| 1. |
- Andrée, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Utformning av utrymningsplats
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An investigation regarding the design of a safe refuge area and more specifically the means for communication from the safe refuge areawas performed. Three types of communication techniques were tested using a survey and using experiments in a virtual reality environment; a signal lamp in combination with a push button system, a text display system and finally a voice communication system. According to the Swedish building regulation public buildings and some others shall have safe refuge areas if they are not equipped with a sprinkler system. The safe refuge areas should be located on every floor except on ground floor. Currently there is a lack of guidelines on how the communication between a person staying at the refuge area in the case of a fire and another person inside or outside the building shall be designed. The results indicate that most persons using wheelchairs prefer a voice communication system. The work presents guidelines relevant when designing the safe refuge area. Different views on the design and use of a safe refuge area have been collected using interviews, questionnaires and VR-experiments.
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| 2. |
- Arvidsson, Magnus
(författare)
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Water mist fire protection systems : The development of testing procedures for marine and heritage applications
- 2020
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Modern, commercial water mist fire protection system technology evolved at the beginning of the 1990s due a need to replace halon fire-extinguishing systems and improve fire safety on passenger ships. This thesis documents the unknown water mist system development work by two Swedish companies during the 1970s and 1980s. It also documents the development of the first international installation recommendations and fire test procedures for marine applications.Several of these fire test procedures needed revisions. A research project in the thesis showed that those for machinery space protection can be significantly improved by using simple and inexpensive measurements and performance measurement parameters. In another research project, tests simulating fire on a ro-ro cargo space of a ship was conducted. The results indicate that large water droplets are required for fire suppression, but smaller water droplets cool the fire gases well. For the protection of heritage buildings, a field study suggests that functional testing is essential to maintain the function of a system. Testing using commercial nozzles indicate that exposure of sensitive wall paintings to water spray could cause significant damage under real-life conditions, even if the flow rate is low.Future research should focus on improving fire test procedures based on experience as well on a theoretical understanding of the mechanisms of water mist. Long-term field experience is also desired for continual improvements of the performance and reliability of systems. In order to convince authorities, insurers, fire protection consultants and end-users on using water mist, these issues need to be dealt with in a systematic manner.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Delin, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Fysisk ansträngning vid utrymning uppför trappor – Kunskapsöversikt
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This literature review is an initial part of a larger research project that deals with evacuation upwards long stairs and physical exertion. The literature review focused on identifying the current state of published knowledge regarding how physical exertion influence people when evacuating upward long stairs and if there are specific design requirements for stairs intended primarily for upward movement.
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| 5. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Brandskyddshandboken 2014
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Utvecklingen inom det brandskyddstekniska området går snabbt vilket, tillsammans med nya byggföreskrifter, motiverar att denna handbok tas fram. Brandskyddslaget, Bengt Dahlgren Brand & Risk och Brandteknik LTH publicerar sedan några år Brandskyddshandboken som förklarar och förtydligar BBR:s brandskyddsavsnitt. Nu när BBR 21 med stora ändringar tillämpas, har vi tagit fram en ny uppdaterad och förbättrad handbok, som är avsedd att både ge vägledning kring dagens brandskyddstekniska projektering men också utveckla dessa metoder. Brandskyddshandboken är främst inriktad mot förenklad dimensionering men beskriver kortfattat även analytisk dimensionering. För att redovisa möjliga analytiska dimensioneringar för vanligt återkommande fall presenteras ett antal sk Verifierade Förenklade Alternativ, VFA. Ett VFA presenterar en färdiganalyserad lösning på ett vanligt problem som egentligen skulle kräva en analytisk dimensionering. Ett VFA kan alltså i praktiken användas som en lösning i förenklad dimensionering. Alla underlag till respektive VFA finns på www.brandskyddshandboken.se. Målsättningen är att Brandskyddshandboken ska kunna användas för praktisk dimensionering och verifiering av brandskyddet för nya och redan existerande byggnader. Brandskyddshanboken innehåller hela BBR 21 kapitel 5. Brandskyddshandboken täcker in alla aspekter på brandskyddet, från projektering till förvaltning och presenterar även exempel på brandskyddslösningar för tio olika fall, både förklarande text och ritningar. Målgruppen för Brandskyddshandboken är fastighetsägare, byggingenjörer och arkitekter, räddningstjänstpersonal som arbetar med förebyggande brandskydd samt ingenjörer med brandteknisk kompetens som motsvarar brandingenjörens.
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| 6. |
- Frantzich, Håkan
(författare)
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Fire incidents during construction work of tunnels - evacuation aspects
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report focuses on evacuation aspects at tunnel construction sites. An introduction provides a framework on what determines the outcome of an evacuation, i.e. the physical environment and management aspects. Analyses of the evacuation conditions for several fire scenarios are performed using a combined smoke spread and evacuation model developed as a part of the project. Finally, general recommendations on how to analyse the evacuation safety in a specific tunnel is provided.
