| 1. |
- Arvidsson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Geographic location, not forest type, affects the diversity of spider communities sampled with malaise traps in Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450 .- 0003-3847. ; 53:3-4, s. 215-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The latitudinal diversity gradient predicts higher species richness at lower latitudes. Here, we utilize the data from a long-term monitoring with malaise traps to analyse if spider communities in Sweden are affected by geographic gradients and if these effects hold independent of forest type. The species richness and the effective number of species in spider communities were not significantly related to the latitudinal gradient. The effective number of species and the taxonomic distinctness of spider communities were related to longitude, with a higher number, but fewer related species in western parts of Sweden. The species and family composition were significantly related to latitude independent of forest type, with a dominance of Linyphiidae individuals and species in the north. Our study demonstrates the suitability of malaise trap sampling to contribute to a better understanding of local spider communities, as several rare and locally new species were recorded in this study.
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| 2. |
- Arvidsson, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Geographic location, not forest type, affects the diversity of spider communities sampled with malaise traps in Sweden
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450 .- 0003-3847. ; 53:3-4, s. 215-227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The latitudinal diversity gradient predicts higher species richness at lower latitudes. Here, we utilize the data from a long-term monitoring with malaise traps to analyse if spider communities in Sweden are affected by geographic gradients and if these effects hold independent of forest type. The species richness and the effective number of species in spider communities were not significantly related to the latitudinal gradient. The effective number of species and the taxonomic distinctness of spider communities were related to longitude, with a higher number, but fewer related species in western parts of Sweden. The species and family composition were significantly related to latitude independent of forest type, with a dominance of Linyphiidae individuals and species in the north. Our study demonstrates the suitability of malaise trap sampling to contribute to a better understanding of local spider communities, as several rare and locally new species were recorded in this study.
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| 3. |
- Ahola, Virpi, et al.
(författare)
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Butterfly genomics : Insights from the genome of melitaea cinxia
- 2017
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 54:1-4, s. 275-291
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first lepidopteran genome (Bombyx mori) was published in 2004. Ten years later the genome of Melitaea cinxia came out as the third butterfly genome published, and the first eukaryotic genome sequenced in Finland. Owing to Ilkka Hanski, the M. cinxia system in the Åland Islands has become a famous model for metapopulation biology. More than 20 years of research on this system provides a strong ecological basis upon which a genetic framework could be built. Genetic knowledge is an essential addition for understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics and the genetic basis of variability in life history traits. Here we review the process of the M. cinxia genome project, its implications for lepidopteran genome evolution, and describe how the genome has been used for gene expression studies to identify genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation. Finally, we introduce some future possibilities and challenges for genomic research in M. cinxia and other Lepidoptera.
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| 4. |
- Berglund, Anders
(författare)
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Sex role reversal in a pipefish : female ornaments as amplifying handicaps
- 2000
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 37:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reasons for sex role reversal in the pipefish Syngnathus typhle are reviewed. In this species, females compete for males, which are choosier than females. Before mating, females display a sexual ornament, a cross-wise striped pattern along their body sides. This ornament is here shown to be an amplifier that facilitates for males to tell females of different sizes apart (males prefer larger females). When students were asked to compare bar sizes, where bars differed in "ornamentation", accuracy in estimating size was highest with "heavy ornamented" as compared with "intermediate" or "not ornamented" bars. Moreover, bar size was more accurately judged with crosswise than with lengthwise striped bars, explaining why stripes run cross- rather than lengthwise in females. The ornament is probably costly (it reduces crypsis and may be socially provocative), and it is also attractive to males. Thus, the ornament is best described as an amplifying handicap.
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| 5. |
- Bergström, Roger, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of natural winter browsing and simulated summer browsing by moose on growth and shoot biomass of birch and its associated invertebrate fauna
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 46, s. 63-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant responses to mammalian herbivores can be manifold. Browsing by large mammals such as moose may change plant growth and morphology, which, in turn, will change the food quality and availability for e.g. invertebrate herbivores sharing the same forage plant. Furthermore, the intensity and timing of herbivory may affect plant responses and future herbivore attack. In a field experiment, we tested whether simulated summer browsing and natural winter browsing by moose affects growth and morphology of birch Betula pendula, and whether possible changes had effects on abundance and defoliation by herbivorous invertebrates. The simulated summer browsing treatment was applied in two intensities (50% and 100% defoliation of long shoots) during two different periods of the growth season (mid-June and mid-July). Simulated summer browsing delayed the timing of budburst, reduced height and diameter growth and resulted in reduced defoliation by invertebrate herbivores indicating an induced defence. Winter browsing by moose reduced diameter growth, leaf biomass of short shoots but increased height growth, the abundance of aphids and defoliation by insect herbivores. The effects of herbivory on the timing of budburst, leaf biomass of long and short shoots and the abundance of aphids were more pronounced when the birches were both browsed in winter and artificially stripped. The timing of the artificial leaf stripping treatment was important for nearly all tested variables. Concluding, summer and winter browsing by moose can have opposing or additive effects on plant morphology and growth. Therefore, also indirect effects of mammalian herbivory on invertebrate communities feeding on the same plant may differ, depending on the browsing intensity, the season of browsing and even the timing of browsing within the same season.
