm, Sweden, multinomial regression analysis demonstrated that children who had lower peer status also had exceedingly high risks of ending up in more problem-burdened clusters as adults. Moreover, these associations remained after adjusting for a variety of family-related circumstances. We conclude that peer status constitutes a central aspect of children’s upbringing with important consequences for subsequent life chances, over and above the influences originating from the family.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Andersson, Linus, 1985-
(författare)
-
Essays on Family Dynamics : Partnering, Fertility and Divorce in Sweden
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Diversity in household and family structures poses interesting questions for scientific inquiry. What accounts for patterns of reproduction, partnering, household formation and household dissolution? This dissertation investigates facets of this question in the context of modern Sweden from a longitudinal and individual level perspective. It consists of three empirical studies using data from administrative registers and panel survey data. The first study begins with noting a rapid expansion in online education and analyzes whether this development leads to higher fertility in student populations. The second study asks whether individuals’ predispositions towards divorce change after exposure to the experience of parenthood, union formation and union dissolution. The third study builds on the literature on assortative mating and investigates what drives underlying preferences for this behavior.
|
|
| 11. |
- Andersson, Pernilla, 1977-
(författare)
-
Four Essays on Self-Employment
- 2006
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Wage-Earners who Become Self-Employed: The Impact of Income and wages Does the relation between actual and expected income affect the decision to become self-employed? Wage-earners who receive an actual income that is different from the expected, both lower and higher, are more likely to become self-employed than wage-earners who receive an actual income close to the expected. Self-employed individuals who received a higher income than expected are more successful than other self-employed. Happiness and Health: Well-Being among the Self-EmployedIs well-being greater among the self-employed than among wage-earners? Indicators of well-being are: job satisfaction, life satisfaction, whether the job is stressful, whether the job is mentally straining, mental health problems, and poor general health. Conditional fixed effects logit models are estimated to control for selection. Self-employment increases both job and life satisfaction and it decreases the probability of finding the job mentally straining. Self-Employed Immigrants in Sweden: Are They as Successful as Natives?Do self-employed immigrants have lower incomes than self-employed natives? Income regressions are estimated using both OLS and quantile regressions. Immigrants receive significantly lower incomes than natives when controlling for individual characteristics and industry. The income differential is larger for non-Western immigrants than for Western immigrants. Quantile regressions show that the native-immigrant income gap is smaller at the top than at the bottom of the income distribution.Determinants of Exits from Self-EmploymentWhich groups are most likely to exit self-employment? Are there differences between groups regarding destination after self-employment? Young entrepreneurs, highly educated and self-employed who are also wage-earners are more likely to exit to paid employment. Women and non-Western immigrants are more likely to exit self-employment and become unemployed.
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Baltander, Richard, 1969-
(författare)
-
Education, Labour Market and Incomes for the Deaf/Hearing Impaired and the Blind/Visually Impaired
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Essay I: Return to Education for the Deaf/Hearing Impaired and the Blind/Visually Impaired, 1991-2000 Mincer-equations are estimated for the deaf/hearing impaired and the blind/visually impaired. The results show that the estimates of the coefficient for the education variable are lower than for a comparison group, and that for several years it is not statistically significant that education for the blind/visually impaired has a positive effect on labour income. Essay II: Labour Income Distribution for the Deaf/Hearing Impaired and the Blind/Visually Impaired in Sweden, 1991-2000 Incomes or the deaf/hearing impaired and the blind/visually impaired are studied. They are compared with the income distribution for a comparison group. The results show that the income distribution is most unequal for the blind/visually impaired and that the average and median incomes are clearly lowest for this group. One explanation is a high share of zero earners. Essay III: Wages and Wage Distributions for the Deaf/Hearing Impaired and the Blind/Visually Impaired with and without Wage Subsidy Mincer-equations with a wage subsidy dummy are estimated and wage distributions are studied for the deaf/hearing impaired and the blind/visually impaired. The coefficient for the wage subsidy dummy is discussed. From the wage distributions for full-time employed people we see that employed people with a wage subsidy have a more compact wage distribution compared to employed people without a wage subsidy. Essay IV: Employment for the Deaf/Hearing Impaired and the Blind/Visually Impaired during the 1990s Employment rates for the deaf/hearing impaired and the blind/visually impaired are compared with a group that represents the Swedish population. The results show that the pattern and level of the employment rate are similar for the deaf/hearing impaired and the comparison group. The employment rate is clearly lower for the blind/visually impaired people, however.
|
|
| 15. |
- Berlin, Martin, 1984-
(författare)
-
Essays on the Determinants and Measurement of Subjective Well-Being
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four self-contained essays in economics, all concerned with different aspects of subjective well-being. The abstracts of the four studies are as follows.Beyond Income: The Importance for Life Satisfaction of Having Access to a Cash Margin. We study how life satisfaction among adult Swedes is influenced by having access to a cash margin, i.e. a moderate amount of money that could be acquired on short notice either through own savings, by loan from family or friends, or by other means. We find that cash margin is a strong and robust predictor of life satisfaction, also when controlling for individual fixed effects and socio-economic conditions, including income.Decomposing Variation in Daily Feelings: The Role of Time Use and Individual Characteristics. I explore the potential of using time-use data for understanding variation in affective well-being. Using the Princeton Affect and Time Survey, I decompose variation in daily affect into explained and unexplained within- and between person variation. Time use is found to mostly account for within-variation. Hence, its explanatory power is largely additive to that of individual characteristics. The explanatory power of time use is small, however. Activities only account for 1–7% of the total variation and this is not increased much by adding contextual variables.The Association Between Life Satisfaction and Affective Well-Being. We estimate the correlation between life satisfaction and affect — two conceptually distinct dimensions of subjective well-being. We propose a simple model that distinguishes between a stable and a transitory component of affect, and which also accounts for measurement error in self-reports of both variables, including current-mood bias effects on life satisfaction judgments. The model is estimated using momentarily measured well-being data, from an experience sampling survey that we conducted on a population sample of Swedes aged 18–50 (n=252). Our main estimates of the correlation between life satisfaction and long-run affective well-being range between 0.78 and 0.91, indicating a stronger convergence between these variables than many previous studies that do not account for measurement issues.Do OLS and Ordinal Happiness Regressions Yield Different Results? A Quantitative Assessment. Self-reported subjective well-being scores are often viewed as ordinal variables, but the conventional wisdom has it that OLS and ordered regression models (e.g. ordered probit) produce similar results when applied to such data. This claim has rarely been assessed formally, however, in particular with respect to quantifying the differences. I shed light on this issue by comparing the results from OLS and different ordered regression models, in terms of both statistical and economic significance, and across data sets with different response scales for measuring life satisfaction. The results are mixed. The differences between OLS, probit and logit estimates are typically small when the response scale has few categories, but larger, though not huge, when an 11-point scale is used. Moreover, when the error term is assumed to follow a skewed distribution, larger discrepancies are found throughout. I find a similar pattern in simulations, in which I assess how different methods perform with respect to the true parameters of interest, rather than to each other.