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| 7. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Positionering av människor i väg- och järnvägstunnlar i händelse av brand
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of the current project is to investigate the possibility of using people's mobile phones to locate people in a tunnel environment, both during normal operation and during an emergency. As part of the project, a technology for locating people based on Wi-Fi communication between access points in a tunnel and the user's mobile phone is investigated. To examine the precision of the localization system, 39 different trials have been carried out under various conditions during an experiment in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden. In the tests, the Wi-Fi-based predicted location has been compared with the actual location, for each time step, of the people in the tunnel. The variables changed in the experiment include the number of people in a group, the number of available access points in the tunnel, whether the mobile phone distinguishes between an active or passive connection, whether it differs between a person moving or standing still, whether the mobile phone is held in the hand or is stored in the person's pocket and if there are obstacles in the tunnel (a vehicle). The results indicate that the mean value for the distance between actual and predicted position is in the order of 20 m or less. The variation in distance for a single individual is relatively large and the standard deviation for the mean distance is in the same order of magnitude as the mean value. Despite this, there is a good potential to locate individuals in a tunnel as the distance between emergency exits is often much longer than the uncertainties in the predicted locations of people. Also, the technology seems be able to predict the direction of movement for the individuals. These results are promising and indicates the potential of cost-efficient improvement of tunnel safety both for existing and new tunnels. With a refined positioning system, there is potential for further improved ability to locate individuals in a tunnel fire environment with this technology.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Delrapport: Test av vägledande system i en tunnel
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I följande delrapport redogörs övergripande för förutsättningarna och delar av resultaten efter ett utrymningsförsök som genomfördes den 1-3 juli år 2014 i vägtunneln Norra länken i Stockholm. Syftet med försöket var i huvudsak att undersöka hur personer på bästa sätt kan ledas till en motstående tunnelvägg med utrymningsvägar i en rökfylld tunnel. Försöket syftade även till att kvantifiera med vilken hastighet människor rör sig i rökfyllda tunnelmiljöer (d v s vid nedsatta siktförhållanden). Baserat på en grov analys av de resultat som genererades under försöket kan det konstateras att designen av den utrymningsportal som användes under försöket till stor del verkar ha uppfyllt sitt ändamål (att få folk att använda nödutgångar i rökfyllda tunnelmiljöer). Det mest påtagliga resultatet är att det krävs någon form av vägledning för att personer som går längs den högra sidan ska förstå att de ska byta sida i höjd med utrymningsportalen. Åtminstone bör informationsskyltar installeras mittemot utrymningsvägarna för att upplysa utrymmande personer om att de befinner mittemot en utrymningsväg. Flera av försökspersonerna angav även att de utrymningsskyltar med information om avståndet till närmaste utrymningsväg var värdefulla. Det angav även flera av de personer som inte exponerades för denna typ av vägledande markeringar men istället som ett förslag för att få en bra utrymningsmiljö. För att ytterligare öka sannolikheten att människor vid en utrymning uppmärksammar och använder utrymningsvägarna föreslås att utrymningsportalerna även utrustas med aktiva högtalare. Flera av försökspersonerna som exponerades för denna installation uppgav att de hade nytta av den för att hitta utgången på den motsatta sidan.
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| 10. |
- Fridolf, Karl
(författare)
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Evacuation of a Smoke Filled Tunnel: Human Behaviour, Movement Speed and Exit Choice
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report focuses on an evacuation experiment, which was performed within the second work package of the Swedish METRO project. The experiment involved 100 participants, both men and women in the ages 18-66 years, who individually evacuated a smoke-filled rail tunnel of approximately 200 metres length. The main purpose of the experiment was to collect and derive data on human behaviour and movement speeds, and to study the effectiveness of different technical emergency exit installations, systems and designs. In the report, an extensive description of the set-up, design and execution of the experiment is given. In addition, a thorough account of the analysis and outcome of the analysis is presented. Finally, a discussion is made and general recommendations and conclusions are presented.
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| 11. |
- Fridolf, Karl
(författare)
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Fire evacuation in underground transportation systems: a review of accidents and research
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A review of literature related to fire evacuation in underground transportation systems, e.g., tunnels and subway stations, was carried out with the objectives (1) to identify a theoretical framework that can help understand of human behaviour in the event of a fire in underground transportation systems, (2) to use the theoretical framework to analyse and to identify problems related to fire evacuation in underground transportation systems, and (3) to suggest areas on which future research should focus on in. The review included literature on past accidents in underground transportation systems, theories and models on human behaviour in fire, and empirical research. It was concluded that the adoption of a clear theoretical framework can aid the understanding of people’s behaviour in the event of a fire in underground transportation systems, and that a behaviour that seems irrational to an outside observer seldom is. The theoretical framework should include the behaviour sequence model, the affiliative model, social influence, and the theory of affordances. It was also concluded that one of the major issues related to fire evacuation in underground transportation systems is that people often are reluctant to initiate evacuation, which among other things is explained with a role keeping behaviour, lack of information, ambiguity of fire cues and the presence of others, i.e., social influence. Other factors that affect the actual movement of people in underground transportation systems were identified as problems with the door-opening mechanisms on trains, the vertical distance between train and tunnel floor, that people tend to evacuate through familiar exits, the lack of lighting, and uneven surfaces inside tunnels. The review demonstrated that there are room for improvements in the area of fire evacuation in underground transportation systems, and future research should among other things study the effects of a comprehensive evacuation system, the optimal design of active systems in underground transportation systems, and the possibility for people with disabilities to evacuate from these types of facilities.
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| 12. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Indoor Localization for Fire Safety : A brief overview of fundamentals, needs and requirements and applications
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An indoor localization system for positioning evacuating people can be anticipated to increase the chances of a safe evacuation and effective rescue intervention in case of a tunnel fire. Such a system may utilize prevalent wireless technologies, e.g., Bluetooth, RFID and Wi-Fi, which today are used to survey incoming and outgoing traffic to a certain space or location, to estimate group sizes and to measure the duration of visits during normal operation of buildings. Examples also exist of where the same wireless technologies are used for safety purposes, for example to assess real-time location, tracking and monitoring of vehicles, personnel and equipment in mining environments. However, they are relatively few, and typically rely on a high degree of control over the people that are to be tracked, and their association with (connection to) the localization system used for the tracking. In this report, the results of a brief overview of the literature within the field of indoor localization in general, and the application of indoor localization systems within the field of particularly fire safety, is summarized. This information forms the underlying basis for the planning and execution of a future field study, in which an indoor Wi-Fi localization system will be tested and evaluated in terms of if, and if so how, it can be used to position evacuating people in tunnels. Whereas such a system allows digital footprints to be collected within a wireless network infrastructure (also already existing ones), questions remains to be answered regarding aspects such as precision and accuracy, and furthermore, how these aspects are affected by other independent variables. In the end of this report, examples of research questions deemed necessary to answer in order to enable a sound evaluation of the system is presented. These need to be addressed in the future planning of the above-mentioned field study.