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| 6. |
- Dowling, Damian K., et al.
(författare)
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Red plumage and its association with reproductive success in red-capped robins
- 2006
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 43:4, s. 311-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Red plumage is produced mainly by deposition of carotenoid'pigments into the feathers, and is assumed to be costly. Recent studies suggest red plumage may be a condition-dependent, sexually selected signal. To date, few studies have explored the relationship between carotenoid-based plumage colour and genetic (realised) reproductive success. This is despite the rarity of genetic monogamy among. avian mating systems. We studied. this-relationship. in the red-capped robin (Petroica goodenovii) across two breeding seasons, using spectrophotometric techniques, to score colour and molecular markers to assign paternity. Males with the highest. within-pair. reproductive success during the first season moulted into,the most colourful plumage at the conclusion of that season. We found;no such correlations, when using putative measures of reproductive success, underlining the importance of unambiguous paternity assignment. However, males that moulted into the most, colourful plumage did not go on to attain highest. reproductive success during-the, subsequent breeding season (while displaying this plumage). Instead, variation in male reproductive success was explained by male body condition and age. These results suggest that the information value of male-plumage colour is unpredictable.
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| 7. |
- Ecke, Frauke, et al.
(författare)
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Landscape-based prediction of the occurrence of the invasive muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 51, s. 325-334
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Europe, muskrat is an invasive species that can profoundly affect lake ecosystems. We developed a landscape-based prediction model for the occurrence of muskrat based on 237 muskrat and 236 randomly selected lakes within the distribution range of muskrat in northern Sweden. We analyzed the importance of slope and cover of vegetation types for the occurrence of the muskrat at 12 spatial scales (50-1000 m) from the lakeshores. Logistic regression models that incorporated slope and percentage cover of swamps, meadows and lakeshore meadows successfully predicted the occurrence of muskrat. The importance of the predictor variables changed with increased distance from the shoreline. Our results were confirmed with an independent data set (n = 29) from the southern distribution range of the muskrat in Sweden. The prediction model can be used to assess the risk of muskrat occurrence in lakes as well as for the development of muskrat-related conservation measures.
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| 8. |
- Elmberg, Johan, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Early breeding teal Anas crecca use the best lakes and have the highest reproductive success
- 2005
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 42:1, s. 37-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Teal (Anas crecca) broods were studied in 1988-2003 in a boreal watershed comprising 51 permanent wetlands. Brood size of near-fledged ducklings was negatively related to the hatching date, i.e. early pairs had higher reproductive success than late pairs. However, brood size of newly hatched ducklings was not related to the hatching date, implying that the advantage of early breeding is due to processes operating during the brood stage rather than during nesting. Half of the lakes never produced a brood, and among the 26 lakes that actually did, two `preferred' lakes generated 44% of the broods and 55% of the near-fledged ducklings. Early broods were over-represented on such `preferred' lakes, and late broods over-represented on `less preferred' lakes. Our study suggests that lake selection and early nesting may have important fitness consequences in teal.
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| 9. |
- Elmberg, Johan, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Intraspecific variation in calling, time allocation and energy reserves in breeding male common frogs Rana temporaria
- 1991
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. - 0003-455X ; 28:1, s. 23-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Time allocation during breeding was studied in unmated male common frogs Rana temporaria Linnaeus in three populations along a gradient of altitude, climate and length of feeding season. The length of the breeding period decreased with increased altitude. All three populations had low activity levels (0-33% of the time during peak chorusing). Peak chorusing in the lowland population was due to more males participating in the chorus, and not to increased individual calling activity. An increase in mating effort at this time was nevertheless indicated by the males 'using more time for moving in the pond. At both montane localities, males called more sparsely, and not at all at night. During peak chorusing, calling and moving males became significantly rarer with increased altitude. Aggressive males were significantly rarer in the alpine population. Between-locality variation was evident in fat reserves after hibernation and during breeding; the relative fat body mass was significantly higher in lowland males than in mid-altitude and alpine males. We discuss male mating activity (here: calling, mate searching and aggression) in ultimate terms as a trade-off between mate acquisition and survival.
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| 10. |
- Elmhagen, Bodil, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in vole and lemming fluctuations in northern Sweden 1960-2008 revealed by fox dynamics
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 48:3, s. 167-179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclic dynamics with extensive spatial synchrony has long been regarded as characteristic of key herbivores at high latitudes. This contrasts to recent reports of fading cycles in arvicoline rodents in boreal and alpine Fennoscandia. We investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of boreal red fox and alpine arctic fox in Sweden as a proxy for the dynamics of their main prey, voles and Norwegian lemming, respectively. We analyse data from five decades, 1960-2008, with wavelets and autocorrelation approaches. Cyclic dynamics were identified with at least one method in all populations (arctic fox n = 3, red fox n = 6). The dynamics were synchronous between populations, or coupled with a 1-yr lag, in 8 of 13 pairwise comparisons. Importantly though, the dynamics were heterogeneous in space and time. All analytical approaches identified fading cycles in the three arctic fox populations and two northern red fox populations. At least one method identified similar patterns in three southern red fox populations. Red fox dynamics were cyclic in the 1970s primarily, while arctic fox dynamics was cyclic until the late 1980s or early 1990s. When cyclic, 4-yr cycles dominated in arctic fox and northern red fox, whilst 3-4-yr cycles was found in southern red foxes. Significant cyclic regimes reappeared in the 1990s or 2000s in two red fox populations and one arctic fox population. Cycles and regionally coupled dynamics appeared associated in northern arctic and red foxes. This study supports accumulating evidence which suggests that cyclic and synchronous patterns in the dynamics of lemmings and voles are nonstationary in space and time. Furthermore, the similar patterns of change in both fox species indicate that persistence of cycles is governed by similar mechanisms in lemmings and voles.
