| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bauer, Bjørn, et al.
(författare)
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Circular plastics in electrical and electronic equipment
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report explores what the Nordic countries can do to promote the use of recyclable plastic components in electrical and electronic products, with particular focus on minimising their hazardous chemical component. The report provides an overview of the hazardous additives currently used in the plastic components of EEE, drawing on information available from legislation and supporting studies, research and academia, NGOs and market actors. The results presented here build upon input collected though a literature study, a policy analysis of EU and Nordic legislation and initiatives, interviews with experts across the value chain and an expert workshop. Together these inputs were used to assess and qualify possible future actions in the Nordic countries to minimise hazardous chemicals in plastic components of EEE.
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| 4. |
- Bauer, Bjørn, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring waste prevention and reuse: digital opportunities : Using the digitalisation of society to inform policy
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The data generated in our digital society can be harnessed to generate policy-relevant indicators on waste prevention and reuse, and be used to fill in the gaps left by official data and statistics. This project elaborates where the greatest potentials lie for improving the monitoring of waste prevention and reuse, and presents a roadmap for improving the monitoring of waste prevention in the Nordic countries. This is based mapiping the EU reporting demands for waste prevention and reuse and the methods currently employed in the Nordic countries to measure waste prevention and reuse, as well as an investigation of the methods used in other European countries together with a suite of case studies of novel methods for measuring waste prevention and reuse.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Boström, Magnus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Political Consumerism : its motivations, power, and conditions in the Nordic countries and elsewhere : Proceedings from the 2nd International Seminar on Political Consumerism, Oslo August 26-29, 2004
- 2005
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concept of political consumerism draws on the observation that consumer choice and the rising politics of products is an increasingly important form of political participation, especially with regard to such issues as human rights, animal rights, global solidarity and environmental responsibility. The 2nd International Seminar on Political Consumerism was arranged to enhance our knowledge about political consumerism. This report includes revised versions of the papers that were presented and discussed at the seminar. Scholars from various disciplines presented papers that discussed and analyzed such topics as the characteristics of (especially Nordic) political consumers and their motivations to express their political concerns through market channels, how consumer power and individual choice can be linked to public influence, political and market conditions for the success, effectiveness, or failure of political consumerism as a regulatory tool, and the framing, mobilization, and organizational processes behind political consumerism
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| 14. |
- Hedblom, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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State of biodiversity in the Nordic countries : an assessment of progress towards achieving the target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Summary The aim of the NordBio2010 project is to evaluate the 2010 biodiversity target by developing indicators that can describe changes in biodiversity over time in the Nordic countries. We have developed a simple concept to clarify the use of biodiversity indicators; a concept that can describe both the quantity and quality dimensions of biodiversity. Changes in quantity are measured as trends in the area of pre-defined habitats or ecosystems (such as forest, grassland or inland water bodies). Changes in quality are measured as species abundance trends and, when applicable, as other habitat quality parameters, such as trends in the proportion of old trees in forests or grazing pressure on grasslands. In order to measure changes in biodiversity quantity, we have developed a common Nordic habitat classification system that defines a range of ecosystem types. At the 1st level we have defined 10 major habitat types, which at the 2nd level are divided into 27 sub-types. The classification at the 1st level is based on well-defined criteria, including the type and degree of vegetation cover, the type of underlying substrate as well as human influences, such as agricultural management practice. The division into subtypes at the 2nd level is based on a less stringent evaluation of various criteria relevant in a Nordic context. To measure biodiversity quality we have identified a range of species abundance indicators and other quality indicators for each of the main habitat types, and when data sources were sufficient these indicators have been calculated and presented. Based on the concept of measuring both quantity and quality, a two-dimensional biodiversity index can be computed, and such indices are presented for those of the main habitat types (such as farmland, mire and forest) where adequate data exist. Key messages Our results show that biodiversity has declined in the Nordic countries since 1990. It is highly unlikely that the target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010 can be met in the Nordic countries. If further efforts are directed towards analysing existing data sources, additional indicators can be constructed and hence a better knowledge base can be achieved. We recommend that future nature and biodiversity monitoring be increasingly coordinated at a Nordic level. Our results comprise the most comprehensive documentation of land use in the Nordic countries to date. Based on recent and historic data sources we have been able to deduce key trends in land use. The results show that the area of important nature types such as mire, grassland