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| 13. |
- Fridolf, Karl
(författare)
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Perceived Severity of Visually Accessible Fires
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Investigations of past fires suggest that building occupants faced with a fire have problems defining the severity of it, especially in the early stages of the fire. An experiment was therefore carried out to study people’s ability to estimate fire growth, and their perceived ability to extinguish a fire using a portable fire extinguisher. A total of 535 persons, namely 304 men and 231 women, were asked to fill out a questionnaire that was divided into three parts. In the first part the test participants were asked to estimate the time between different stages of a fire. The second part involved estimations of the own ability to extinguish a fire with a portable fire extinguisher. The third part involved general questions about age, gender and academic background. The results suggest that people in general are not very good at defining the severity of a fire when it is visually accessible. Estimations of the fire growth did not correspond very well to the actual fire growth, and a great proportion of the test participants believed that they had not been able to extinguish an extinguishable fire using a portable fire extinguisher. It is therefore argued that the perceived risk not always conforms to the real risk in a fire situation where the fire is visually accessible. The results can be used to explain why building occupants not immediately initiate evacuation in a fire situation, even when the fire is visually accessible.
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| 14. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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TuFT: Tunnel Fire Tools - Teknisk dokumentation
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Within the Swedish research project Rescue tactics and methodology during fires in underground facilities, a simple decision support tool has been developed. The tool can, for example, aid decision makers involved in the early phase of road and rail tunnel fire risk assessments. The tool has been developed at Lund University and has been termed TuFT, which is an abbreviation for Tunnel Fire Tools. TuFT can be described as a very simple computer program, developed in Java, which has the capability to perform calculations of tunnel fire dynamic properties for a specified tunnel fire. In addition, this information can be used to perform assessments of evacuation possibilities as well as rescue operation possibilities for the same tunnel fire scenario. In this report, which has been written in the form of a technical documentation, the basic calculation principles of TuFT are presented. This means that the underlying models and equations building up TuFT are presented and described. In addition, a user manual, a number of simulation examples and the programming code are included in appendices to the report. The purpose of this report is to highlight the limitations of TuFT by going through the technical principles of the calculations done in TuFT. The purpose is also to explain how the model can and should be used in order to perform well. The goal is that TuFT, together with this report, should be able to use by both fire protection engineers involved with fire safety design of road and rail tunnels as well as decision makers employed within the fire rescue services. The report is written for TuFT version 14.10.22.1.
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| 15. |
- Nilsson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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SAFE MULTIBYGG AP 1-4 : Delrapport
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multifunctional buildings are characterized by multiple functions located within the same building. In this report specific problem areas are identified by the means of interviews and previous method development. The risks identified consider multifunctionality and antagonistic attacks. As a result from the previous method developed and the interviews, reference scenarios are suggested and conclusions from the interviews are presented. In addition areas in need for further research are identified. The report is a partial report for the research project SAFE MULTIBYGG sponsored by MSB, Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency.
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| 16. |
- Nystedt, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Kvalitetsmanual för brandtekniska analyser vid svenska kärntekniska anläggningar
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report provides guidance on how to assure quality in fire safety analysis reports. The primary focus is on analyses in nuclear power plants but the report can also be used for other applications as the information can be seen as generic. The report provides a procedure to follow and targets at analytical fire safety engineering analyses. The report assumes that the reader is familiar with the basic concepts of fire safety issues. The quality guide focuses on the use of Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) as the main software but others are also included in the discussion on the applicability when choosing the relevant software for the specific task.
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| 17. |
- Runefors, Marcus
(författare)
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Fatal Residential Fires : Prevention and Response
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fatal fires in residential occupancies show a decreasing trend over time, but are still responsible for takingapproximately 90 lives in Sweden each year. Much is known about the victims, but less is known about how thesedeaths can be prevented. There is research on the effectiveness of different measures, but generally they are populationaverageeffectiveness and, since different groups are known to be subject to quite different scenarios, this effectivenessis not necessarily representative of the effectiveness for any specific group. Therefore, group-specific effectiveness isderived in this thesis. The results indicate that smoke alarms are effective for most groups, but additional measures areneeded for some groups. This is particularly true for older adults, for whom synthetic clothes and detector-activatedsprinklers are highly effective.Also, responses to potentially fatal fires in residential occupancies are almost missing from the literature and weretherefore analysed in the thesis. The conclusion was that fire services saved 51 lives during the studied year (2017),which indicates that the number of fatalities in residential occupancies would have increased by 58% in that yearwithout fire service responses. Response time was found to be important, but also what the crew could perform onarrival at each scene, because many were developed fires that required breathing apparatus to perform the rescue. Inanother study, responses by other actors were also included for older adults (65+), indicating that, in addition to thefire service, neighbours are very important, but for the oldest individuals home care also played an important role.
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| 18. |
- Van Hees, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Bränder i boendemiljö - En förstudie från BRANDFORSK
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The Swedish Board of Fire Research has initiated a pre-study to investigate the possibility to setup a larger research project that would deal with residential fires. Through interviews, literature studies and an initial statistical study, it is clear that there is a need for an umbrella project that focuses on residential fires. The major reason for doing this it that the costs of residential fires are high and that most fire fatalities happen in residential fires. A special effort is needed to be able to reduce the number of fatal fires and the total number of residential fires. The project defines two themes as very important. The first theme deals with fire safety for people with reduced capacity for action in case of fire and the other theme deals with fire safety in the future living environments. There is a need for funding from several contributors in addition to the Swedish Fire Research Board, i.e. from the responsible authorities, other public and private research funders and industry. Two different ways to carry out the project are proposed. Either a form analogous with the special initiative regarding arson fires initiated by the Fire Research Board or through a center of competence; "BIB - Fires in Housing environment" that would include all major stakeholders and anchored within the organization of the Fire Research Board. The direct benefit of this pre-study is the compilation of the current knowledge within the area and the research presented.