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| 11. |
- Fox, Anthony D., et al.
(författare)
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Current and potential threats to Nordic duck populations - a horizon scanning exercise
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 52:4, s. 193-220
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the current and future threats to duck populations that breed, stage, moult and/or winter in the Nordic countries. Migratory duck species are sensitive indicators of their changing environment, and their societal value confirms the need to translate signals from changes in their distribution, status and abundance into a better understanding of changes occurring in their wetland environments. We used expert opinion to highlight 25 major areas of anthropogenic change (and touch briefly on potential mitigation measures through nature restoration and reserve management projects) that we consider key issues likely to influence Nordic duck populations now and in the near future to stimulate debate, discussion and further research. We believe such reviews are essential in contributing to development of successful management policy as well as stimulating specific research to support the maintenance of duck species in favourable future conservation status in the face of multiple population pressures and drivers.
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| 12. |
- Franzén, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Pollen harvesting and reproductive rates in specialized solitary bees
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 44:6, s. 405-414
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Andrena humilis is an endangered oligolectic solitary bee and has declined in recent decades throughout western Europe. The aim of this study was to explore the pollen harvesting pattern and to determine the reproductive rate in specialized andrenid bees. We measured the amount of pollen required to produce one brood-cell, the pollen harvesting rate and compared our results with data for other specialized andrenid bee species. Pollen-foraging trips were registered and the activity events (entering, leaving or digging) recorded at the nests. The mean number of pollen-foraging trips per day was 5.3 and an average bee nest was active (and open) 88 min day(-1). The bees were highly efficient in harvesting pollen and spent on average 10.7 min to complete one pollen-foraging trip. Most pollen-foraging trips (77%) were completed in less than 15 min. The duration of pollen-foraging trips increased over the day, presumably because pollen became more costly to harvest. Based on pollen counts (pollen loads on bees and pollen provisions) an average bee required 3.85 foraging trips to complete one brood cell and one bee managed to accomplish 1.37 brood cells in one day with suitable weather. In the literature we found data on an additional 19 specialized andrenid bee species. Andrena humilis seems to be extremely efficient compared with most other species, with an average trip for pollen lasting almost one hour (average for andrenid bees = 46 min). An extremely low reproductive rate seems to be a common trait among specialized bees in the family Andrenidae with an average 0.9 offspring produced per day and less than ten offspring produced during the whole lifetime. The high degree of specialisation and the low reproductive rate among andrenid bees can explain the severe decline in many species today.
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| 13. |
- Gibb, Heloise, et al.
(författare)
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Forest succession and harvesting of hemipteran honeydew by boreal ants
- 2010
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 47, s. 99-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ants are important harvesters of plant-derived sugars, but little is known about how anthropogenic disturbances influence this behaviour. We investigated factors related to honeydew harvesting by red wood ants, Formica aquilonia, in managed boreal forests. Ant activity was lowest in middle-age stands (30-40 years old), which had the fewest and smallest ant mounds. It was best predicted by a model containing an interaction among tree species, basal diameter and stand age. Individual workers collected similar masses of honeydew from the different aged stands, which suggests that colonies optimise foraging efforts by adjusting the number of active foragers to match resource availability. The rate of honeydew harvesting from recently clear-cut stands during the survey was similar to that in old stands, although significantly faster than in middle-aged stands. This may be a result of high aphid loads on clear-cuts and recent changes in forest management that improve the temporal continuity of forests for red wood ants. Anthropogenic alteration of habitats thus significantly alters energy use by ants, mainly as a result of changes in the abundance and size of ant colonies. This change is likely to have further consequences for ant-driven ecosystem functions.