|
|
| 16. |
- Berlin, Martin, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
Subjective Well-Being, Income and Economic Margins
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper uses the Swedish Level of Living Survey to study how satisfaction with living conditions and daily life covary with economic resources, in the cross-section and in a decade-long panel. We find that self-reported lack of economic margins is a powerful determinant of satisfaction, its magnitude being comparable even to that of marriage or cohabitation. In contrast, although income is positively associated with satisfaction, the relationship is less robust than for economic margins, and the estimated gradients vary substantially depending on the choice of satisfaction measure, income measure and model specification.
|
|
| 17. |
- Berlin, Martin, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Association Between Life Satisfaction and Affective Well-Being
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We estimate the correlation between life satisfaction and affective (emotional) well-being—two conceptually distinct dimensions of subjective well-being. We propose a simple model that distinguishes between a stable and a transitory componentof affective well-being, and which also accounts for measurement error in self-reportsof both variables, including current mood-bias effects on life satisfaction judgments. The model is estimated using momentarily measured well-being data, from an experience sampling survey that we conducted on a population sample of Swedes aged 18–50 (n= 252). Our main estimates of the correlation between life satisfaction and long-run affective well-being range between 0.78 and 0.91, indicating a stronger convergence between these variables than many previous studies that do not account for measurement issues.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Björklund, Anders, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
-
Does Marriage Matter for Children? Assessing the Impact of Legal Marriage in Sweden
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper examines whether parental marriage confers educational advantages to children relative to cohabitation. We exploit a dramatic marriage boom in Sweden in late 1989 created by a reform of the Widow’s Pension System that raised the attractiveness of marriage compared to cohabitation to identify the effect of marriage and the effect of selection bias on marriage estimates. Sweden’s rich administrative data sources enable us to identify the children who were affected by parental marriage due to this marriage boom. Our analysis addresses the question of whether marginal marriages created by a policy initiative have an impact on children. Using grade point average at age 16 as the outcome variable, we first show the expected pattern that children with married parents do better than children with cohabiting parents. However, once we control for observable family background and compare the outcomes for children whose parents married due to the reform with those for children whose parents remained unmarried, the differences largely disappear. The results from a sibling difference analysis are consistent with the conclusion that the differentials among children of married and cohabiting parents reflect selection rather than causation.
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
- Björklund, Anders, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
-
Intergenerational top income mobility in Sweden: Capitalist dynasties in the land of equal opportunity?
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents new evidence on intergenerational mobility in the top of the income and earnings distribution. Using a large dataset of matched father-son pairs in Sweden, we find that intergenerational transmission is very strong in the top, more so for income than for earnings. In the extreme top (top 0.1 percent) income transmission is remarkable with an IG elasticity above 0.9. We also study potential transmission mechanisms and find that sons’ IQ, non-cognitive skills and education are all unlikely channels in explaining this strong transmission. Within the top percentile, increases in fathers’ income are, if anything, negatively associated with these variables. Wealth, on the other hand, has a significantly positive association. Our results suggest that Sweden, known for having relatively high intergenerational mobility in general, is a society where transmission remains strong in the very top of the distribution and that wealth is the most likely channel.
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Blomskog, Stig, 1951-
(författare)
-
Essays on the functioning of the Swedish labour market
- 1997
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The subject of this thesis is the functioning of the Swedish Labour Market. In four essays, different aspects of this general question are examined. Two of the essays are related to youth labour market problems.The first paper examines the hypothesis of the wage curve, which is defined as a negative and non-linear relationship between wages and regional unemployment rates. By using micro data covering the period 1968-1991, this paper gives evidence of a Swedish wage curve, but for unskilled blue-collar workers only. This is contrary to the results reported by international research, where the main finding is the existence of wage curves for most worker categories. One explanation of the divergent result for Sweden may be the low levels of unemployment that prevailed in Sweden during the period examined, which made the risk of unemployment negligible for the category of skilled workers.The purpose of the second paper is to examine the reallocation processes taking place on the Swedish labour market. In the analysis I distinguish between job mobility within and between industries. Work history data serve as a representation of the Swedish labour force and its job mobility pattern. The period examined is 1974-1991. The main finding is that industry-specific experience decreases the propensity for job mobility to other industries, whereas the converse effect emerges for job mobility within the industry. Further, individual unemployment events significantly increase job mobility in general, but unemployed workers with industry-specific experience are relatively more tied to a specific industry. Finally, as predicted by efficiency wage models, high-wage industries exhibit lower turnover rates.The third paper addresses the question whether unstable youth labour market behaviour has effects on future employment stability, measured as the risk of becoming unemployed. The analysis is carried out by estimating hazard models using Swedish work history data covering the period 1971-1991. The main finding is that there are long-run persistence effects of unemployment occurrences taking place during initial years on the labour market. The effects are particularly pronounced for females. Moreover, for males, increasing age lowers the risk of unemployment, whereas for females, age does not influence the risk of unemployment during the adult working life. The fourth paper analyses the implications of changing educational institutions and rising skill requirements for the patterns of labour market entry in Sweden. The main finding is that the general upgrading of skills levels does not apply to jobs held by the young workforce. This is partly compensated by a minor rise in mobility from unskilled to skilled jobs, but trying out several jobs has a negative effect on upward mobility. Finally, the positive impact on upward mobility of shorter programmes in the old educational system has vanished after the expansion and reorganization of secondary education.