and heathland have decreased significantly over the past one to two decades, whereas the area of constructed habitats, including city areas and transport networks, has grown considerably in all of the Nordic countries. Each of these individual trends will cause the quantity of biodiversity to decline. On the positive side, however, a slight increase in the area of forest may count as the only trend in land use that may have a positive impact on biodiversity. Looking into the quality aspect of biodiversity, our results reveal that two-thirds of the quality indicators presented show declines and the remaining one-third show improvements (or steady-state). While all of the quality indicators for farmland, mire and grassland show declines in biodiversity, the indicators for constructed and coastal habitats, inland water and forest reveal both positive and negative trends in biodiversity. However, none of the main habitat types exclusively shows improvements. The majority of the species indicators are based on bird populations. Even though birds generally are believed to be highly relevant indictors for biodiversity, they clearly represent only a corner of biodiversity. However, bird species are the best monitored group in the Nordic countries and therefore constitute the best assessment tool for biodiversity. A limited number of population trends also exist for butterflies, mammals and a few plant species, whereas time series are almost non-existent for all remaining species groups. In conjunction with the other indicators, however, the bird indicators selected here represent valuable information on the trend and state of biodiversity in the Nordic countries. In respect to both the quantity and quality dimensions of biodiversity our results indicate an overall decline in biodiversity in the Nordic countries since 1990. In particular, farmland, mire, grassland and heathland show declines in biodiversity, but also the remaining habitats show negative trends. Therefore, based on the findings from this study, we conclude that it is highly unlikely that the target of halting biodiversity loss by 2010 can be achieved by the Nordic countries. Our results should be perceived as a first attempt to make an overall assessment of the state of biodiversity in the Nordic countries. We believe that if further efforts were directed towards scrutinising existing and historic monitoring programmes and data sources, additional indicators could be calculated and hence a better knowledge base would be achieved. Also, our experience is that the monitoring programmes in the Nordic countries vary considerably between the individual countries and as a consequence it is often difficult to find matching datasets in all countries. We recommend that nature and biodiversity monitoring in future be
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| 15. |
- Hedegaard Sørensen, Claus, et al.
(författare)
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Hvordan styrke nordiske kommuners arbejde med vejtrafikstøj?
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I de nordiske lande er ca. 5 millioner mennesker udsat for vejtrafikstøj. I Danmark, Sverige, Norge og Finland findes i varierende form nationale ambitioner om at reducere vejtrafikstøj ved eksisterende boliger. Trods de nationale ambitioner har der hidtil været store vanskeligheder med at realisere dem. Kommunernes prioriteringer er en funktion af tre forhold: Den kommunale organisation, kommunens nære omgivelser, samt staten og tværgående netværk. På baggrund af case-studier, teori og anden litteratur tegnes i rapporten tegnes i rapporten billedet af det vi kalder den kommunale støjpolitiske anatomi. Det generelle billede er, at kommunerne har gode grunde til ikke at beskæftige sig med vejtrafikstøj ved eksisterende boliger. To case-studier fra Hørsholm i Danmark og Stockholm i Sverige er imidlertid eksempler på kommuner som gør en ekstraordinær indsats. På den baggrund redegøres for en række forudsætninger, som er vigtige for at øge den kommunale indsats for reduktion af vejtrafikstøj ved eksisterende boliger.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Hof, Anouschka R, et al.
(författare)
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Future of biodiversity in the Barents Region
- 2015
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change may affect biodiversity to a large extent. Its effects have already caused shifts in species distributions and even species extinctions. Since especially high latitude regions are expected to be affected, this publication assesses the impact of future climate change on the biodiversity in the Barents Region (northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, and Northwest Russia). It reports on the impact of climate change on a large range of species, including amphibians, butterflies, birds, mammals, moths, plants, slugs, snails, and reptiles, of which a few were studied more in depth. It further identifies future hotspots of species diversity and gives recommendations on species that should be prioritized for conservation and on areas that should be included in the network of protected areas in future. Lastly, it provides guidance on which aspects require further study.
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| 18. |
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| 21. |
- Korpi, Tomas, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Att möta globaliseringen : Utbildning, aktivering och social exkludering i Norden
- 2015
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- De nordiska ländernas ekonomiska utbyte med omvärlden har ökat dramatiskt. I debatten har globaliseringens förespråkare sett internationellt utbyte som en förutsättning för fortsatt välstånd, medan kritikerna varnat för arbetslöshet och ojämlikhet. Utvecklingen av inkomstfluktuationer och -skillnader kan emellertid inte förklaras av globaliseringen. Internationell handel, kapitalrörlighet och migration har således inte lett till ökad osäkerhet och ojämlikhet så som befarats – alternativt så har länderna varit framgångsrika i försöken att möta globaliseringen. De nordiska länderna har alla sökt bemöta utmaningarna genom reformer av utbildnings- och aktiveringspolitiken. Medan reformerna av yrkesutbildningen och arbetsmarknadspolitiken generellt inte har motverkat risken för social exkludering har däremot expansionen av utbildningssystemen tenderat att minska inkomstskillnaderna i Norden.
