| 1. |
- Keri, S
(författare)
-
Genetics, psychology, and determinism
- 2003
-
Ingår i: The American psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 58:4, s. 319-319
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 2. |
- Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Positive Psychology and Romantic Scientism
- 2014
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 69:6, s. 636-637
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Replies to the comments of Nickerson (see record 2014-36500-010), Guastello (see record 2014-36500-011), Musau (see record 2014-36500-013), Hämäläinen et al. (see record 2014-36500-014), and Lefebvre and Schwartz (see record 2014-36500-015) on the authors article (see record 2013-24609-001). Fredrickson and Losada’s (2005) article was the subject of over 350 scholarly citations before our critique (Brown et al., 2013) appeared, and its principal “conclusions” have been featured in many lectures and public presentations by senior members of the positive psychology research community, although its deficiencies ought to have been visible to anyone with a modest grasp of mathematics and a little curiosity. Unfortunately— because human behavior is, after all, complex and difficult to understand—we have no way of knowing whether the fact that it took so long for these deficiencies to be recognized was due to an unwarranted degree of optimism about the reliability of the peer-review process, a reluctance to make waves in the face of powerful interests, a general lack of critical thinking within positive psychology, or some other factor. We hope that our revelation of the problems with the critical positivity ratio ultimately demonstrates the success of science as a self-correcting endeavor; however, we would have greatly preferred it if our work had not been necessary in the first place.
|
|
| 3. |
- Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Questionable Measures Are Pretty Meaningless
- 2015
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 70:6, s. 571-573
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comments on the original article "Life is pretty meaningful," by S. J. Heintzelman and L. A. King (see record 2014-03265-001). Heintzelman and King argued that meaning in life (MIL) is widely experienced and exists at high levels. In this brief commentary, the current authors examine what they believe are several flaws in their argument: a lack of clarity in defining MIL; the questionable validity of the instruments used to measure MIL throughout Heintzelman and King’s article; and an erroneous interpretation of quantitative reports of MIL from surveys and the academic literature.
|
|
| 4. |
- Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Complex Dynamics of Wishful Thinking The Critical Positivity Ratio
- 2013
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 68:9, s. 801-813
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine critically the claims made by Fredrickson and Losada (2005) concerning the construct known as the “positivity ratio.” We find no theoretical or empirical justification for the use of differential equations drawn from fluid dynamics, a subfield of physics, to describe changes in human emotions over time; furthermore, we demonstrate that the purported application of these equations contains numerous fundamental conceptual and mathematical errors. The lack of relevance of these equations and their incorrect application lead us to conclude that Fredrickson and Losada’s claim to have demonstrated the existence of a critical minimum positivity ratio of 2.9013 is entirely unfounded. More generally, we urge future researchers to exercise caution in the use of advanced mathematical tools, such as nonlinear dynamics, and in particular to verify that the elementary conditions for their valid application have been met.
|
|
| 5. |
- Brown, Nicholas, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Persistence of Wishful Thinking
- 2014
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 69:6, s. 629-632
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comments on the article by Fredrickson and Losada (see record 2005-11834-001). Recently the current authors (Brown, Sokal, & Friedman, 2013) debunked the widely cited claim made by Fredrickson and Losada (2005) that their use of a mathematical model drawn from nonlinear dynamics (namely, the Lorenz equations from fluid dynamics) provided theoretical support for the existence of a pair of critical positivity-ratio values (2.9013 and 11.6346) such that individuals whose ratios fall between these values will “flourish,” whereas people whose ratios lie outside this ideal range will “languish.” For lack of space in our previous article, we refrained from addressing, except in passing, the question of whether there might be empirical evidence for the existence of one or more critical positivity ratios (“tipping points”). In response to our critique, Fredrickson and Losada (2013) withdrew their nonlinear dynamics model, but Fredrickson (December December 2013) reaffirmed some claims concerning positivity ratios on the basis of empirical studies. We would therefore like to comment briefly on these claims and the alleged supporting evidence.
|
|
| 6. |
- Cardeña, Etzel
(författare)
-
The Experimental Evidence for Parapsychological Phenomena: A Review.