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| 19. |
- Van Hees, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Kartläggning och kvalitativ analys av möjligheter och risker med reducerad syrehalt i brandceller innehållande elektrisk utrustning
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fires can be an important hazard for the overall safe operation of nuclear power plants. Prevention of fire, fast detection and efficient extinguishment of a fire are some parameters, which are important to consider when designing the fire safety in a nuclear power plant. As an alternative to extinguishment system the use of hypoxic air or hypoxic air venting has been introduced e.g. in storage room of a museum or a historical building. This system is now being proposed for use in fire compartments in nuclear power plants containing electrical equipment such as electrical cabinets, cable trays, etc. This reports is a pre-study to investigate the risk and advantages of this system for use in these types of rooms. This report also stipulates a number of areas where more research or investigations are necessary. The results in this report are based on a literature review of scientific publications and specific technical standards available in the area in combination with the technical expertise of the authors. The report should not be seen as a final evaluation of hypoxic air venting systems.
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| 20. |
- Van Hees, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
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Prediction and validation of pool fire development in enclosures by means of CFD Models for risk assessment of nuclear power plants (Poolfire) – Final Report
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fires in nuclear power plants can be an important hazard for the overall safety of the facility. One of the typical fire sources is a pool fire. It is therefore important to have good knowledge on the fire behaviour of pool fire and be able to predict the heat release rate by prediction of the mass loss rate. This final report describes the state of the art within the area of pool fire modelling and the need for further development of pool fire models. As a result of the research in this project two new models are presented: one pyrolysis model and one engineering model. In the project the models were validated and pool fire experiments were included. Also a number of real case studies were incorporated to show the need for the development of pool fire models.
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| 21. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Utrymning och tekniska installationer i vägtunnlar med dubbelriktad trafik
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report provides an overview of human behaviour in tunnel fires in single tube road tunnels. The behaviour is linked to the concept of a behaviour sequences presented by Canter et al. (1980). The main focus has been to present relevant research and findings provided in accident investigation reports mainly for long and steep sub-sea tunnels designed according to the self-rescue principle. Research on technical installations in the tunnel related to assisting the decision making for road users in the case of fire is presented and put into the behaviour sequence context. The need for information and knowledge prior to an accident is highlighted as are the principles for communication during the accident. The report also discusses the benefit from current installations and suggests alternative installations that may be installed in new tunnels and when upgrading existing tunnels. An early detection of a fire is most important in order to provide information to road users in a tunnel. Installations providing guidance to road users shall be designed to meet the need of information for the users depending on their location. The need for further research and development is presented. Suggestions for improving the self-rescue capability of road users in the Ellingsøytunnelen and Valderøytunnelen in Ålesund, Norway, are presented.
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| 22. |
- Fridolf, Karl, et al.
(författare)
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Test av vägledande system i en tunnel
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report outlines the conditions and results of an evacuation experiments performed on 1-3 July 2014 in the Northern Link road tunnel in Stockholm. The aim was mainly to investigate how people can best be led to an opposite tunnel side during escape in a smoke-filled tunnel. The experiment also aimed to quantify the speed at which people move in smoke-filled tunnel environments (i.e. at reduced visibility conditions). Based on the analysis of the results from the experiment it can be concluded that the design of the escape portal, which was used during the experiment, seems to have fulfilled its purpose (getting people to use the emergency exits in smoke-filled tunnel environments). The most obvious result is that some form of guidance is required to get people walking along the right hand side to understand that they should change side at the height of the escape portal. At a minimum, information signs should be installed opposite the escape route to inform escaping persons that they are standing opposite an escape route. Several of the subjects also indicated that the evacuation signs with information about the distance to the nearest escape route were valuable. This was also stated by several of the people who were not exposed to this type of signs but as a suggestion to get a good evacuation environment. To further increase the likelihood that people evacuating from the Stockholm Bypass it is suggested that evacuation portals also should be equipped with active speakers. Several of the subjects who were exposed to this installation indicated that they benefited from it in finding the exit on the opposite side.
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| 23. |
- Husted, Bjarne Paulsen, et al.
(författare)
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Verification, validation and evaluation of FireFOAM as a tool for performance based design
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The open source CFD code FireFOAM has been verified and validated against analytical solution and real fire tests. The verification showed that FireFOAM solves the three modes of heat transfer appropriately. The validation against real fire tests yielded reasonable results. FireFOAM has not been validated for a large set of real fires, which is the case for FDS. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the user to perform the validation, before using the code.One of the advantages of FireFOAM compared to the Fire Dynamic Simulator is that FireFOAM can use unstructured grid.FireFOAM is parallelised and scales reasonable well, but is in general considerably slower in computation speed than the Fire Dynamic Simulator. Further, the software is poorly documented and has a steep learning curve. At present it is more a tool for researchers than for fire consultants.
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| 24. |
- Johansson, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Inventering av tekniska system avsedda att förebygga och begränsa konsekvenser av anlagd brand i skolor och förskolor
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Results from interviews with representatives from 13 Swedish municipalities and studies of fire protection documentation are presented in this report. The results provide an overview of the typical fire protection systems used to prevent deliberately lit fires in schools and kindergartens. There is great variety of which fire protection systems that is used in the municipalities. The measures mentioned most frequently in the interviews are different type of detection systems and increased illumination. The most common type of detector is fire detectors placed indoors and which are connected to an automatic fire alarm.
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| 25. |
- Johansson, Nils
(författare)
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Round Robin av ett byggprocessärende : En studie av remissvar från räddningstjänsten
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is considered unavoidable that there is some variation in how different fire services assess matters in the building process. However, it is unclear how great this variation is. A large variation can be problematic because it can result in that different municipalities make different demands on similar projects. The purpose of this work is to investigate how large this variation can be with a Round Robin study. In the Round Robin study, reviewers from different fire services reviewed the same case. Based on the Round Robin study, it was seen that different fire services have different focus in their review. Some participants had only comments on formalities while others had extensive comments that probably would require large changes in the design. This type of variation can result in different fire safety levels and costs for fire protection in different municipalities.