|
|
| 24. |
- Boguslaw, Julia, 1985-
(författare)
-
When the Kids Are Not Alright : Essays on Childhood Disadvantage and Its Consequences
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays on childhood disadvantage and its consequences in Sweden.A Longitudinal Look at Child Poverty Using Both Monetary and Non-monetary Approaches. In this paper, we broaden the analysis of child poverty by using both monetary and non-monetary measures of poverty and by comparing these over time. We use a composite of questionnaire answers from children regarding possession of socially perceived necessities and participation in social activities to develop two non-monetary child-centric concepts of disadvantage: material deprivation and social exclusion. The empirical analysis is based on two cross-sections and a panel of children in the Swedish Level-of-Living Survey matched with parental survey data and administrative income records. Consistent with previous findings, we find that relative income poverty among children increases significantly between the year 2000 and 2010. The fraction of children that is disadvantaged in two dimensions, monetary and non-monetary, is relatively small (0.9–7.0 percent) but increases significantly during the period of study. The modest size of the overlap suggests that our measures capture different dimensions of disadvantage, thereby pointing to the importance of alternative poverty indicators. We also find that income status in childhood is the best predictor of socio-economic outcomes in young adulthood.The Aspirations-attainment Paradox of Immigrant Children: A Social Networks Approach. Using two independent and nationally representative samples of Swedish children, I compare the university aspirations and expectations between children of immigrants and children of natives. In line with existing findings, I find that children with foreign-born parents have significantly higher aspirations and expectations than their native-majority peers with and without conditioning on school performance, academic potential and friendship networks. I do not find any evidence of a significant immigrant-non-immigrant aspirations-expectations gap; immigrant children's aspirations and expectations are not less aligned than those of their native-majority peers. This result suggests that immigrant-native disparities in school outcomes are not driven by an aspirations-expectations gap. Finally, the results reveal significant gender differences. Native-majority girls with academic potential are, for example, more likely to express an aspirations-expectations gap. Moreover, having only female friends makes one less likely to belong to the aforementioned category.The Key Player in Disruptive Behavior: Whom Should We Target to Improve the Classroom Learning Environment? In this paper, I address the question: Who is the individual that exerts the greatest negative influence on the classroom learning environment? To answer this question, I invoke the key player model from network economics and use self-reported friendship data in order to solve the methodological problems associated with identifying and estimating peer effects. I overcome the issue of endogenous group formation by using the control function approach where I simultaneously estimate network formation and outcomes. The results show that the typical key player scores well on language and cognitive ability tests and is not more likely to be a boy than a girl. I also find evidence that removing the key player has a significantly larger effect on aggregate disruptiveness in a network than removing the most disruptive individual, implying that policy aimed at the most active individual could be inadequate.
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
- Borghans, Lex, et al.
(författare)
-
Identification problems in personality psychology
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:3, s. 315-320
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper discusses and illustrates identification problems in personality psychology. The measures usedby psychologists to infer traits are based on behaviors, broadly defined. These behaviors are producedfrom multiple traits interacting with incentives in situations. In general, measures are determined bythese multiple traits and do not identify any particular trait unless incentives and other traits are controlledfor. Using two data sets, we show, that substantial portions of the variance in achievement testscores and grades, which are often used as measures of cognition, are explained by personality variables.
|
|
| 27. |
- Bos, Marieke, 1974-
(författare)
-
Essays on Household Finance
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis consists of three self-contained essays on household finance. “Pawn Credit and the Importance of Financial Exclusion” explores the importance of access to regular credit to the demand for pawn credit. I find that the rejection of one's loan application by a regular bank increases the probability that one will take pawn credit, on average, by 9 percent, relative to individuals whose loan application has been granted. However, of all pawn credit borrowers, 73 percent do not even try to get regular bank credit first. For these borrowers, I find that 93 percent are implicitly excluded from regular bank credit at the time they decide to take pawn credit. “Should Credit Remark Be Forgotten? Evidence from a Legally Mandated Removal” (with Leonard Nakamura) analyzes what happens when Swedish law mandates the removal of credit remarks from credit reports after three years. We find that removal induces an abrupt improvement in individuals' credit scores, an improvement that is not reversed in the long run. Further, the excess loan applications caused by the boost in creditworthiness translate into significant access to new credit. We find evidence that only a minority of the individuals who received a credit remark may be inherently high risk which suggests that credit remark removal is welfare enhancing. “Accept or Reject: Do Immigrants Have Less Access to Bank Credit? Evidence from Swedish Pawnshop Customers” asks if immigrants have less access to mainstream credit than their Swedish born counterparts. I find that immigrants are six percent less likely to be accepted when applying for mainstream credit, relative to Swedish born. This holds in particular for immigrants of African descent, who are 15 percent less likely. This effect disappears for second-generation immigrants with African parents. Immigrant pawnshop borrowers that do not apply for mainstream credit before they take pawn credit are found to make well-informed decisions.
|
|
| 28. |
- Boschini, Anne, et al.