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| 14. |
- Goropashnaya, Anna V., et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeography and population structure in the ant Formica exsecta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) across Eurasia as reflected by mitochondrial DNA variation and microsatellites
- 2007
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 44:6, s. 462-474
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phylogeography and population structure of the ant Formica exsecta was studied across Eurasia by using mtDNA sequences and microsatellite genotypes. The phylogeny based on 1.5 kb mtDNA fragment including the cytochrome b and part of the ND6 gene showed significant division (1.63% of nucleotide divergence) between a haplotype from Tibet and all other haplotypes. Similar to findings in diverse array of species associated with forest in Eurasia, the mtDNA phylogeny revealed no evidence for vicariant events due to separation in different forest refugia over glacial periods. The haplotype network includes several small clades (with 2-4 haplotypes in each) with geographically limited distribution, but one geographical region may have received haplotypes from two or more of such clades. This pattern could indicate mixing of different gene pools during postglacial colonization of Europe from different forest refugia or from an ancestral source with some spatial genetic differentiation. The genealogy and the haplotype frequencies suggest postglacial colonization of Siberia from a single refugial source of limited size. Maternal and biparental DNA markers indicated a moderate but significant level of population differentiation (mtDNA Phi(ST) = 0.42, microsatellite F-ST = 0.13) across Eurasia. However, no correlation between genetic differentiation estimated for mtDNA and microsatellites was found among the populations. Considerable reduction in microsatellite genetic diversity was found in the small population of F. exsecta in England, giving some basis to classify this population as near threatened.
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| 15. |
- Gunnarsson, Gunnar, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Survival estimates, mortality patterns, and population growth of Fennoscandian mallards Anas platyrhynchos
- 2008
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 45:6, s. 483-495
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term mallard capture-recapture data from Sweden and Finland were analyzed to describe temporal mortality patterns and reasons. We used program MARK and Seber models to estimate annual survival (S) and recovery (r) rates. Survival rates were used in a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the correspondence between observed and predicted annual population sizes of a Finnish sub-population. About 90% of recovered birds died from hunting. Most recoveries were from the hunting season, and more males than females were shot. Predation was the most common cause of natural mortality. Finnish capture-recapture data fitted best the global model in which survival and recovery vary with age and sex. Annual survival and recovery rates for adult and juvenile males and females were overlapping, ranging from 0.46 to 0.90 (survival) and 0.07 to 0.17 (recovery), whereas pulli had lower survival rates (0.21-0.42). Pulli that were successfully sexed at the time of ringing had higher recovery rates (female pulli: 0.23; male pulli: 0.32) than juveniles and adults. Density-dependent fledgling production was detected in the Finnish sub-population and was accounted for in the Monte Carlo simulation, which estimated predicted breeding population size quite well, although one of the observed annual values (2003) fell outside the 95% confidence limits.
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| 16. |
- Gustafson, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Terrestrial habitat predicts use of aquatic habitat for breeding purposes - a study on the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus)
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 48, s. 295-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines the structure and composition of landscapes surrounding ponds with and without great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) - a species that needs an aquatic and a terrestrial environment. We related presence and absence data to 31 local and landscape variables, in a total of 143 areas in south-central Sweden. Land-use variables were measured within the radii of 100 m (local scale) and 500 m (landscape scale) surrounding the ponds. To find drivers of the distribution of great crested newts we used a principal component analysis (PCA) and a logistic regression analysis. Higher amounts of deciduous forest and pasture, together with proximity to deciduous forest seem to be positive for presence of great crested newts. Coniferous forest and mire appear to have a negative effect on the habitat quality for the species. We argue that management of the great crested newt should to a greater extent include the terrestrial habitat. Special attention should also be given to identifying and securing older, deciduous-rich forest in the vicinity of breeding ponds.
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| 17. |
- Gyllenberg, Mats, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Conditional reproductive strategies under variable environmental conditions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 54:1-4, s. 193-204
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within the framework of adaptive dynamics we consider the evolution by natural selection of reproductive strategies in which individualsmay adjust their reproductive behaviour in response to changing environmental conditions. As a specific example we consider a discrete-time model in which possible fluctuations in the environmental conditions are caused by predator-prey interaction. Our main findings include: 1) Coexistence between two fixed strategies (i.e., strategies that do not adjust to changing environmental conditions) is impossible. There exists a best fixed strategy, which invades and ousts all other fixed strategies. 2) A necessary condition for conditional (adjustable) strategies to evolve is that there are fluctuations in the environmental conditions. Predator-prey interactions may cause such fluctuations and under natural assumptions there exists an optimal conditional strategy which is uninvadable and invades and ousts allother strategies.
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| 18. |
- Hemborg, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Reproductive investment and moult-breeding overlap in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis : an experimental approach
- 1999
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 36:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We manipulated brood sizes of 132 pairs of the collared flycatcher to investigate whether or not an investment in reproduction was traded against an investment and timing of the post-nuptial moult. Our manipulations did not affect the probability of moult-breeding overlap in males, and there was no effect on their moult scores at fledging time of the young. Males and young birds initiated moult earlier than females and old birds, respectively. Very few females started moulting during the period of nestling care. Reproductive success in terms of recruitment rate of fledglings was independent of parental moult stage during reproduction, which indicates that the manipulation did not induce a trade-off between moult and post-fledging care. Furthermore, the survival probability of adults was independent of brood size manipulations and their moult stage at fledging time. Thus, our brood size manipulations showed no evidence for a trade-off between reproductive and moult investments in the collared flycatcher.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Jönsson, K. Ingemar, 1959-, et al.