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| 26. |
- Nilsson, Jerry
(författare)
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Conceptions of Crisis Management Capabilities – Municipal Officials’ Perspectives
- 2010
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the Swedish crisis management system, the municipalities have a great responsibility. One part of this responsibility concerns preparing for crises by making risk and vulnerability analyses as well as plans for how to handle extraordinary events. Such preparedness planning involves municipal officials and consequently their conceptions of their organisations’ crisis management capabilities. This makes it vital to look into these conceptions more closely and establish whether specific characteristics can be identified. This thesis aims at gaining understanding of how officials involved in preparedness planning in general and vulnerability analysis in particular explicitly conceive of their organisations’ crisis management capabilities. The thesis poses six specific research questions, pertaining to three themes: vulnerability, dependencies and learning. The results show specific characteristics in how officials conceive of their organisations’ crisis management capabilities. These characteristics appear as similarities, variations, and even disagreements. It is argued that the characteristics as well as what explains them must be considered in the development of society’s crisis management systems.
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| 27. |
- Svensson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Brandprovning av aerosol- och gasolbehållare : en studie för MSB
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report summarizes the work in practically determining how frequently used aerosol- and propane containers are affected at fire exposure from flammable liquids. The tested aerosol- and propane containers were chosen due to common appearance in ordinary grocery- and hardware stores. The tested aerosol containers had a volume range between 15- 400 ml and the propane containers were filled with 0.35, 0.45, 5 and 6 kg of propane. The exposing heat source was burning liquid of heptane which corresponds to fire properties of common available flammable liquids that are for sale in ordinary stores.The study shows that the aerosol containers which are exposed to flames from a flammable liquid explodes within some minutes and develops often fire clouds within the vicinity of the exploding object. Minor aerosol containers, 15-400 ml, normally divide it selves into a few pieces when they explode. When storing several of minor aerosol containers together, unexploded aerosol containers can be expected to act as missiles as adjacent containers explode as they are exposed to flames from flammable liquids. In enclosures, the explosion also results in a significant blast wave.Fire exposed propane containers, named PC5 (5kg) and PA6 (6kg), releases pressure in different ways. The PC5 container is made of composite material that seems to be partly combusted at heat exposure with following leakage through the composite material, pressure release through the safety valve cannot be determined to be the only way of releasing pressure at heat exposure. The aluminum container (PA6) is designed both with a safety valve and a melting fuse. At one of the trials the safety valve opened briefly with a following release of the melting fuse. The opening of the melting fuse resulted in an outflow and pressure release of propane that initially developed a jet flame of 7 – 10 meters length. As the pressure went down, the jet flame decreased in length. The other test with the PA6 container resulted in a more controlled pressure release by the safety valve during 5 opening intervals.
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| 28. |
- Svensson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
-
Brandprovning av gasolflaskor : Med respektive utan tryckavlastning
- 2016
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to experimentally examine the importance of safety devices (pressure valve and melting fuse) on propane bottles for consumer use (5 – 6 kg propane). The bottles tested included construction types based on composite (PK5, two different types), aluminum (PA6), and steel (P6). Bottles were tested with and without safety devices. The tests were made as a comparative study. Bottles were exposed to a pool fire with a rate of heat release of approximately 420 kW, resulting in a temperature of approximately 800 - 1000°C and a heat flux of approximately 50 kW/m2 towards bottom and leeward side of each bottle. The results suggest that propane bottles for consumer use (5 – 6 kg) should be equipped with safety devices (pressure valve or melting fuse). Also, recommendations concerning location as well as anchoring bottles should be considered. Proposals for future work include studies on the function of safety devices for bottles laying on its side or upside down, reaction forces during depressurization and the risk of bottle overturn. Furthermore, a model for calculating/estimating the activation of safety devices should be developed. Such work requires more tests, in order to retrieve more data as a basis for calculation and model evaluation.
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| 29. |
- Svensson, Stefan
(författare)
-
Byggnadstekniskt brandskydd i MSB:s utbildningar
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The primary purpose of this work was to study and analyze the MSB's training with respect to building fire protection and propose changes in training. The area studied is operational aspects of building fire protection, ie how this protection affects the ability to implement effective response from fire service organizations. The main conclusions were that the training must distinguish between new constructions, where current rules are valid, but which is a small amount of buildings / constructions, and existing buildings, where the current rules are not valid, but which are in a clear majority on the issue of the amount of buildings. Also, internal training should take place, for the teaching staff regarding building fire protection, including how fire develops and spread of fire in different types of materials and volumes. In addition, it was suggested that there should be a clarification with regard to the purpose of building fire protection in various training courses and create a thread through the courses. Joint training concept, training modules and training devices should be developed. Finally, one should consider a review of current educational system.
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| 30. |
- Svensson, Stefan
(författare)
-
Utveckling av utbildning för RIB, räddningstjänstpersonal i beredskap
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of the present work was to create a basis for further development on training for part-time firefighters. An important prerequisite of this work was that to the general public a firefighter is a firefighter and operations are expected to be conducted in the same manner, with similar efficiency and with good result, regardless of the type of resources arriving at the scene of an accident. Factors that affect education and therefore have been highlighted and discussed in the work include recruitment, operations, health and safety issues, public expectations, technologies and tactics, education (including educational objectives, e-learning, instructors and content of the training). The conclusions indicate that the extent of the education should reflect the need to handle the most common types of accidents: fire in buildings as well fire in the open, car accidents, emergency medical care and other rescue operations. Also, there must exist a basic national minimum level with regard to both quality and quantity. Furthermore, there should be regular monitoring of physical requirements as well as for knowledge requirements and that the objectives and content of education should be revised to correspond to the needs that may exist with the main employer. Furthermore, MSB should consider keeping the training of part-time firefighters in-house, simply because other solutions entail serious quality cuts. Further work includes issues of socio-economic character.