(författare)
-
Gender, risk preferences and willingness to compete in a random sample of the Swedish population
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Experimental results from student or other non-representative convenience samples often suggest that men, on average, are more risk-taking and competitive than women. Here we explore whether these gender preference gaps also exist in a simple random sample of the Swedish adult population. Our design comprises four different treatments to systematically explore how the experimental context may impact gender gaps; a baseline treatment, a treatment where participants are primed with their own gender, and a treatment where the participants know the gender of their counterpart (man or woman). We look at willingness to compete in two domains: a math task and a verbal task. We find no gender differences in risk preferences or in willingness to compete in the verbal task in this random sample. There is some support for men being more competitive than women in the math task, in particular in the pooled sample. The effect size is however considerably smaller than what is typically found. We further find no consistent impact of treatment on (the absence of) the gender gap in preferences.
|
|
| 29. |
|
|
| 30. |
- Boström, Charlotta, 1976-
(författare)
-
Education, skills and gender : The impact of a grading reform and the business cycle on labor market outcomes
- 2019
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays in economics, all concerned with different aspects of education and labor market outcomes. The abstracts of the three studies are as follows.A flight of hurdles? Effects on graduation and long-term labor market outcomes of a nationwide grading reform.In the academic year 1994/1995, a grading reform was implemented in Swedish upper secondary schools. The reform replaced norm-referenced grading with criteria-referenced grading that raised the hurdle to graduate on time. By exploiting exogenous variation in exposure to the reform due to exact date of birth coupled with implementation date, the effects on upper secondary school completion and subsequent long-term labor market outcomes are explored in a difference-in-discontinuity design. Results indicate that the probability to graduate from upper secondary school decreased throughout the ability distribution, with the strongest effects at the left tail. Furthermore, many of these individuals still lack a degree at age 33. Nevertheless, the grading reform does not seem to have had any clear effects on long-term labor market outcomes.The effects of graduating from college in a recession: The case of SwedenThis paper studies the long-term labor market consequences of graduating college into the Swedish economic crises of the 1990s. I use a sample of Sweden born men who graduated college between the years 1985 and 1998. I estimate the effects of labor market conditions at the time of graduation on labor market outcomes using a panel covering 12 years post-graduation. Since the timing of graduation might be affected by economic conditions, I instrument the unemployment rate at graduation using the unemployment rate at age 25, which is the modal age of graduation. I find a significant negative effect on real annual earnings that last up to 5 years after graduation before fading out. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that graduates in the lower end of the distribution of cognitive abilities experience a substantial earnings loss that persists for at least eight years before fading out, while individuals with high cognitive ability are unaffected. Furthermore, I find that graduates well-endowed with noncognitive abilities, individuals we would expect to perform well on the labor market, also experience significant earnings losses.Gender and field of study: The impact of graduating college into a recession. The aim of this paper is to investigate if there are gender differences from entering the labor market during an economic downturn. Using a sample of Swedish college graduates who completed their first college degree between 1996 and 2007, I estimate short- and medium-term effects of graduating into adverse labor market conditions on a range of labor market outcomes such as annual earnings, nonemployment and skill-mismatch. I find that the overall differences between the genders of graduating college into a recession are driven by the choice of field of study and the fact that females outnumber male graduates with degrees aimed towards occupations in the public sector. The analysis shows only small differences between the genders when I compare outcomes within Business, Law and Engineering graduates, degrees leading to occupations that typically require workers to maintain a high degree of labor market attachment.
|
|
| 31. |
- Boye, Katarina, 1975-
(författare)
-
Happy hour? Studies on well-being and time spent on paid and unpaid work
- 2008
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present thesis focuses on causes and consequences of paid working hours and housework hours among women and men in Sweden and Europe. It consists of four studies. Study I investigates changes in the division of housework in Swedish couples when they become parents. The study shows that women adjust their housework hours to the number and age of children in the household, whereas men do not. Longer parental leave periods among fathers have the potential to counteract this change towards a more traditional division of housework. Study II explores the associations between psychological distress and paid working hours, housework hours and total role time in Sweden. The results suggest that women’s psychological distress decreases with increasing paid working hours and housework hours, but that a long total role time is associated with high levels of distress. The gender difference in time spent on housework accounts for 40 per cent of the gender difference in psychological distress. Study III asks whether hours spent on paid work and housework account for the European gender difference in well-being, and whether the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework is influenced by gender attitudes and social comparison. The results indicate that gender differences in time spent on paid work and housework account for a third of the gender difference in well-being. Gender attitudes and social comparison do not to any great extent influence the associations between well-being and paid work and housework, respectively. Study IV examines possible differences between European family policy models in the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework. Some model differences are found, and they are accounted for by experiences of work-family conflict among men, but not among women. For both women and men, work-family conflict appears to suppress positive aspects of paid working hours.