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| 22. |
- Kraufvelin, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Essential fish habitats (EFH) : conclusions from a workshop on the importance, mapping, monitoring, threats and conservation of coastal EFH in the Baltic Sea
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many fish species in the Baltic Sea are highly dependent on shallow and sheltered coastal habitats that they use for spawning, nursery, feeding and migration. Still, the role of these essential fish habitats (EFH) for the development and support of fish stocks and communities has received relatively little attention, even though there is general consensus among scientists about their critical importance. Little is also known about the major threats to EFH, and their conservation status in different countries has previously not been reviewed. As EFH often are found in the same parts of the coastal zone that are also highly valued by humans, this gap in knowledge needs to be addressed. Hence, there is an urgent need to focus more thoroughly on the importance, mapping, monitoring and protection of EFH and also the driving factors and mechanisms behind the changes we observe in their status. Only this way, we will be able to predict and mitigate future effects of environmental change in these valuable habitats and to create adaptive management plans. The main objectives of this project were to 1) organize a workshop for experts around the Baltic Sea on the importance, protection of and threats to coastal EFH (including an overview of the methods used for the mapping and monitoring of these habitats), and 2) based on the outcome of the workshop, produce a review paper in an international scientific journal about the state of the art of the subject for the Baltic Sea, including knowledge gaps and future research needs. Here, we report the results of the project, focusing on the outcome of the workshop. From the workshop (organised during 2nd-4th June 2015 in öregrund, Sweden) we conclude that there are only few quantitative studies available concerning the importance of EFH for fish stocks. This evidence is in turn quite complex and do not necessarily provide straightforward answers. Nevertheless, for some coastal species, indirect evidence exists and sufficient data are also available to carry out further quantitative analyses. More evidence on the role of EFH for fish production could potentially also be achieved using spatial and temporal data analyses, stage-structured modelling and otolith chemistry techniques. Based on qualitative results/analyses, it can be reasoned that EFH are very important and valuable for the provisioning of rich fish communities and for fish production. This conclusion is reached, despitethe still quite low degree of targeted studies that are focusing explicitly on the role of the habitats and that are providing straight quantitative relationships. Most likely the importance of these habitats has been underestimated in the past and more studies could contribute to pinpoint their ecological importance. For the monitoring and mapping aspects of EFH in Baltic Sea countries, a lot of data seems to be available. Different sampling methods are used for a wide range of both coastal and offshore species and life stages (from eggs, larvae, YOY (young of the year) to adult fish). The use of these data in producing habitat maps has for long been poor, but the situation is now improving rapidly in many countries as a result of national and regional underwater mapping and inventory programs. In this sense, not only habitat mapping and mapping of fish distribution (fish in different life stages) are of importance. Also the mapping of major threats, pressures and environmental background conditions should be performed. This would ensure maximum availability and optimized use of information necessary for efficient management and for the improvement of marine spatial planning. The threats to and conservation status of EFH suggest urgent and diverse management solutions. Eutrophication, climate change, coastal construction and development, invasive species and fishery seem to constitute the major threats to the habitats. Among these threats, the physical pressures, including for example marine shipping/boat traffic and its associated infrastructure (like dredging), physical exploitation of shore areas and trawl fishery, tend to be more easily manageable. These activities disturb fish habitats both directly and indirectly, and are typically more serious to fish reproduction and juvenile stages. The conservation status of EFH is generally poor, mainly due to that fisheries management and nature conservation in the Baltic Sea region historically have been separated. Internationally, however, many marine ecological studies have shown how mutual benefits may be reached through an integrated management of fisheries and habitats. This gives EFH a central role in management, merging the interests of fisheries management and habitat protection, and simultaneously attracting a lot of scientific interest to associated research questions. The results of the current project hence suggest that there are data for quantitative analyses to support the role of EFH for fish production, a potential to initiate, develop and synchronize future monitoring and mapping of the habitats, and that there is an increasing awareness for the protection and increased concern for the sustainability of these shallow coastal systems. The outcome of this project could serve as a basis for improving cooperation between Baltic Sea countries in this field, which in the long run could result in both harmonized monitoring and mapping methods of the EFH in the Baltic Sea and a strengthened management. The work also provides important input for developing indicators to assess the status of EFH and for the implementation of international agreements and legislative acts as the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP), the Habitats Directive (HD) and the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD).