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| 31. |
- Cedergren, Alexander
(författare)
-
Exploring the Railway System from a Risk Governance Perspective
- 2013
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent decades, the Swedish railway system has faced substantial deregulations. As a result, management of risk is often carried out in settings involving multiple stakeholders having various roles, mandates, and viewpoints on risk, and where no single stakeholder has the superior authority. In order to manage risks in this type of multi-actor setting, the traditional elements of risk assessment, management and communication have been described as too narrow. In addition to these elements, the literature in the emerging field of risk governance emphasises the need to also take the social, institutional, legal, and economic contexts into consideration. With this background as a point of departure, this thesis explores challenges to risk governance in the Swedish railway system, and presents means to address these challenges. The term risk governance is used in a broad sense in the thesis. Rather than restricting the term to activities related to managing risks in a forward-looking perspective, it is also used to denote processes related to accident investigation and implementation of recommendations. The findings include three main challenges to risk governance. The first challenge relates to dispersed responsibility, and refers to situations where the various stakeholders involved in the governance of risk have limited awareness, or diverse views, of each other’s roles and mandates. The second challenge to risk governance involves a fragmentation of the risk governance process. This challenge may arise when one step in the risk governance process is not fully connected to subsequent steps. The third challenge to risk governance relates to situations where the different stakeholders involved in decision-making over risks have diverse framings of the risk in question. As a result of diverse framings of risk, controversies among the different stakeholders are likely to arise. This is often the case in risk-related decision-making at the design stage of Swedish railway tunnel projects, where power relations and precedents in many cases influence the outcome of the decision-making process. Moreover, due to the prominent role played by local stakeholders (municipal authorities) in these projects, substantial focus is directed at local matters of each railway tunnel. Because of this, the importance of each tunnel from a regional or national perspective, such as the railway system’s resilience to failures, receives less attention. In order to proactively identify vulnerabilities of the railway system, and thus, to provide opportunities to strengthen the system’s resilience, a simulation-based method for vulnerability analysis of the railway system is presented. This method includes the creation of both a structural and a functional model of each of the seven sub-systems comprising the railway system, and these models are linked by so-called dependency edges. The method enables analysis of vulnerabilities from three different perspectives: global vulnerability analysis, critical component analysis, and geographical vulnerability analysis. The problem related to fragmentation of the risk governance process is addressed by developing a conceptual framework that explicitly links the way risks are handled at the micro-level to aspects at the macro-level. The framework is influenced by design science, and it allows descriptive, evaluative, as well as normative approaches to analysing risk governance processes. Finally, the thesis investigates the way accidents are framed in accident investigation reports. The results reveal that a majority of attributed causes in the accident investigation reports analysed in this thesis are identified at the micro-level. This means that a basis for learning mainly exists for factors at this level. Since the findings indicate that investigators are inclined to focus on areas of their own expertise, the importance of providing a diversity of competences among investigators, as well as the value of exploring the potential benefits associated with multi-modal accident investigation boards, is highlighted.
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| 32. |
- Intini, Paolo, et al.
(författare)
-
A review of design guidance on wildland urban interface fires
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fires in the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) areas is a worldwide problem, which is gaining more importance over time due to climate change and constructions in the WUI areas. Standards and guidelines may greatly help the activities of planning, prevention and protection against wildfires. Some countries/States/local communities can already rely on existing standards and guidelines, while other areas, even if potentially subject to wildfires, not. This work presents a systematic review of standards and guidelines belonging to selected countries/States/local communities in the Western world, namely: North American countries (USA, Canada), European countries (France, Italy), Oceanic countries (Australia, New Zealand), and trans-national codes. The main information reviewed includes: hazard definition and severity classes, land factors (vegetation, defensible space and topographic factors), building materials and construction requirements, utilities (resources, firefighters, planning, outreach), fire protection measures, environmental factors (weather, fire history), and access requirements. A comparative analysis regarding the main similarities/differences between all the considered standards and guidelines was performed after the review process. This comparative analysis may be useful for the further development and/or revision of (novel) standards/guidelines for planning, preventing and protecting against fires in WUI areas.
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| 33. |
- Johansson, Nils
(författare)
-
Branddynamiska metoder som stöd för räddningstjänsten : Sammanfattande slutrapport
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There are great opportunities to use fire science-based models in fire service activates. However, it is necessary to applied and evaluated such models in a fire service context. This report summarises a project where the aim has been to investigate how fire dynamics is used and can be used to support fire service in preventative, investigative and operational activities. In general, there is room for improving the use of fire dynamics in all studied areas of fire service activities. The principal way forward is a stronger connection between theory and practice. This is mainly done through education, for example with practical exercises in connection to theoretical sessions.
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| 34. |
- Johansson, Nils
(författare)
-
Dödsbränder i bostäder 2012-2015 : En studie av fastighetsinformation
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this work is to study fatal residential fires and see if they are correlated with any specific building characteristics. In this report, data on fatal fires are paired with data about the properties where the fires occurred. The analysis has shown that apartment buildings are overrepresented among properties with fatal fires compared to single-family units and agricultural units. It also shows that more fatal fires occur in rented apartments than condominiums. Moreover, it appears that some construction periods are over-represented in fatal fires. It can thus be seen that there are differences in the number of fatal fires in terms of various building characteristics. However, it is doubtful whether it is the building characteristics that explain this, or if there is other underlying factors, e.g. socioeconomic factors. It may in any case be important to know what building characteristics that is over-represented in fatal fires when working with or deciding on different preventative strategies.
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| 35. |
- Johansson, Nils
(författare)
-
Enkätstudie om användning av värmekamera vid brand i byggnad
- 2019
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Thermal cameras can be used in building fires, for example, to locate people or find concealed fires. In this report, the result from a questionnaire study, on the use of thermal cameras in the fire service, is presented. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions and it was answered by a total of 88 people from fire services in Sweden. The questions can be divided into the following three areas: training and experience with thermal cameras, use of thermal cameras, and self-assessment of knowledge level. The result from the questionnaire indicates that the thermal camera is used to a great extent in Swedish fires services. The thermal camera is used by virtually all positions in the force. Although most of the respondents have practical training and training on interpretation of data, most believe that they need additional training on the thermal camera. It is obvious that theoretical and practical training is required and that a good knowledge in heat transfer and the function of the thermal camera is necessary in order to be able to interpret data and uses the thermal camera correctly.