(författare)
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A model on the evolution of cryptobiosis
- 2003
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 40:4, s. 331-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cryptobiosis is an ametabolic state of life entered by some lower organisms (among metazoans mainly rotifers, tardigrades and nematodes) in response to adverse environmental conditions. Despite a long recognition of cryptobiotic organisms, the evolutionary origin and life history consequences of this biological phenomenon have remained unexplored. We present one of the first theoretical models on the evolution of cryptobiosis, using a hypothetical population of marine tardigrades that migrates between open sea and the tidal zone as the model framework. Our model analyses the conditions under which investments into anhydrobiotic (cryptobiosis induced by desiccation) functions will evolve, and which factors affect the optimal level Of Such investments. In particular, we evaluate how the probability of being exposed to adverse conditions (getting stranded) and the consequences for survival Of Such exposure (getting desiccated) affects the option for cryptobiosis to evolve. The optimal level of investment into anhydrobiotic traits increases with increasing probability of being stranded as well as with increasing negative survival effects of being stranded. However, our analysis shows that the effect on survival of being stranded is a more important parameter than the probability of stranding for the evolution of anhydrobiosis. The existing, although limited, evidence from empirical studies seems to support some of these predictions.
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| 21. |
- Kaikusalo, A., et al.
(författare)
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The Arctic Fox Population in Finnish Lapland During 30 Years, 1964-93
- 1995
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 32:1, s. 69-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have monitored the number of arctic foxes and microtine rodents in northern Finland for 30 years. Arctic fox densities were estimated by inventories at den sites, and microtine abundance by snap trapping. Time series analyses showed that the arctic fox population fluctuated widely but always close together with the microtines in a five year cycle. However, there was no time lag in the numerical response of foxes on microtines. The strong dependence on microtines was confirmed by analyses of faecal droppings and food remains at dens. In summer time microtines consisted in average of 45% of the diet and reindeer 30%, but during winters reindeer was the most important food source with 45% compared to 15% for microtines. There was a surprising positive correlation between number of voles and reindeer carcasses, suggesting competition or alternatively an external correlation from e.g. weather. Mean litter size of the arctic fox was also highly dependent on microtine abundance but decreased during the study period despite that food resources had not changed. Further, when microtines had high densities during two consecutive years, arctic foxes only responded to the first year. A feeding experiment resulted in an increase in number of red foxes but had no or little effect on arctic foxes. So, it is difficult to single out one explanation to the decline and second year effect. Food was probably not involved and we do not know if diseases and parasites have been involved. However, both competition and predation, primarily from the red fox, may be responsible together with climatic or weather changes.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Lohmus, Mare, et al.
(författare)
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Dress for success : human facial expressions are important signals of emotions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 46:1, s. 75-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to test how emotions affect individual neutral facial expressions and the reliability of humans to read these expressions, we photographed faces of 25 women wearing clothes in which they felt attractive, unattractive, or comfortable while expressing an emotionally neutral face. Men found the faces of women in attractive clothes the most attractive, whereas the faces of women in comfortable and unattractive clothes were ranked as intermediate and least attractive, respectively, even though the clothes were not visible in the photographs. Our results demonstrate that despite very subtle effects, the emotional state of women is perceived by men and that the two sexes are concordant on the signal sent and received. We show a close connection between exterior attributes, confidence, and how a person is perceived by others.
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| 25. |
- Lundkvist, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
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Dispersing diving beetles (Dytiscidae) in agricultural and urban landscapes in south-eastern Sweden
- 2002
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 39:2, s. 109-123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flying dytiscids were trapped in an agricultural landscape with wetlands in different successional stages and in two urban landscapes with young wetlands. We compared the faunas in air and in water. Hydroporus and Agabus were the most frequently trapped genera in air. Most species were trapped near water in the agricultural landscape, species characteristic of later successional stages were common in air and dominated in water. In the urban landscapes, species were mainly trapped far from water and species known to colonise new waters were common in air and in the youngest waters. Overall, females and immature adults were more common in flight catches during April-July than during August-October. Our results indicate that urbanisation would result in a less diverse fauna, but may lead to an assemblage dominated by species that are infrequent in agricultural landscapes. To obtain a rich wetland insect fauna, a wide range of wetland types is required at the landscape scale.
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| 26. |
- Meissner, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Predator-prey interactions in a variable environment : responses of a caddis larva and its blackfly prey to variations in stream flow
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 46:3, s. 193-204
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Predator-prey studies in streams have traditionally focused on mayfly-stonefly interactions in relatively constant flow conditions. In reality, however, lotic prey encounter multiple types of predators, most of which are restricted to low-velocity microhabitats. By contrast, some invertebrate prey may occur in very high current velocities. For example, many blackfly species are able to feed at velocities of 100 cm s(-1), whereas even moderate currents reduce the hunting efficiency of their invertebrate predators. The caddisfly larvae of the genus Rhyacophila, however, may be an exception to the pattern of reducing predator efficiency with increasing velocity. Using a combination of laboratory and field experiments and behavioral field observations, we examined the interaction between predatory Rhyacophila caddis larvae and larval blackflies along a velocity gradient of 20-120 cm s(-1). In laboratory experiments, Rhyacophila preferred currents slower than 50 cm s(-1) while blackflies exhibited a wide tolerance of currents and frequently occurred in currents exceeding 100 cm s(-1). In direct field observations, total activity and distance moved by Rhyacophila were similar at all current velocity regimes tested, but frequency of predation attempts on blackflies was lowest at the highest velocities (> 100 cm s(-1)). In a field colonization study, blackflies avoided substrates with the slowest velocities (< 40 cm s(-1)), as also did the caddis larvae. Only velocities approaching 100 cm s(-1) provide blackflies with refuge from predation by Rhyacophila. Being able to maneuver across a wide range of velocities, Rhyacophila may have more pervasive effects on their prey than other lotic invertebrate predators.