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Lange, Lene, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic Bioeconomy : NCM reporting: Test centers for green energy solutions – Biorefineries and business needs
- 2016
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2014 the Nordic Council of Ministers initiated a new bioeconomy project: “Test centers for green energy solutions – Biorefineries and Business needs”. The purpose was to strengthen green growth in the area of the bioeconomy by analyzing and mapping the current status of the bioeconomy in the Nordic countries and identify potentials and obstacles, needs and opportunities. Based on this a set of policy recommendations was formulated. The project group participants were prominent scientists within the field of bioeconomy as well as government officials from all the Nordic countries. The project was headed by Professor Lene Lange, DTU, Denmark. The resulting Nordic Bioeconomy NCM Report consists of three parts: 1.Executive summary chapters (Introduction, Background, Scoping, Conclusions, Trends, Actions, and Recommendations, supplemented by highlights of the reporting from each of the Nordic countries).2. Full country reports on the bioeconomy, activities and available infrastructures from each of the Nordic countries, including Greenland and the Faroe Islands.3. A consultancy report (authored by Matis, Iceland) on business needs and opportunities within the bioeconomy, upgrading biological resources from agriculture, forestry, and fishery, as well as from industrial organic side streams and household waste.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Palmé, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic Crop Wild Relative conservation : A report from two collaborative projects 2015–2019
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report summarizes results from a cooperation among all the Nordic countries during the period 2015 – 2019 (two projects). The work has focused on the conservation of Crop Wild Relatives (CWR), i.e. wild plant species closely related to crops. They are of special importance to humanity since traits of potential value for food security and climate change adaptation can be transferred from CWR into crops. The projects represent the first joint action on the Nordic level regarding in situ conservation of CWR. Substantial progress has been made regarding CWR conservation planning, including development of a Nordic CWR checklist and identification of suitable sites for CWR conservation. A set of recommended future actions was developed, with the most important one being initiation of active in situ conservation of CWR in all Nordic countries.
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| 32. |
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Prostitution i Norden : forskningsrapport
- 2008
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten presenterar resultaten från projektet ”Prostitution i Norden” och innehåller samtliga artiklar (13) skrivna av de 11 nordiska forskarna i projektet. I rapporten beskrivs hur den rättsliga hanteringen av prostitution och människohandel i Norden har påverkats av att antalet utländska kvinnor har ökat på de nationella prostitutionsmarknaderna under de senaste tio åren. Tydligt är att samtliga nordiska länder idag står inför en ny situation. I relation till denna nya situation diskuteras hur argumenten för att kriminalisera sexköpare skiljer sig åt i de olika länderna. I rapporten berörs också bl.a. frågor som hur sexköpare chattar med varandra på nätet och hur polis och socialarbetare diskuterar och tillämpar den svenska sexköpslagen. Även resultat från en kartläggning av attityder till den svenska sexköpslagen presenteras.
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| 33. |
- Randell, Eva
(författare)
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Unga mäns psykiska ohälsa i Norden : En forskningsöversikt om psykisk hälsa i relation till utbildning, arbetsliv och pandemi
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den psykiska ohälsan utgör ett betydande samhälls- och folkhälsoproblem i de nordiska länderna. Flera studier visar dessutom att den psykiska ohälsan i Norden har ökat de senaste åren, särskilt bland unga. Enligt studierna i denna forskningsöversikt finns det könsskillnader i psykisk ohälsa. Det blir tydligt att normer om kön, sexualitet och maskulinitet spelar en viktig roll i hur unga män hanterar och upplever sin psykiska hälsa. Denna forskningsöversikt bygger på en systematisk genomgång av forskning och relevant litteratur från de nordiska länderna mellan åren 2018–2022, med ett fokus på unga män mellan 15–30 år. Det övergripande syftet med översikten är att redogöra för aktuell kunskap om unga mäns psykiska ohälsa genom att undersöka vad som orsakar problemen och uppkomna konsekvenser. Översikten fokuserar särskilt på kunskap om unga mäns psykiska hälsa i relation till dagens villkor och utmaningar inom utbildning och arbetsliv i Norden. Studien lyfter även kunskap om vilka konsekvenser pandemin har fått för unga mäns psykiska hälsa, då ökad arbetslöshet, distansundervisning och isolering har riskerat att förstärka en negativ utveckling av det psykiska måendet.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Schlabach, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Suspect screening in Nordic countries : point sources in city areas
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report describes the results of a suspect screening study in samples from city areas in the Nordic countries. In contrast to target analysis, suspect screening starts with a general sample preparation and identification including as much compounds as possible. The resulting list of recorded compounds will be identified by comparison with a list of suspected compounds. Suspect screening has shown to be very useful for identification of emerging environmental pollutants. It was possible to identify: Perfluorinated compounds (PFC), chlorinated and brominated compounds, flame retardants, bisphenols, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), industrial additives, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP). This study was jointly performed by NILU, NIVA, and Umeå University on behalf of the Nordic Council of Ministers. The study was supervised by the Nordic screening group.