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| 36. |
-
New approaches to evacuation modelling
- 2017
-
Proceedings (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This document presents the contributions of the Workshop “New approaches to evacuation modelling” that took place on the 11th of June 2017 in Lund, Sweden within the Symposium of the International Association for Fire Safety Science (IAFSS). The scope of the workshop was to get insights into the building fire evacuation modelling world from experts in areas other than fire safety engineering. The workshop included contributions from five experts in different fields, namely 1) Psychology/Human Factors, 2) Sociology, 3) Applied Mathematics, 4) Transportation, 5) Dynamic simulation and biomechanics. This report presents a collection of the position papers which summarize the presentations given by the experts, the comments, questions and answers session after each presentation and the final workshop discussion.
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| 37. |
- Nilson, Finn, et al.
(författare)
-
Framgångsfaktorer vid bostadsbränder - sammanfattningsrapport
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report briefly summarizes the findings about success factors for residential fires in Sweden. Three main approaches have been used to investigate residential fires where the consequences have been small, i.e. the fire has been handled by the residents themselves or has self-extinguished. Factors facilitating these events have been identified using insurance statistics, national accident questionnaires and rescue services incident reports in combination with interviews of rescue services personnel. From a sociodemographic point of view no typical residential group can be identified as being more protected or being exposed to significant higher risk. Based on the information from the rescue services interviews an early detection of a fire in combination with an ability to respond seem to be factors indicating success.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Runefors, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
-
Framgångsfaktorer vid bostadsbränder - en inventering av erfarenheter från svensk räddningstjänst
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Success factors are identified for residential fires. Success factors are defined as aspects resulting in a positive outcome if a fire occurs in a home environment. The factors could be linked to the individual persons as well as to the society. The success factors have been identified using cluster analysis of statistical information and using interviews with rescue services personnel. The typical success factors are presence of an operational smoke detector and the knowledge and ability by the residents to do something about the fire in an early stage. Information and education about fire prevention and actions in the case of a fire are identified as important.
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| 40. |
- Runefors, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
-
Nyttoanalys av spisvakt och portabelt sprinklersystem vid bostadsbränder
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A cost benefit analysis has been performed on the installation of stove guards or portable sprinkler systems as a means for reducing injuries in the case of a residential fire. The installations are analyzed separately and the benefit ratio is below 1.0 in most cases, indicating a low benefit in relation to the installation and maintenance costs. However, the benefit ratio is well above 1.0 for certain groups in the society, i.e. elderly smokers. The stove guard installation does not have a benefit ratio above 1.0 for the public in general. But there may be a societal benefit for the elderly having a stove guard but further analysis in needed as the statistical information in injuries caused by fire is subjected to a large uncertainty.
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| 41. |
- Svensson, Stefan
(författare)
-
Firefighter fatalities in Sweden, 1937 - 2016
- 2017
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this work was to present collective data on firefighter fatalities in Sweden between 1937 and 2016. Data presented is directly related to operations only. Fatalities due to long-term exposure of gases, particles, and physical/psychological stress or similar were not included in the study. Also, accidents involving ambulances as well as fatalities in direct relation to physical training were excluded. The data was collected from a large collection of newspaper articles, periodicals, magazines and reports. Over the period a total of 56 fatalities occurred, of which 19 fatalities were due to traumas, 15 fatalities were related to burns, 6 were related to road accidents or involved vehicles, 4 fatalities occurred during training, 4 due to cardiovascular problems, 7 due to asphyxiation and 1 fatality was due to drowning. 26 fatalities occurred inside structures and 30 outside.Conclusions from the data included that fatalities related to road accidents or accidents involving fire apparatus seems to be the highest cause in more recent cases and that fatalities related to structural firefighting seems to be the highest cause before introducing requirements on bringing a hose into structures (requirements introduced in 1986). Overall, traumas seems to be the cause to most fatalities in the Swedish fire service. Due to the small size of the dataset in conjunction with a long period in time, conclusions have been drawn with great caution.
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| 42. |
- Van Hees, Patrick, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulation of critical evacuation conditions for a fire scenario involving cables and comparison of two different cables
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Previous studies on the evaluation of irritant species from burning cables in a modified prEN 50399 fire test produced FEC/FED values based on ISO TS 13571. However, the ISO standard mentions in its scope that these indices can only be used within e.g. modelling. For this reason Europacable (ECBL) initiated a preliminary case-study to asses the possibility of using modern fire safety engineering techniques. The scope of the project was the evaluation of the evacuation conditions for a realistic fire scenario involving two types of cable fires that produce different levels of heat, smoke and gases. Both CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling by means of the software package FDS (Fire dynamics simulator) and evacuation modelling by means of the software package Simulex were performed. The results were used to calculate FED (fractional effective doses) and FEC (fractional effective concentration). The results showed that the developed methodology allows evaluation of critical evacuation conditions based on not only temperature and visibility, but also on gas composition. One of the selected cables created critical conditions for some of the occupants during evacuation for the chosen design fire when the production of irritant gases (HCl, acreolein, Formaldehydes) is considered.
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| 43. |
- Abrahamsson, Marcus
(författare)
-
Treatment of Uncertainty in Risk Based Regulations and Standards for Risk Analysis
- 2000
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The role of quantitative risk analysis as a foundation for decision making, regarding hazardous activities and establishments, has gained increased importance during the last decades. When performing a quantitative risk analysis, a wide range of uncertainties will inevitably be introduced during the process. The impact of these uncertainties must somehow be addressed if the analysis is to serve as a tool in the decision-making process. The objective of this report is to present a summary of how issues of uncertainty are dealt with in existing safety regulations, and in existing standards for risk analysis and management. Using this summary as a guide, various aspects of uncertainty are discussed. E.g. what role will uncertainty play in the decision-making process? Is there a need for identifying and separating different kinds of uncertainty (e.g. aleatory, or stochastic uncertainty, vs. epistemic, or knowledge based uncertainty) while creating the foundation for decision-making? Will we always be dependent on expert judgement while dealing with these issues? The work behind this paper is the first step in a research project with the objective to produce the basis for a Swedish Standard regarding treatment of uncertainties in quantitative risk analyses. The project is to be completed by the end of the year 2001.