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| 27. |
- Milbrink, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid growth response of the Arctic charr to changing environmental conditions is not the result of a population bottleneck
- 2013
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 50:6, s. 385-389
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We tested if within-lake differences in individual growth in an Arctic charr population before and after nutrient enrichment was due to a population bottleneck, for example as a result of strong selection for growth in a limited part of the population. The positive change in growth pattern after treatment was not coincident with a reduction in microsatellite variability, and various genetic estimators of demographic change did not indicate changes in population size. This suggests that the change in growth was not a result of only a limited part of the population responding, but an overall response.
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| 28. |
- Nummi, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence and density of mallard and green-winged teal in relation to prey size distribution and food abundance
- 1995
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. - 0003-455X ; 32:4, s. 385-390
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We studied patterns of prey size and abundance among 60 lakes that differed with respect to occupancy by mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and teal (A. crecca crecca). Size distributions of prey in lakes with and without mallards did not differ in the way they deviated from the prey size distribution found in the average diet of the species; the same was true also for teal. However, in lakes with abundant food, average teal diet differed more from what was found in the environment than in lakes with less prey; in the mallard there were no differences in this respect. The densities of mallard and teal correlated positively rather than negatively with each other irrespective of food abundance, suggesting that interspecific competition, at least in ecological time, between the species may not be important in determing their abundance and distribution.
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| 29. |
- Pöysä, Hannu, et al.
(författare)
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Pair formation among experimentally introduced mallards Anas platyrhynchos reflects habitat quality
- 2001
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. - 0003-455X ; 38:2, s. 179-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using data from two independent field experiments, we address whether pair formation in introduced mallards Anas platyrhynchos is associated with habitat quality, specifically food limitation at the brood stage. Based on the concentration of total phosphorous in the water, the study lakes were divided into two groups, 'poor' and 'rich'. In one of the experiments we used mallard ducklings imprinted on humans to study mass change of ducklings in poor and rich lakes, respectively. It turned out that ducklings foraging on poor lakes gained less mass than ducklings foraging on rich lakes, the division of lakes thus reflecting habitat quality at the brood stage. Introduced mallards formed heterosexual pairs on lakes that were, in a relative sense, high-quality brood habitats, whereas they did not on lakes of low-quality brood habitat. Pair formation thus seemed to reflect the suitability of habitat for breeding.
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| 30. |
- Ranius, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The successional change of hollow oaks affects their suitability for an inhabiting beetle, Osmoderma eremita
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 46:3, s. 205-216
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assessed the presence/absence and population size of a threatened beetle, Osmoderma eremita, inhabiting hollow oaks (Quercus robur). Population sizes varied widely between trees (10% of the hollow trees hosted two thirds of the individuals), and increased with the volume of wood mould (= loose material of dead wood) and the height of the entrances. Population density (number of adult beetles per litre of wood mould) increased with decreasing growth rate of the trees. Trees with the largest O. eremita populations were 300–400 years old. Among hollow trees, the population sizes increased with tree age. This is at least partly due to the fact that the volume of wood mould increased with tree age. Both the size of the largest entrance hole and tree diameter were positively correlated with the estimated wood mould volume, and could thus be used as easily measured proxies for wood mould volume.
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| 31. |
- Rautio, Pasi, et al.
(författare)
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Food selection by herbivores and neighbourhood effects in the evolution of plant defences
- 2012
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 49:1-2, s. 45-57
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of studies have reported how neighbouring plants may influence herbivory on palatable or unpalatable plants. Such neighbourhood effects can have important evolutionary consequences as they may either promote the evolutionary stability of plant defences or, alternatively, select against the fixation of plant defences and instead promote a stable polymorphism of palatable and unpalatable plants. These consequences depend on whether the difference in herbivore damage between unpalatable and palatable plants is smaller or, alternatively, greater when the neighbours are unpalatable instead of palatable. Such relations can arise when the neighbourhood effects are non-parallel among palatable and unpalatable plants. We outline two basic situations of non-parallel neighbourhood effects and illustrate how they can come about. A detailed dissection of these interactions reveals that there are several qualitatively distinct mechanisms that promote either evolutionary stability of plant defences or alternatively polymorphism. Our classification of mechanisms can be used to clarify and explain observations obtained in the field of plant herbivore interactions and predator prey interactions, both at the population and the community level.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Suominen, O, et al.