|
|
| 32. |
- Brolin Låftman, Sara, 1974-
(författare)
-
Children's Living Conditions : Studies on Health, Family and School
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present dissertation includes four empirical studies, each of which focuses on specific aspects of children’s living conditions. Study I analyses the association between young people’s social relations and health complaints using Swedish nationally representative survey data on 10- to 18-year-olds. Both relations with parents and with peers are associated with health complaints. Relational content is more strongly associated with health complaints than is relational structure. With regard to relational content, strained relations are more strongly associated with health complaints than are supportive relations. Study II investigates how effort and reward in school are associated with pupils’ subjective health using data from the Stockholm School Survey. Both effort and reward are shown to be positively associated with subjective health, and in particular pupils who report to put in high effort in school have high levels of subjective health. Contextual variation in health is found for girls but not for boys. Study III is based on Swedish register data and analyses the association between family type and choice of programme in upper secondary school. Children in single-mother households less often choose the natural science/technology (NT) programme compared with children who live with two original parents. Having a resident or a non-resident parent with NT skills is positively associated with choice of the NT programme. Study IV analyses the association between family type and social support, health, and material resources in 24 countries. The data are derived from the international Health Behaviour of School-aged Children (HBSC) survey. In a majority of the countries studied, children in single-mother households report smaller resources compared with children living with two original parents. No clear pattern is found with regard to differences between countries.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
- Brännström, Lars, 1972-
(författare)
-
Phantom of the Neighbourhood : Longitudinal Studies on Area-based Conditions and Individual Outcomes
- 2006
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation consists of three self-contained but interrelated empirical studies focusing on theoretical, empirical and political questions in the multidisciplinary field of neighbourhood effect research. Along with a comprehensive introductory essay, each study addresses questions concerning the potential influence of neighbourhood characteristics on individual social and economic outcomes at different life stages. Study I combines longitudinal register and survey data from the ‘golden era’ of Swedish welfare policy to evaluate a hypothesised impact of neighbourhood poverty during adolescence on a wide range of outcomes (including, but not limited to, educational and employment status) within a counterfactual model framework based on matching on propensity scores. Extensive empirical analyses indicate that, when two groups of children who are identical according to observed factors before age 10 (including household income, family structure and welfare receipt) live in different types of neighbourhood in adolescence, the outcome for those who grow up in a poor neighbourhood is not more likely to be worse than for those who grow up in a more affluent neighbourhood. Study II considers the maximum theoretical scope of unique neighbourhood influence experienced during the years of growth on individuals’ later life income and social assistance recipiency. A three-level hierarchical linear model is applied to simultaneously distinguish variation in the outcomes over time from variation that is attributable to differences between neighbourhoods. By utilising longitudinal register data derived from a birth cohort who grew up in Stockholm at a time when Swedish welfare policy ambitions were at a peak, this study attempts to estimate the long-term significance of neighbourhood origin in the Swedish setting. The analyses clearly show that prior place of residence accounts for an exceedingly modest proportion of the variation in cohort members’ subsequent income and receipt of social assistance. Study III explores the hypothesised negative impact of disadvantaged neighbourhood conditions, individual disadvantage, and degree of labour market establishment on levels of social trust. Using data from the Swedish Longitudinal Survey among Unemployed, ordered logit regression analyses indicate that low levels of social trust are contingent upon perceived neighbourhood disorder, personal powerlessness, perceived fear of victimisation, and accumulated episodes of temporary employment. The tentative results also indicate that neighbourhood disorder, powerlessness, and fear of victimisation interact, magnifying the negative impact on social trust.
|
|
| 35. |
- Bygren, Magnus, 1968-
(författare)
-
Career outcomes in the Swedish labor market : three contextual studies
- 2001
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Paper I:Being Different in the Workplace: Job Mobility into other Workplaces and Shifts into Unemployment. This study evaluates contradictory theoretical predictions about the consequences of belonging to a minority in a workplace context. The impact of workplace sex and ethnic composition on its constituent members' voluntary (workplace shifts) and involuntary (unemployment) mobility out of the workplace is assessed. Multilevel models are estimated on a sample of 1,959 Swedish workplaces for which information is available on all employees. The results indicate that the sex composition of the workplace does not affect men's and women's propensity for job shifts into other workplaces. However, natives have a higher propensity to leave workplaces with relatively many immigrants. Moreover, women and immigrants who are in a small minority run significantly larger risks of ending up in unemployment. No such association is found for men when they are in the minority, or for natives in workplaces with a large proportion of immigrants. Thus, the minority position is disadvantageous for women and immigrants. In contrast to previous research, the ethnic composition effects dwarf those of sex composition. This dimension of "being different" thus seems more important for involuntary as well as voluntary moves out of workplaces.Paper II:What You See is Not Always What You Get. Imperfect Information in the Job-Worker Matching Process, and Its Consequences for the Attainment of Occupational Prestige. This study uses Swedish job history data to test the hypothesis that easily observable characteristics of both jobs and workers matter more for the individual attainment of job rewards when better information about such characteristics is not available. The notion of "easily observable worker characteristics" is operationalized as formal education, and that of "easily observable job characteristics" is operationalized as occupational prestige. The results are consistent with the hypothesis and previous empirical evidence obtained using US data. The formal education of workers influences employers' decisions about hiring, but in employer-internal mobility employers appear to make use of more direct measures of worker ability. Moreover, the longer the employer has had an opportunity to observe a worker, the smaller the influence of formal education on internal job mobility outcomes. Similarly, easily observable characteristics of jobs influence workers' mobility between employers, i.e. when other job information is unavailable or difficult to observe. Workers were also found to use more easily observable characteristics early on in the job-worker matches, but with time in the job, these characteristics lose their influence on job mobility decisions.Paper III:Pay Reference Standards and Pay Satisfaction. What Do Workers Evaluate Their Pay Against? Reference group theory postulates that actors' satisfaction originates in relative rather than absolute standing, but largely neglects the question of what these comparison standards actually are. This study contributes to filling this void through an empirical investigation of the standards against which workers evaluate their pay. The associations between several indicators of reference pay and pay satisfaction are examined in a random sample of Swedish employees. The data set is unusually rich in its information about both the individual and the structural context in which worker pay satisfaction is formed: the past pay of the worker, and the pay level of the organizational, occupational, and national labor market context. The results indicate that workers' satisfaction primarily stems from more general comparisons with others in their occupation, and in the labor market at large. Comparisons with co-workers' and the individuals' own past pay, are of minor importance. Reference group theory as applied to pay comparisons would therefore benefit from a focus on this more general level.