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| 44. |
- Andersson, Berit, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulated Fires in Substances of Pesticide Type
- 1999
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to characterise fires in chemical warehouses, 38 medium scale experiments have been conducted. The experiments were performed in a 0.66m3 combustion chamber. On-line measurements were made of combustion gases (CO2, CO, HC and NOx), mass loss, smoke, temperatures, external radiation and phi-values. Intermittently gas and soot samples were collected and analysed for content of organic compounds and amount of soot produced. Main variables during the experiments were external radiation, fire diameter, opening configuration and ventilation condition. The medium scale was chosen in order to give a test method which is more convenient to work with, less expensive than full-scale experiments and still rather well simulates the conditions in a real fire.
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| 45. |
- Andersson, Berit, et al.
(författare)
-
Thermal breakdown of extinguishing agents
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Four fire extinguishing agents has been investigated, bromotrifluoromethane, Halon 1301, pentafluoroethane, HFC 125, heptafluoropropane, HFC 227ea and dodecafluoro-2- methylpentane-3-one, C6F-ketone. The inerting concentrations were determined in a cubic pressure vessel with a volume of 8 litres. A cup burner was used to find the flameextinguishing concentrations for the agents. Thermal breakdown was also studied and for this purpose the studied agent was introduced into a flame of propane in a tubular burner. The produced combustion products were analysed both with conventional IR-techniques and with FTIR. It was found that HF and COF2 were produced from all studied agents. Models and theories on the mechanisms of the breakdown processes are presented.
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| 46. |
- Becker, Per
(författare)
-
Metod för riskbaserad dimensionering genom beräkning
- 2000
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Syftet med rapporten är att presentera en riskbaserad metod för brandteknisk dimensionering genom beräkning samt att exemplifiera hur denna kan användas. Det finns olika metoder att dimensionera en byggnad så att egenskapskraven angående brandsäkerhet följs. En av dem är att följa de råd som finns i byggreglerna och därigenom dimensionera brandsäkerheten genom så kallad förenklad dimensionering. Om råden frångås måste brandsäkerheten verifieras på något annat sätt. Detta sker med dimensionering genom beräkning och kan utföras genom olika beräkningsmetoder. För att kunna komma runt svårigheter med att jämföra och verifiera säkerheten för olika brandtekniska lösningar har en ny metod för att dimensionera en byggnads brandskydd vuxit fram. Denna kan kallas riskbaserad dimensionering genom beräkning. Delar av metoden lämpar sig dock till att användas tillsammans med andra dimensioneringsmetoder för att på ett strukturerat sätt behandla problemen. Riskbaserad dimensionering genom beräkning skiljs från de flesta andra metoder genom att den ger möjligheten att kvantitativt jämföra risken för personerna i byggnaden för olika lösningar. Den ger även möjligheten att analysera hur säkerhet beror av tillförlitlighet hos åtgärder och tekniska system. Resultatet av metoden presenteras som riskprofiler för olika analyserade lösningar. Det är på detta sätt enkelt att jämföra de risker som lösningarna genererar för personerna i byggnaden och utifrån det verifiera om en lösning ger tillräcklig säkerhet. När en lösning har valts ut skrivs brandskyddsdokumentationen och kontrollplanen upprättas. Kvalitetssäkringen av brandskyddsprojektering och utförande genomförs under ledning av kvalitetsansvarig och kallas egenkontroll. Om byggnadsnämnden så beslutar skall även brandskyddet i byggnaden kvalitetssäkras av en fristående sakkunnig kontrollant. För att brandsäkerheten skall tillgodoses under byggnadens hela livslängd måste brandskyddsdokumentationen uppdateras om några förutsättningar ändras. Detta även om ändringarna inte medför nytt bygglov. Om detta dokument inte hålls levande finns det en stor risk att brandsäkerheten inte uppehålls på en acceptabel nivå. Denna rapport är skriven för Brandteknik vid Lunds tekniska högskola och är finansierad av BRANDFORSK och Svenska byggbranschens utvecklingsfond, SBUF.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
-
Riskbaserad brandteknisk dimensionering. Slutredovisning av projektet "Dimensionering efter beräknad risk"
- 2000
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report summarises the project Design based on quantitative risk. The project has been divided into five parts; model uncertainty, fire statistics, design values based on reliability index beta method, quantitative risk analysis and cost optimisation. The report gives a short description on all parts and refers to the more detailed reports from the project. In total 16 publications have been produced within the frame of the project. The report shows one method to perform fire safety design based on quantitative methods.
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| 49. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
-
Utrymning genom tät rök: beteende och förflyttning
- 2003
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report describes evacuation experiments, which were performed in a smoke filled tunnel. The tunnel was filled with artificial smoke and acetic acid was used to achieve irritation of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. In the experiments 46 persons walked through the tunnel one at a time, while they were filmed with infra red cameras. All participants answered a questionnaire and some were also interviewed. In the experiment different equipment was tested. The equipment included flashing lights at the emergency exits and directional guiding lights indicating the direction to an exit. In the report the relationship between walking speed and smoke density is presented and analysed. The participants ́ behaviour in the tunnel is also described and the important results from the questionnaires and interviews are presented. The report also includes a suggested alternative design of emergency exits.
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| 50. |
- Frantzich, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
-
Utrymningsförsök i Götatunneln
- 2007
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An evacuation experiment was performed in the Göta tunnel on November 22, 2006 in Göteborg, Sweden. In total twenty-nine participants who were not informed about the experimental conditions evacuated as they were forced to stop in the tunnel due to a simulated car accident where a fire had started. After two and a half minute after the first car stopped an evacuation alarm started but at that time several of the participants had already initiated their evacuation. Green flashing lights were found to be significant for some of the participant’s decision to evacuate and choose an evacuation route. Results also suggest that people were influenced by others during evacuation, i.e., that social influence was important. Social influence was important both for the decision to evacuate and the choice of exit.
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