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| 36. |
- Schneider, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation and control of occupational health risks from nanoparticles
- 2007
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rapid growth in the nanoparticle industry is anticipated in the Nordic countries owing to highly focused national research and investment initiatives. Knowledge on consequences for occupational exposures to engineered nanoparticles and appropriate technical control levels is still limited. This report explores existing knowledge on exposure risks and technical control approaches. The report concludes that data are too limited to allow general conclusions to be drawn regarding risks of exposure to engineered nanoparticles.Engineering techniques for controlling nanoparticle exposure can build on the current knowledge and approaches to control exposure to e.g. welding fume and carbon black. There is a need for improving the quality of information provided in Material Safety Data Sheets.
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| 37. |
- Siverskog, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Health, well-being and life conditions of young LGBTI persons in the Nordic countries : A literature review and survey of efforts
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the fact that life conditions of LGBTI persons in the Nordic countries have changed in the last seventy years, major public health surveys indicate that this group suffers from an increased amount of mental and physical health issues compared to the rest of the population. Younger generations of LGBTI persons see their lives affected, too, by having a sexuality or gender identity that falls outside heteronormativity. Among other factors, this is due to the exposure to stress that LGBTI persons experience in daily life, so-called minority stress. This includes the risk of or actual harassment, vulnerability, and violence. Further, it includes facing prejudice and discrimination in everyday life, having to sometimes conceal your identity, and dealing with internalized homo- and transphobia, which in turn have detrimental effects on health.The Nordic Council of Ministers, therefore, has initiated a project that aims to shed light on the well-being of young LGBTI persons. The purpose of the project is to promote knowledge and experiences in the region, in order to contribute to improved life conditions for young LGBTI persons in the Nordic countries. Nordic Information on Gender, NIKK, has carried out the project, which has resulted in the report at hand. The report consists of two parts:A literature review describing the current state of research regarding the well-being of young LGBTI persons in the Nordic countries, andA survey, presenting a selection of efforts aimed to improve the well-being of young LGBTI persons in the Nordic countries.
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| 38. |
- Siverskog, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Hälsa, välmående och livsvillkor bland unga LGBTI-personer i Norden : En forskningsöversikt och kartläggning av insatser
- 2021
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Trots att livsvillkoren för LGBTI-personer1i Norden har förändrats under de senastesjuttio åren, visar större folkhälsoundersökningar att de har sämre psykisk och fysiskhälsa än den övriga befolkningen. Även bland yngre generationer av LGBTI-personerpåverkas livet av att ha en sexualitet eller könsidentitet som faller utanförheteronormativiteten. Det beror bland annat på den utsatthet för stress som LGBTI-personer utsätts för i vardagen, så kallad minoritetsstress. Det handlar omrisk för eller faktiska trakasserier, utsatthet och våld. Det handlar också om att ivardagen möta fördomar och diskriminering, att ibland behöva dölja sin identitetliksom om internaliserad homo- och transfobi, vilket i sin tur leder till ohälsa.Nordiska ministerrådet har därför initierat ett projekt för att belysa unga LGBTIpersoners välmående. Syftet med projektet är att sprida kunskap och erfarenheter iregionen, för att bidra till bättre levnadsvillkor för unga LGBTI-personer i Norden. Nordisk information för kunskap om kön, NIKK, har utfört projektet, som resulterat idenna rapport. Rapporten består av två delar:En forskningsöversikt som beskriver forskningsläget om unga LGBTI-personersvälmående i de nordiska länderna ochEn kartläggning som presenterar ett urval av insatser för att förbättra ungaLGBTI-personers välmående i Norden
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| 39. |