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Bäckman, Olof, 1965-
(författare)
-
Longitudinal Studies on Sickness Absence in Sweden
- 1998
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The research object of this thesis is sickness absence taking behavior in Sweden. In four empirical studies, using longitudinal data, the thesis investigates sickness absence taking behavior as a result of the impact of specific structural factors.The first empirical study (Chapter II) examines the relationship between the annual national sickness absence and unemployment rates for the period 1935-1990. The effects of changes of the replacement level are also studied. The analyses show that the widespread notion of an inverse relationship between the unemployment rate and the sickness absence rate cannot be verified by a closer analysis of available data.The remaining three empirical studies use micro-data to study sickness absence behavior. Chapter III closely examines the effect of the reduction in sickness cash benefits of March 1 1991 on the short-term absence rate. The theoretical perspective is derived from rational choice theory. Intensity regressions on duration data show that the objectives that were linked to the reduction of benefits-lower sickness absence rates and an equal distribution of the burdens brought about by the reduction-are incompatible. The weaker groups that are likely to have the greatest need for sickness absence reduce their absence taking more than stronger groups in the labor market.Chapter IV, co-authored with Joakim Palme, addresses the question of how conditions in childhood affect absence taking in adulthood. Analyses of data of a Stockholm cohort reveal how conditions in childhood and early adolescence structure the absence taking behavior of individuals. The chapter shows the endurance of these effects, a finding that is most clearly manifested in what has been labeled "the social imprint effect".The fourth of the empirical studies (Chapter V) treats the issue of gender differences in short-term absence rates. The study focuses on the impact of the gender composition of work places, but hierarchical positioning and integration among workers are also investigated. The results indicate that numerical representation conditions the short-term absence rate of women in the sense that women at workplaces where they constitute a small minority have a lower short-term absence rate than other women. For men, the hierarchical position in which they work is a more important determinant for the short-term absence rate.The results provide new insights for the study of sickness absence from a sociological perspective by specifying the mechanisms through which the social structure, in terms of institutional constraints, incentives, social stratification, and organizational traits of job sites, influences the behavior of individuals.
|
|
| 38. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-
(författare)
-
Age at Immigration and School Performance: A Siblings Analysis Using Swedish Register Data
- 2005
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There is a gap in school performance between native and immigrant pupils in Sweden.This article analyzes the role of age at immigration, which is believed to be an importantdeterminant of this gap, since it is inversely related to the time spent acquiring Swedenspecificskills before graduation. The analysis exploits within-family variation in a largeset of register data on immigrant siblings (and native children) graduating fromcompulsory school between 1988 and 2003. The estimated negative impact from shortduration of residence prior to graduation is significantly less than the one observed usinga standard cross-sectional approach which fails to net out family-fixed effects. Thecritical age at arrival is about 10. Above this age, there is a strong negative impact onperformance, where the sibling-difference estimates are 27-54 percent less negative thanthe cross-sectional ones. The results show both similarities and striking differencesbetween boys and girls and between children of different origin. Moreover, children withshort duration of residence perform significantly better in mathematics than in a range ofsubjects taken together. This demonstrates the importance of Sweden-specific skills.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
- Carroll, Eero
(författare)
-
Emergence and structuring of social insurance institutions : comparative studies on social policy and unemployment insurance
- 1999
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Strengths and Limits of Generalizing Theory inAccounting for Comparative Welfare State Development: An IntroductoryEssay. This essay discusses some central theoretical, empirical and inferentialproblems in comparative welfare state research, and summates the results ofstudies pursued here. Frontiers for further research are indicated.The need for more institutionalist accounts of social policy is argued forwith special reference to the structural diversity of unemploymentinsurance programs at the beginning of the 1990s, as well as the challengesthis poses for standard economic theory on the work disincentives these programs supposedly entail. The need formore historicizing accounts is argued with focus upon ongoing processes ofsocial change concomitant to welfare state structuring, including trends inglobalization,civic protest, divisions among leftist parties, and ideology.Thresholds to the Welfare State: SocietalConcomitants of the First Laws on Social Insurance. The emergence of the welfare state is studied in relation to processes ofsocial change such as democratization, economic growth, and elites'strategic action to pacify labor movements, as well as to constitutionalfederalism.Qualitative analysis indicates that social insurance enactment rather tendsto follow the founding of labor parties than of trade unions, while usuallypreceding the more reactive foundation of confessional or ChristianDemocratic parties and trade unions. Conservative and liberal elitesdiffered in their motives for social policy activism, which were not limited to pacification of the working class.Multivariate analysis indicates that trade union consolidation slightlydecreases the likelihood of the very earliest social insurance enactmentsoccurring, while strongly elevating the likelihood of later legislation. Trade unions make the most difference forsocial insurance enactment under low growth conditions. Federalconstitutions are found to have delayed social insurance. Leadership ineconomic growth was not associated with legislative activism--if anything, a negative relationship is indicated by the data.Deadlock, Charge and Countercharge:Unemployment Insurance in Highly Industrialized Nations from 1930sDepression to 1990s Retrenchment. Cross-national trends in centralinstitutional aspects of unemployment insurance (including organization, coverageand replacement rates) are described for major periods of macroeconomicchange since the 1930s. In the long run, voluntary and corporatistinstitutional forms (directed to fund members and to core labor force groups respectively) make forhigher benefit rates but lower coverage. Comprehensive compulsoryinsurance, for most of those active on the labor market, provides lowerbenefits while tending towards full coverage among employees--income-tested programs yield lower minimum benefits.Such institutional constraints have limited income security inunemployment. Since the "oil shocks" in 1973, right-wing governments cut back programs more often thanexpanding them--there is otherwise no systematic political logic to changes in insurance extension, whichtend to generate conflict also within (rather than simply between) majorparty-political power blocs.Sheer Necessity or Strategic Opportunity?Temporality and Contingency in the Institutional Politics of UnemploymentInsurance. In this study, it is argued that the development of unemployment insurancemust be explained with reference to its institutional structure, as well asto nation-specific and historical context. Descriptive analyses indicatethat constitutional hindrancesto decisionmaking make little difference in themselves for programinclusivity, but may change the context where it evolves by limitingworking class mobilization. Multivariate analyses indicate that constitutional factors, strike activity, and party politics often bear a lesssystematic relation to insurance extension in the 1930s than in postwaryears, while partly the reverse is true of agrarian labour force structure.Stronger working class mobilization actually coincides with lower coverage if the impact of voluntaryinsurance institutions is not controlled for. Economic growth hasinconsistent effects on both coverage and replacement rates, depending onwhich other factors are controlled for. Replacement rates are lower under comprehensive or means-tested institutionalforms, but are not as well explained by macrosocial factors as is coverage.Christian Democratic party strength makes more difference for insuranceextension than does the strength ofworking class movements. Finally, strong "ratchetingeffects" of prior reforms uphold insurance extension,particularily coverage levels.