(författare)
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Impacts of semi-domesticated reindeer on structure of tundra and forest communities in Fennoscandia : a review
- 2000
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 37:4, s. 233-249
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grazing and trampling by semi-domesticated reindeer are important factors controlling vegetation in northern Fennoscandia. In this article we review Nordic studies on the effects of reindeer on vegetation and animal communities. The studies have shown clear effects on vegetation, especially on Cladina lichen dominated sites. Cladina is the main forage of reindeer during winter and dominates climax vegetation in dry site types in the absence of reindeer. Reindeer can even affect galling and ground-dwelling invertebrates. Due to the special relationship between reindeer and Cladina majority of the research has concentrated on winter grazing on Cladina, but there are some studies of summer grazing which have also shown substantial changes in vegetation. Reindeer grazing increases richness and diversity of vegetation and invertebrate assemblages in most cases, but this influence depends on site type and grazing intensity. The enriching effect seems to be strongest at moderate grazing intensity.
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| 35. |
- Taylor, Alexandra K., et al.
(författare)
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Effects of trap density and duration on vole abundance indices
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 48:1, s. 45-55
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to investigate if patterns of immigration by voles into removal plots on the third day of trapping are evident in the grey-sided vole, and if altering the number of traps at each station will result in increased precision of the vole abundance estimate. Traps were placed using the small quadrat method, with one, three, or five traps placed at each corner. Traps were checked twice a day for five days. Mixed-effect models were used to investigate the relationship between the number of traps and the length of time the traps were out on the abundance index. There was no difference between having three or five traps. Having one trap resulted in an inflated estimate. Five traps had the highest number of successful trapping events, reducing the number of zeros in the data set and leaving fewer individuals unaccounted. There was a peak in catches on the third day, driven by younger individuals and by males. These are suspected immigrants that are exploiting the territories left by individuals trapped in the first two days, suggesting this is not a closed system.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Tinnert, Jon, et al.
(författare)
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Population-specific effects of interbreeding and admixture on reproductive decisions and offspring quality
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 53:1-2, s. 55-68
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated interbreeding and admixture in Tetrix subulata grasshoppers from two maternal origin populations that differed in life-history and dispersal traits. We compared reproductive output of females that had been experimentally mated with males from the same or from a different population. Interbreeding affected clutch size and number of clutches; in one population females in the admixed treatment produced smaller clutches, in the other population females in the admixed treatment produced more clutches. Behavioral observations indicated that individuals can discriminate scents emitted by individuals from different populations; such that females might adjust reproductive allocation depending on male origin. However, hatchability of eggs and survival of nymphs were not affected by the mating treatment. Admixture influenced the production of viable offspring in the F2 generation, but the effect was opposite in the two populations of maternal origin. Results suggested that responses to interbreeding and admixture can differ between populations within a species.
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| 38. |
- van den Brink, Valentijn, et al.
(författare)
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Morphometric shape analysis using learning vector quantization neural networks : an example distinguishing two microtine vole species
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 48:6, s. 359-364
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Closely related species may be very difficult to distinguish morphologically, yet sometimes morphology is the only reasonable possibility for taxonomic classification. Here we present learning-vector-quantization artificial neural networks as a powerful tool to classify specimens on the basis of geometric morphometric shape measurements. As an example, we trained a neural network to distinguish between field and root voles from Procrustes transformed landmark coordinates on the dorsal side of the skull, which is so similar in these two species that the human eye cannot make this distinction. Properly trained neural networks misclassified only 3% of specimens. Therefore, we conclude that the capacity of learning vector quantization neural networks to analyse spatial coordinates is a powerful tool among the range of pattern recognition procedures that is available to employ the information content of geometric morphometrics.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Zmihorski, Michal
(författare)
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Invasive ring-necked parakeet negatively affects indigenous Eurasian hoopoe
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X .- 1797-2450. ; 53, s. 281-287
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ring-necked parakeet invaded southern Israel and competes with indigenous cavity-nesting species for nest sites. However, the parakeet can also excavate its own cavities, providing other birds with breeding places, so the final impact on native avifauna is questionable. We studied the effect of the ring-necked parakeet on the indigenous Eurasian hoopoe for 10 years, from 2000 to 2009. The parakeet colonized two palmeries (in 2002 and 2006) with the highest densities of the hoopoe while two remaining palmeries remained unsettled by the parakeet during the study period, and were therefore used as control plots in our study. During the study period, in the unsettled palmeries, the breeding density of the hoopoe did not change while in palmeries colonized by the parakeet, the density of the hoopoe declined significantly. Moreover, the palmery originally hosting the highest density of the hoopoe had the lowest density of this species after the invasion of the parakeet. The results suggest a negative impact of the invasive ring-necked parakeet on the indigenous Eurasian hoopoe, mainly through the aggressive takeover of cavities by parakeets. Expected land-use changes in the region will most probably result in further expansion of the ring-necked parakeet.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Elmberg, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Early breeding teal Anas crecca use the best lakes and have the highest reproductive success
- 2005
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X. ; 42:1, s. 37-43
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Teal (Anas crecca) broods were studied in 1988-2003 in a boreal watershed comprising 51 permanent wetlands. Brood size of near-fledged ducklings was negatively related to the hatching date, i.e. early pairs had higher reproductive success than late pairs. However, brood size of newly hatched ducklings was not related to the hatching date, implying that the advantage of early breeding is due to processes operating during the brood stage rather than during nesting. Half of the lakes never produced a brood, and among the 26 lakes that actually did, two `preferred' lakes generated 44% of the broods and 55% of the near-fledged ducklings. Early broods were over-represented on such `preferred' lakes, and late broods over-represented on `less preferred' lakes. Our study suggests that lake selection and early nesting may have important fitness consequences in teal.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Forsman, A
(författare)
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Thermal capacity of different colour morphs in the pygmy grasshopper Tetrix subulata
- 1997
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Ingår i: ANNALES ZOOLOGICI FENNICI. - : FINNISH ZOOLOGICAL BOTANICAL PUBLISHING BOARD. - 0003-455X. ; 34:3, s. 145-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I examined the relative importance of colour pattern, body size and shape for thermoregulation by experimentally subjecting adult female Tetrix subulata belonging to four different colour morphs (black, striped, brown, and white) to augmented irradiation
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| 47. |
- Fox, Anthony D., et al.