- Sundberg, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Ruokajätteen kompostoinnin hajuhaittojen minimointi prosessioptimoinnilla : pohjoismainen yhteistyöprojekti
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- tellun ruokajätteen kompostointiprosessien suunnittelua ja käyttöä varten, jotta: prosessista aiheutuvien hajuhaittojen riski voitaisiin minimoida valmiista tuotteesta aiheutuvien hajuhaittojen riski voitaisiin minimoida jotta prosessista tulisi tehokas ja ennustettava jotta tuotteesta tulisi laadultaan tasainen ja hyvä Hankkeen hypoteesi oli, että kompostointiprosessin hajupäästöjen kokonaismäärä ja valmiin kompostointituotteen hajuriski voidaan minimoida maksimoimalla prosessissa aineenvaihduntanopeus ja hajoaminen. Hankkeessa tutkittiin saapuvaa biojätettä, jota otettiin vastaan kolmeen täysimittaiseen kompostointilaitokseen, (NSR Ruotsissa, YTV Suomessa ja IVAR Norjassa) sekä Ruotsin maatalousyliopiston (SLU) koereaktoriin. Mittaustuloksista ilmeni voimakas riippuvuussuhde pH:n ja hajun välillä kompostin huokosilmassa. pH-arvojen ollessa pieniä oli hajupitoisuus hyvin suuri, vähintään 70 000 ja joskus jopa yli 2 miljoonaa ouE/m3, kun taas pH:n ollessa yli 7 oli hajupitoisuus enimmillään 44 000 ouE/m3. Kerätty biojäte oli kauttaaltaan hapanta, PH vaihteli välillä 4,7 ja 6,0. Kokeissa vahvistui aiemmista tuloksista saatu käsitys, että hajoamisprosessi sujuu paljon hitaammin pH:n ollessa pieni (alle 6), mikäli lämpötilan annetaan nousta yli 40 celsiusasteen. Jos taas lämpötila pidetään alle 40 celsiusasteessa, niin prosessista tulee intensiivinen ja pH kasvaa hyvin nopeasti. Kun pH on kasvanut yli arvon 6,5, mutta ei sitä ennen, tulee lämpötilan antaa nousta yli 55 celsiusasteen, koska näin saadaan hajoamisnopeus maksimoiduksi. Tärkein suositus hajuhaittojen vähentämiseksi ruokajätteen kompostoinnin yhteydessä on, että prosessia tulee ohjata siten, että pH kasvaa nopeasti. Se voidaan saada aikaan prosessin alkuvaiheessa voimakkaalla ilmastuksella, joka edistää jäähtymistä ja hapensaantia. Toinen keino kasvattaa pH-lukua on lisätä ainesta, jolla on selvästi suurempi pH-arvo, esimerkiksi valmista kompostia tai tuhkaa. Näin laitoksella voidaan minimoida voimakkaasti haisevan happaman kompostin määrä. Hajoaminen maksimoidaan jo alussa, jolloin myös mahdollisimman suuri osa kokonaishajupäästöistä tapahtuu laitoksen sisällä. Tällöin hajuaineet voidaan käsitellä ennen kuin ne päätyvät ympäristöön. Helposti käytettävissä olevan energian määrä stabiilissa ja hyvin kypsyneessä kompostissa on pieni, ruokajätteessä taas hyvin suuri, Kompostointiprosessissa vapautuu siis suuri määrä energiaa lämpönä, ennen kuin 10 Ruokajätteen kompostoinnin hajuhaittojen minimointi prosessioptimoinnilla komposti on stabiili ja kypsä. Suurissa kompostointilaitoksissa (toisin kuin kotikomposteissa) pääosa energiasta poistuu haihtuvan veden mukana. Koska ruokajätteessä on niin runsaasti energiaa, ei saapuvan jätteen sisältämä vesimäärä riitä mahdollistamaan energian poistumista siinä määrin kuin olisi tarpeen kompostin stabiloitumiseksi. Optimaalisen nopean prosessin saavuttamiseksi laitoksen suljetussa osassa on siis voitava lisätä vettä, koska muuten prosessi pysähtyy, kunnes riittävä jäähtyminen saavutetaan esimerkiksi lisäveden tullessa sateena tai lumena jälkikypsynnän aikana
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| 40. |
- Söderholm, Patrik
(författare)
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Economic instruments in chemicals policy : past experiences and prospects for future use
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report investigates the potential for increased use of economic instruments, not the least taxes and charges, in chemcials policy. It provides a conceptual discussion of the role of different market-based instruments in controlling pollution based on chemicals production and use, and outlines a comprehensive overview and analysis of the European experiences of taxes and charges in chemicals policy during the last decades. A final chapter evaluates a set of carefully selected economic instruments targeted at specific chemical compounds and products. The cases have been chosen so as to illustrate different types of challenges in relying more extensively on economic instruments in chemicals policy, and they include the use of: (a) different types of two-stroke oils; (b) the substance nonylphenol (NP) and its ethoxylates (NPEs), which break down into NPs; and (c) ethylene glycol. The report has been commissioned by the Working Group on Environment and Economics under the Nordic Council of Ministers.
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| 41. |
- Thång, P-O, et al.