- 2018
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 73:5, s. 663-677
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a comprehensive integration of current experimental evidence and theories about so-called parapsychological (psi) phenomena. Throughout history, people have reported events that seem to violate the common sense view of space and time. Some psychologists have been at the forefront of investigating these phenomena with sophisticated research protocols and theory, while others have devoted much of their careers to criticizing the field. Both stances can be explained by psychologists’ expertise on relevant processes such as perception, memory, belief, and conscious and nonconscious processes. This article clarifies the domain of psi, summarizes recent theories from physics and psychology that present psi phenomena as at least plausible, and then provides an overview of recent/updated meta-analyses. The evidence provides cumulative support for the reality of psi, which cannot be readily explained away by the quality of the studies, fraud, selective reporting, experimental or analytical incompetence, or other frequent criticisms. The evidence for psi is comparable to that for established phenomena in psychology and other disciplines, although there is no consensual understanding of them. The article concludes with recommendationsfor further progress in the field including the use of project and data repositories, conducting multidisciplinary studies with enough power, developing further nonconscious measures of psi and falsifiable theories, analyzing the characteristics of successful sessions and participants,improving the ecological validity of studies, testing how to increase effect sizes,recruiting more researchers at least open to the possibility of psi, and situating psi phenomena within larger domains such as the study of consciousness.
|
|
| 7. |
- Cowen, Alan S., et al.
(författare)
-
Mapping 24 Emotions Conveyed by Brief Human Vocalization
- 2019
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 74:6, s. 698-712
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emotional vocalizations are central to human social life. Recent studies have documented that people recognize at least 13 emotions in brief vocalizations. This capacity emerges early in development, is preserved in some form across cultures, and informs how people respond emotionally to music. What is poorly understood is how emotion recognition from vocalization is structured within what we call a semantic space, the study of which addresses questions critical to the field: How many distinct kinds of emotions can be expressed? Do expressions convey emotion categories or affective appraisals (e.g., valence, arousal)? Is the recognition of emotion expressions discrete or continuous? Guided by a new theoretical approach to emotion taxonomies, we apply large-scale data collection and analysis techniques to judgments of 2,032 emotional vocal bursts produced in laboratory settings (Study 1) and 48 found in the real world (Study 2) by U.S. English speakers (N = 1,105). We find that vocal bursts convey at least 24 distinct kinds of emotion. Emotion categories (sympathy. awe), more so than affective appraisals (including valence and arousal), organize emotion recognition. In contrast to discrete emotion theories, the emotion categories conveyed by vocal bursts are bridged by smooth gradients with continuously varying meaning. We visualize the complex, high-dimensional space of emotion conveyed by brief human vocalization within an online interactive map.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Kassin, S, et al.
(författare)
-
On the general acceptance of confessions research: Opinions of the scientific community
- 2018
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 73:1, s. 63-80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eighty-seven experts on the psychology of confessions—many of whom were highly published, many with courtroom experience—were surveyed online about their opinions on 30 propositions of relevance to deception detection, police interrogations, confessions, and relevant general principles of psychology. As indicated by an agreement rate of at least 80%, there was a strong consensus that several findings are sufficiently reliable to present in court. This list includes but is not limited to the proposition that the risk of false confessions is increased not only by explicit threats and promises but by 2 common interrogation tactics—namely, the false evidence ploy and minimization tactics that imply leniency by offering sympathy and moral justification. Experts also strongly agreed that the risk of undue influence is higher among adolescents, individuals with compliant or suggestible personalities, and those with intellectual impairments or diagnosed psychological disorders. Additional findings indicated that experts set a high standard before judging a proposition to be sufficiently reliable for court—and an even higher standard on the question “Would you testify?” Regarding their role as scientific experts, virtually all respondents stated that their primary objective was to educate the jury and that juries are more competent at evaluating confession evidence with assistance from an expert than without. These results should assist trial courts and expert witnesses in determining what aspects of the science are generally accepted and suitable for presentation in court.
|
|
| 10. |
- Sjöberg, Rickard L
(författare)
-
Witch persecutions and torture : Comment on Alison and Alison (2017)
- 2017
-
Ingår i: American Psychologist. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0003-066X .- 1935-990X. ; 72:7, s. 703-704
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In their article Alison and Alison (2017) argue that historical experiences speak against the efficacy of torture. In this comment experiences from the witch persecutions in Europe during the 15th to 17th centuries that support this notion are discussed. Converging data suggests that torture was often instrumental in making large numbers of suspects confess to flying children through the air to nocturnal satanic meetings, during this period. A comparison of the number of false self incriminating confessions given during the Swedish witch trial in the parish of Rättvik 1671 (before royal sanction of torture was given) and the parish of Ockelbo 1675 (after royal sanction of torture was given) is used to illustrate this point.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Striegel-Moore, RH, et al.
(författare)
-
Risk factors for eating disorders
- 2007
-
Ingår i: The American psychologist. - 0003-066X. ; 62:3, s. 181-198
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