(författare)
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Current and potential threats to Nordic duck populations - a horizon scanning exercise
- 2015
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X. ; 52:4, s. 193-220
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the current and future threats to duck populations that breed, stage, moult and/or winter in the Nordic countries. Migratory duck species are sensitive indicators of their changing environment, and their societal value confirms the need to translate signals from changes in their distribution, status and abundance into a better understanding of changes occurring in their wetland environments. We used expert opinion to highlight 25 major areas of anthropogenic change (and touch briefly on potential mitigation measures through nature restoration and reserve management projects) that we consider key issues likely to influence Nordic duck populations now and in the near future to stimulate debate, discussion and further research. We believe such reviews are essential in contributing to development of successful management policy as well as stimulating specific research to support the maintenance of duck species in favourable future conservation status in the face of multiple population pressures and drivers.
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| 48. |
- Gunnarsson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Survival estimates, mortality patterns, and population growth of Fennoscandian mallards Anas platyrhynchos
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - : Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board. - 0003-455X. ; 45:6, s. 483-495
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term mallard capture-recapture data from Sweden and Finland were analyzed to describe temporal mortality patterns and reasons. We used program MARK and Seber models to estimate annual survival (S) and recovery (r) rates. Survival rates were used in a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the correspondence between observed and predicted annual population sizes of a Finnish sub-population. About 90% of recovered birds died from hunting. Most recoveries were from the hunting season, and more males than females were shot. Predation was the most common cause of natural mortality. Finnish capture-recapture data fitted best the global model in which survival and recovery vary with age and sex. Annual survival and recovery rates for adult and juvenile males and females were overlapping, ranging from 0.46 to 0.90 (survival) and 0.07 to 0.17 (recovery), whereas pulli had lower survival rates (0.21-0.42). Pulli that were successfully sexed at the time of ringing had higher recovery rates (female pulli: 0.23; male pulli: 0.32) than juveniles and adults. Density-dependent fledgling production was detected in the Finnish sub-population and was accounted for in the Monte Carlo simulation, which estimated predicted breeding population size quite well, although one of the observed annual values (2003) fell outside the 95% confidence limits.
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| 49. |
- Gårdmark, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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The ecology of recovery
- 2003
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Ingår i: Annales Zoologici Fennici. - 0003-455X. ; 40:2, s. 131-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current high rate of population declines and attempts to 'manage' their recovery, call for a better understanding of recovery dynamics of populations. In many cases, recovery of a population may primarily be determined by a single life history property or ecological interaction, allowing for straightforward management actions. For example, a generalist predator may prevent the recovery of its prey, and populations with sex-biased dispersal are particularly vulnerable to demographic stochasticity. However, linking life history with intra- and interspecific population dynamics is needed to assess the relative importance of these factors. A clear example is depensatory dynamics that can be caused either by e.g., mutual predation or cooperative breeding. Moreover, dynamics of a recovering population can alter both its physiological and behavioural traits, affecting its interspecific interactions. Here we review life histories (reproduction, resource use and dispersal) and species interactions affecting recovery processes, and discuss their implications for management.
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| 50. |
- Jaatinen, Kim, et al.
(författare)
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Clutch desertion in Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) - effects of non-natal eggs, the environment and host female characteristics
- 2009
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Ingår i: ANNALES ZOOLOGICI FENNICI. - 0003-455X. ; 46:5, s. 350-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Addition of eggs to nests of conspecifics is a common avian alternative breeding strategy, called conspecific brood parasitism. The consequences of this breeding strategy on recipient breeding success have seldom been quantified, while taking into account environmental factors and host female characteristics. We study the occurrence of nest parasitism and, using an information theoretic approach, the most important factors responsible for nest desertion in female Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica). Nest parasitism is common in the study populationpopulation, and 58% of the nests contained non-natal eggs, representing 20% of all eggs. A prime factor explaining nest desertion was the number of non-natal eggs. There were also significant effects of year and own clutch size. By contrast, ambient temperature and female laying date did not influence nest desertion. These results provide one of the first demonstrations that non-natal eggs can have substantial negative effects also in precocial species.
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