(författare)
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Integration genom vuxenutbilding och vidareutbildning : Landrapport Sverige
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sverige har sedan 1960-talet varit ett invandringsland. Av befolkningen är idag cirka 15 % födda i annat land. Andelen av befolkningen som är utlands-födda är i nivå med länder som USA och Tyskland. Andelen är inte bara betydligt högre än i övriga Nordiska länder, utan också högre än länder som Nederländerna, Frankrike och Storbritannien (RiR 2008:13).1 Utrikes födda beräknas utgöra en dryg fjärdedel av arbetskraftsreserven i Sverige. Under senare år har olika insatser genomförts med avsikt att öka arbetskraftsdelta-gandet.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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Ungdomars väg från skola till arbetsliv : nordiska erfarenheter
- 2008
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I rapporten behandlas ungdomars etablerings- och försörjningsvillkor i Norden mot bakgrund av ländernas olika system för att organisera yrkesutbildning och arbetsmarknadspolitik. De nordiska länderna behandlas ofta som enhetliga ur välfärdspolitisk synpunkt. Denna enhetlighet gäller emellertid inte reglereringarna av övergången från skola till arbetsliv. Det råder också stora skillnader mellan länderna när det gäller arbetslöshetstal och inaktivitet bland ungdomar. En utgångspunkt för de nationsstudier och länderjämförelser som presenteras i rapporten är att de institutionella villkoren har betydelse för ungdomars möjligheter att etablera sig på arbetsmarknaden. En annan utgångspunkt är att samtliga länder har anledning att effektivisera sina övergångsregimer för att motverka växande försörjningsbördor i spåren av en åldrande befolkning. I grunden handlar det om att upprätthålla arbetskraftsutbudet och underlätta skattefinansieringen av framtida välfärd.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Waldo, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Interactions between fisheries and tourism in the Nordic countries
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tourism is one of the world’s major economic sectors. Destinations worldwide largelycompete for the same tourists, and it is of crucial importance to offer popularattractions and activities. In this regard, the global tourism market is divided into anumber of segments. Examples are cultural tourism where visiting famous ancientsites is the main attraction, tourism directed towards physical activities like climbingand hiking, and of course marine tourism offering swimming and sunbathing. In thisreport, the focus is on tourist destinations in the Nordic countries that attractvisitors through some kind of fishing related activities. This could be eitherdestinations providing recreational fishing opportunities or coastal villages with agenuine fishing atmosphere provided by commercial fisheries. The report containscase studies from Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland.The Swedish and Danish case studies analyse if commercial fisheries attract touriststo local fishing communities. If such a relation can be proved, it provides managerswith an argument for supporting local fisheries in tourist harbours since too fewvessels might harm the tourism sector. The conclusion from the Swedish case studyis that harbours with high commercial fishing activity also have high tourism activitymeasured as restaurant turnover. The relation is strongest on the Swedish westcoast, which is a major tourism area that also has a strong fishing industryemploying a major part of the Swedish commercial fishers. However, it is notpossible to establish a causal relationship proving that fisheries attract tourists. Inthe Danish case study, on the other hand, it is shown that more fishing activity bycommercial fisheries leads to more overnight stays in Danish coastal areas. Theeffect is found for three of six investigated measures of fishing activity: the numberof vessels landing in a coastal area, the number of vessels with home harbour in acoastal area, and the landing value of fish for human consumption.The Finnish case study focuses on recreational fishing for salmon in the River Teno.The results emphasize the importance of the salmon stock in attracting fishingtourists. The amount of salmon caught on the most recent trip had a positive effecton the total number of visits. Further, tourists who find fishing services such asaccess to boats, guides, or a well-functioning fishing permit system particularlyimportant made more trips to Teno than others. The services for fishing touristscould be further developed by combining accommodation and fishing services in thesame market places instead of the tourist having to seek services from severalservice providers.The Norwegian case study focuses on tourists who visited Lofoten during2020–2021. Lofoten has both a famous recreational fishery and a large commercialfishery for cod. The main conclusion from a survey among the tourists is that theywould be willing to pay more for a visit to Lofoten if it included the opportunity tovisit a seafood market, and even more if it also gave the opportunity to participatein a seafood festival. Additional recreational catches and additional commercialfishing vessels are less valued.The results highlight the role of site-specific development of tourism. Differenttourists value different attributes, where some tourists want pristine nature andhigh recreational catches and others favour developed services and a localcommercial fishing culture. The Nordic countries might be able to attract moretourists by adapting tourist destinations to the respective countries’ competitiveadvantages where for example the role of nature, catch rates, closeness to majortravel hubs, restaurants, traditional fishing vessels in the harbour, etc. could playimportant roles in future development.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Waldo, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Nordic fisheries and aquaculture : socio-economic importance of nitrogen nutrient load in the environment
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report contributes to the understanding of how the the socio-economic contribution of Nordic fisheries/aquaculture are affected by the environment and environmental management, with focus on nitrogen. The report contains two case studies of how the socio-economic contribution of Danish/Swedish cod fishery in the Western Baltic Sea are affected by the nitrogen in the sea, and on how salmon growth rates in aquaculture in the Bokna Fiord are affected by nitrogen concentration. A Nordic workshop was held with the title: Fisheries, aquaculture and the marine environment: Environmental challenges and regulation, with focus on nitrogen. The finding of the case studies was presented at the workshop, together with presentations made by invited speakers on the role of nutrients and their management for Nordic fisheries/aquaculture. The discussion at the workshop is summarized in this report.