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
- Dadgar, Iman, 1982-
(författare)
-
Essays on the economics of education and health
- 2022
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Study I: This paper investigates the effect of the academic ordinal rank position of Swedish grade 9 students relative to their school peers on future educational achievement and adult earnings. The results show evidence of a positive impact of being more highly ranked in the class, and the effects are concentrated to the top and the bottom of the ordinal rank distribution. High-ability students from low-income families gained the most from having a higher ordinal rank in grade 9. The results contrast with US findings, which suggest a similar impact across the rank distribution.Study II: This paper studies the effect of a reform that increased school-level autonomy in determining how to allocate time between different subjects in Sweden. It evaluates the impact of the reform using registry data in a Difference-in-Differences framework. The results suggest that students' educational outcomes, including the subsequent choice of educational track, were not affected by the reform. However, there are some indications that students in large schools and students from low socioeconomic households may have benefited from the reform. Study III: Research suggests that increases in gross domestic product (GDP) lead to increases in traffic deaths plausibly due to the increased road traffic induced by an expanding economy. However, there also seems to exist a long-term effect of economic growth that is manifested in improved traffic safety and reduced rates of traffic deaths. Previous studies focus on either the short-term, procyclical effect, or the long-term, protective effect. The aim of the present study is to estimate the short-term and long-term effects jointly in order to assess the net impact of GDP on traffic mortality. We performed error correction modelling to estimate the short-term and long-term effects of GDP on the traffic death rates. The estimates from the error correction modelling for the entire study period suggested that a one-unit increase (US$1000) in GDP/capita yields an instantaneous short-term increase in the traffic death rate by 0.58 (p<0.001), and a long-term decrease equal to −1.59 (p<0.001). However, period-specific analyses revealed a structural break implying that the procyclical effect outweighs the protective effect in the period prior to 1976, whereas the reverse is true for the period 1976–2011. Study IV: Unemployment might affect several risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death globally. The characterization of the relation between these two phenomena is thus of great significance from a public-health perspective. The main aim of this study was to estimate the association between the unemployment rate and mortality from CVD and from coronary heart disease (CHD). We used time-series data for 32 countries spanning the period 1960–2015. We applied two alternative modelling strategies: (a) error correction modelling, provided that the data were co-integrated; and (b) first-difference modelling in the absence of co-integration. Separate models were estimated for each of five welfare state regimes with different levels of unemployment protection. We also performed country-specific ARIMA-analyses. Because the data did not prove to be co-integrated, we applied first-difference modelling. Our findings, based on data from predominantly affluent countries, suggest that heart-disease mortality does not respond to economic fluctuations.
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
- de Luna, Xavier, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Can adult education delay retirement from the Labour Market?
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several studies have suggested that education is associated with later retirement from the labour market. In this paper, we examine whether adult education, involving enrolees aged 42 or above, delays retirement to potentially increase labour force participation among the elderly. With Swedish register data of transcripts from adult education and an-nual earnings, which encompasses 1979-2004 and 1982-2004 respectively, we exploit the fact that adult education is a large-scale phenomenon in Sweden and construct a measure of the timing of the transition from being self-supported by productive work to being supported by pension transfers. We match samples of treated and controls on the propen-sity score and use non-parametric estimation of survival rates. The results indicate that adult education has no effect on the timing of the retirement from the labour force. This can be contrasted with the fact that adult education is one of the cornerstones of the OECD strategy for “active ageing” and the European Union’s “Lisbon strategy” for growth and jobs.
|
|
| 47. |
- Dryler, Helen, 1963-
(författare)
-
Educational Choice in Sweden : Studies on the Importance of Gender and Social Contexts
- 1998
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis comprises four empirical studies dealing with different aspects of educational choice in Sweden. Two studies focus on the hierarchical outcome, namely level of education. The other two are concerned with the horizontal outcome field of study. Large-scale quantitative data from surveys and registers were used to examine the influence of gender, family of origin, and other social contexts on individuals' educational choice.>P> In paper I, Childhood Conditions and Educational Careers two general questions are addressed: 1) To what extent can differences in childhood conditions account for the fact that children from various social class origins choose academic upper secondary school programmes to such differing degrees? 2) Which changes in educational attainment during this century have resulted from the effects of class background and other childhood conditions? Regarding the first question, the parents' level of education, as an indicator of the teaching and cultural environment in the home, proved to be the most important childhood condition in accounting for class differences. Financial difficulties during childhood were less important in comparison. Regarding the second question the results showed that the influence of the parents' social class and educational level, and the number of siblings (as a partial indicator of financial difficulties) were weaker for younger cohorts (1930-1949 and 1950-1973) than for older ones (1892-1929). However, the effects of several childhood conditions examined had not decreased.Starting in the late sixties Sweden experienced an extensive geographical dispersion of university and college education. Whether these new establishments have had any reducing effect on the social selection into higher education is evaluated in paper II, The Establishment of New Institutes of Higher Education: A Means of Reducing Educational Inequality? The results clearly give a negative answer. The interpretation is that 1) people from different social backgrounds do not differ in their sensitivity to geographical distance to university sites, and 2) the new colleges and universities have not been established in regions with a high proportion of disadvantaged social classes (working classes for example), nor have they managed, on the whole, to increase the number of students from the newly established university and college regions in relation to the rest of the country.Can family background account for intra-gender differences in the heavily gender-typed choice of study field? Paper III, Parental Role Models, Gender, and Educational Choice, describes several relationships on this topic from a socialization perspective where parents are regarded as role models for their children. It was found that the parents' educational as well as occupational sector increased the likelihood of both boys and girls choosing a similar field of study (vocational and academic programmes in upper secondary school), and that both the mother's and the father's occupation and education were important in this respect. This so- called same-sector effect was somewhat stronger for fathers and sons, while no such same-sex influence was confirmed for girls. Further, a "high" social origin ( measured by class and level of education - was positively associated with gender-atypical choices.In paper IV, A Multilevel Approach to Gender-Typical and Gender-Atypical Educational Choices: Do Schools and Classrooms Matter? the questions asked in the third paper were extended to include any influences from social contexts above the level of the family, more specifically, classrooms and schools. Logistic multilevel models were used to show significant school and classroom variations in the choice of study field. However, the contextual characteristics that were used in an attempt to account for these (mainly aggregate variables based on pupil characteristics) left the variances unchanged to the greatest extent. For example, the girl/boy ratio in the classroom does not seem to influence gender-typical or gender-atypical educational choices. One classroom effect showed a systematic influence however: the better classmates performed in mathematics and natural science subjects, the lower the propensity to choose the engineering programme, and further, the better classmates performed in language and social sciences subjects, the less probability that a girl or a boy would choose the humanities/social sciences programme.
|
|
| 48. |
- Duvander, Ann-Zofie E., 1968-
(författare)
-
Couples in Sweden : studies on family and work
- 2000
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis contains four separate studies that in various ways focus on family and work in Sweden. The studies address different dimensions of how family and work are connected, which is increasingly important as most men and women today participate in both spheres. All studies are studies of couples, which is useful as a large part of the interplay between work and family takes place in couples. An introductory essay discusses the findings.The transition from cohabitation to marriage. A longitudinal study of the propensity to marry in Sweden in the early 1990s. In Sweden cohabitation is the norm before marriage, and it is in many ways equal to marriage. By investigating the transition from cohabitation to marriage this study seeks to clarify how those who marry differ from those who do not. The study uses the Swedish Family Survey of 1992 together with register data of marriages and births for the following two years. Information on partners' attitudes and marriage plans is obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. The risk of marriage for women who were cohabiting at the time of interview is analyzed with event history analysis. The results show that life course stage, economic gains in marriage, and family socialization predict whether cohabiting women will turn their unions into marriages. In addition, attitudes toward leisure and parenthood influence marriage propensities. Marriage plans explain some, but not all of those effects.Do country-specific skills lead to improved labor market positions? An analysis of unemployment and labor market returns to education among immigrants in Sweden. The gap in labor market rewards between immigrants and the native-born is sometimes explained with reference to immigrants' lack of country-specific skills. This study investigates whether speaking and understanding Swedish well, having an education obtained in Sweden and living with a Swedish partner improve immigrants' positions in the labor market. The findings show that these characteristics do not substantially reduce the risk of unemployment, and the risk remains clearly above the level of native-born Swedes. However, employed immigrants with a Swedish education and very good language skills are not more likely than Swedes to be educationally over-qualified for their job. In sum, country-specific skills are helpful in the process of reward attainment, but do not go all the way in accounting for the labor market disadvantage of immigrants. The residual may be due to discrimination.Family division of childcare and the sharing of parental leave among new parents in Sweden. This paper uses register data on days of parental-leave used by mothers and fathers of Swedish children born in 1994, including information on earnings of mothers and fathers, to analyze the determinants of fathers' participation in child care. In 1994 parents were entitled to 15 months of parental leave of which 12 months were compensated at 90 percent of prior earnings. Our major finding is that while both fathers' and mothers' earnings had positive effects on fathers' leave use, smaller at higher earnings, fathers' earnings had a greater impact than mothers'. Fathers used more leave if they or the mother had more schooling and if they were established in the labor market, but used less leave if the mother was established in the labor market.Marriage choice and earnings. A study of how spouses' relative resources influence their income development. This study investigates how spouses in dual earner couples influence each other's labor market careers. This is done by analyzing the influence of spouses' relative resources on the income development of wives and husbands. Resourcesare measured by kind of education, educational level, age and income. The most consistent finding is that homogamy of kind of education influences both men's and women's income development positively. Furthermore, at low levels of resources, both men and women credit from having a spouse with higher levels of resources. Men with high levels of resources credit from having a spouse with lower levels of resources, and women at high levels of resources credit from having a spouse with the same level of resources.
|
|
| 49. |
- Edmark, Karin
(författare)
-
Location choices of Swedish independent schools – how does allowing for private provision affect the geography of the education market?
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper studies the location decisions of Swedish start-up independent schools. It makes use of the great expansion of independent schools following a reform implemented in 1992 to test what local market characteristics are correlated with independent school entry. The results suggest that independent schools are more likely to choose locations with a higher share of students with high-educated parents; a higher student population density; and a lower share of students with Swedish-born parents. There is also some evidence that independent schools are less likely to locate in municipalities with a left-wing political majority. These results are robust to various alternative and flexible definitions of local school markets, which were employed in order to alleviate the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. For some of the included variables, the definition of the local market however had a large impact on the results, suggesting that the issue of how to define regions in spatial analyses can be important.
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