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| 48. |
- Waldo, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing climate impact from fisheries. : a study of fisheries management and fuel tax concessions in the Nordic countries.
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fuel use is a main contributor to the environmental impacts of fisheries, accounting for about 1.2% of global oil consumption and resulting in 130 million tons of CO2 emissions. Since fisheries are exempted from fuel taxes and existing trading systems for CO2 emission rights, the incentives to reduce fuel consumption are smaller than justifiable from a climate perspective. This results in higher fuel use than is optimal. But emission levels are also determined by fisheries policies such as stock sizes and fleet efficiency. This report uses models that integrate economics and biology to analyze how CO2 emissions, fleet structure, economic performance and employment opportunities are affected by efficient fisheries policies and by imposing fuel taxes or CO2 trading schemes in Nordic fisheries. Four different scenarios for imposing the costs of CO2 emissions on fisheries are analyzed. The first scenario in the project is a "baseline" scenario in which the fuel tax concessions are maintained,1 but the stock and fleet sizes are managed in order to generate the maximum economic outcome. In the second scenario ("EU") the fishery is assumed to be part of the EU trading system for CO2 emission rights, and the additional cost of fuel is thus the cost of buying emission rights in the market. In the third scenario ("Stern") a tax corresponding to the cost of CO2 emissions, as calculated in the Stern report, is imposed on the fisheries, and in the fourth scenario ("National") fuel is taxed in the same way for fishers as for private citizens in the country. To get a representative view of the Nordic fisheries, the analysis contains case studies from all the Nordic countries: Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Finland. All data is from 2010. The 18 fleet segments analyzed range from coastal small-scale trap nets for salmon in Finland, with a total turnover of about EUR 0.2 million, to large off-shore Norwegian and Icelandic trawlers, with a turnover of more than EUR 325 million. The three models usedhere are all well established in the literature. They differ in how they model the fisheries, the time frame, the interaction between fishing and stock development, etc. and thus contribute different dimensions to the analysis. In all, the report models 7 countries, 18 fleet segments, 25 fish stocks, one full-scale national fishery (Sweden), and one extension where the processing industry is included in the analysis (Greenland). Currently, several of the analyzed fisheries have negative economic outcomes, and paying for CO2 emission rights or fuel taxes will further reduce their economic viability. Others are more robust to increased fuel costs and will still be able to generate income to society. Still, managing Nordic fisheries in an economically optimal way will increase both economic viability and fuel efficiency substantially compared to the present management systems. Optimal fisheries management implies that the fleet size is set to an efficient level, and that stocks are rebuilt to maximize the economic performance of the sector. This would reduce fuel consumption from 473 to 336 thousand m3 (29%) decrease the analyzed fishing fleet from 1,345 vessels to 737 vessels (45%), and improve economic performance by over 100%. Introducing fuel taxes or an emission trading system in an optimally managed fishery will have limited effects on CO2 emissions, fleet size, economic performance, and employment opportunities. Imposing fuel taxation corresponding to national fuel tax levels on the optimally managed fishery would imply a reduction of the fleet by approximately 80 vessels in total, and a reduction in fuel consumption of 39 thousand m3. Thus, the well managed fishery is robust to changes in fuel prices and the fishery will be able to pay its external costs for CO2 emissions. The increase in fuel efficiency in optimal management is due to healthy stock levels and fishing fleets without over capacity, and is obtained without investments in new gear technology or management measures restricting fuel-intense fishing methods. However, the analysis also shows that an optimal fishery in some cases might imply increased use of fishing techniques with higher fuel use per volume caught. This is the case for the Icelandic fishery, which is already run with high efficiency. To summarize, the analysis shows that optimizing the fishery by stock recovery and reducing excess fleet capacity is an efficient instrument to both reduce the climate impact of the sector and improve the economic outcome. Introducing fuel taxes or an emission trading system in the optimized fishery will have small effects on CO2 emissions, fleet size and employment opportunities.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Watson, David, et al.
(författare)
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Circular Business Models in the Mobile Phone Industry
- 2017
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The circular economy offer opportunities to reduce resource use and waste whilst providing business opportunities. This is also true in the mobile phone industry that has been characterised by high rates of product obsolescence. The emergence of the smart phone has changed the landscape, making repair, refurbishment and resell attractive to businesses and consumers. Moreover, emerging modular phone design should allow functional upgrades with low resource wastage. This study investigates the adoption of circular business models within Nordic markets. Producers, retailers, refurbishers, recyclers and resellers tell of their motivation, experiences and the challenges that they face. A special look is taken at consumer and waste law and the challenges and opportunities they represent. The report ends with 17 policy proposals that can accelerate the adoption of circularity in the sector.
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