| 1. |
- Juslin, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Can overconfidence be used as an indicator of reconstructive rather than retrieval processes?
- 1995
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Ingår i: Cognition. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 54:1, s. 99-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a recent paper Wagenaar (1988) suggested that overconfidence can be used as an indicator of reconstructive processes which allow responses based on inference to be distinguished from responses based on retrieval. The ecological models (Björkman, in press; Gigerenzer, Hoffrage, & Kleinbölting, 1991; Juslin, 1993a, 1993b, 1994) provide a more positive view of the calibration of reconstructive responses. In this paper we compare these two views and argue that overconfidence cannot be considered a reliable indicator of reconstructive processes since people may be well calibrated for tasks that require inference, provided that tasks are selected in an unbiased manner. Instead, we discuss two different models: the response-independence model which is appropriate to retrieval, and the response-dependence model which applies to inference. These two models predict different distributions of solution probabilities and they therefore provide a criterion by which we can distinguish between direct retrieval and reconstruction. In two empirical studies modelled after Experiment 1 in Wagenaar's (1988) paper it is shown that calibration can be very similar and quite reasonable both for tasks that are dominated by inference and tasks that are dominated by retrieval processes. In Experiment 2 we show that the two conditions nevertheless differ in regard to the distributions of solution probabilities in the manner predicted by the two response models presented in the paper. It is proposed that the issue of which is the most appropriate interpretation of solution probabilities is neglected, and that the criterion should be of interest also to applications outside the domain of calibration research.
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| 2. |
- von Hofsten, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Predictive action in infancy : tracking and reaching for moving objects
- 1998
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 67:3, s. 255-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Because action plans must anticipate the states of the world which will be obtained when the actions take place, effective actions depend on predictions. The present experiments begin to explore the principles underlying early-developing predictions of object motion, by focusing on 6-month-old infants' head tracking and reaching for moving objects. Infants were presented with an object that moved into reaching space on four trajectories: two linear trajectories that intersected at the center of a display and two trajectories containing a sudden turn at the point of intersection. In two studies, infants' tracking and reaching provided evidence for an extrapolation of the object motion on linear paths, in accord with the principle of inertia. This tendency was remarkably resistant to counter-evidence, for it was observed even after repeated presentations of an object that violated the principle of inertia by spontaneously stopping and then moving in a new direction. In contrast to the present findings, infants fail to extrapolate linear object motion in preferential looking experiments, suggesting that early-developing knowledge of object motion, like mature knowledge, is embedded in multiple systems of representation.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Linus, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Neurocognitive processes underlying heuristic and normative probability judgments
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : ELSEVIER. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 196, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Judging two events in combination (A&B) as more probable than one of the events (A) is known as a conjunction fallacy. According to dual-process explanations of human judgment and decision making, the fallacy is due to the application of a heuristic, associative cognitive process. Avoiding the fallacy has been suggested to require the recruitment of a separate process that can apply normative rules. We investigated these assumptions using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during conjunction tasks. Judgments, whether correct or not, engaged a network of brain regions identical to that engaged during similarity judgments. Avoidance of the conjunction fallacy additionally, and uniquely, involved a fronto-parietal network previously linked to supervisory, analytic control processes. The results lend credibility to the idea that incorrect probability judgments are the result of a representativeness heuristic that requires additional neurocognitive resources to avoid.
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| 4. |
- Baldwin, Dare A., et al.
(författare)
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Segmenting dynamic human action via statistical structure
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Springer. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 106:3, s. 1382-1407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human social, cognitive, and linguistic functioning depends on skills for rapidly processing action. Identifying distinct acts within the dynamic motion flow is one basic component of action processing; for example, skill at segmenting action is foundational to action categorization, verb learning, and comprehension of novel action sequences. Yet little is currently known about mechanisms that may subserve action segmentation. The present research documents that adults can register statistical regularities providing clues to action segmentation. This finding provides new evidence that structural knowledge gained by mechanisms such as statistical learning can play a role in action segmentation, and highlights a striking parallel between processing of action and processing in other domains, such as language.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Bylund, Emanuel, et al.
(författare)
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Revisiting the bilingual lexical deficit: The impact of age of acquisition
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 182, s. 45-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Whereas the cognitive advantages brought about by bilingualism have recently been called into question, the so-called ‘lexical deficit’ in bilinguals is still largely taken for granted. Here, we argue that, in analogy with cognitive advantages, the lexical deficit does not apply across the board of bilinguals, but varies as a function of acquisition trajectory. To test this, we implement a novel methodological design, where the variables of bilingualism and first/second language status have been fully crossed in four different groups. While the results confirm effects of bilingualism on lexical proficiency and processing, they show more robust effects of age of acquisition. We conclude that the traditional view of the linguistic costs of bilingualism need to give way to a new understanding of lexical development in which age of acquisition is seen as a major determinant.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Collsiöö, August, et al.
(författare)
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Is numerical information always beneficial? : Verbal and numerical cue-integration in additive and non-additive tasks
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When people use rule-based integration of abstracted cues to make multiple-cue judgments they tend to default to linear additive integration of the cues, which may interfere with efficient learning in non-additive tasks. We hypothesize that this effect becomes especially pronounced when cues are presented numerically rather than verbally, because numbers elicit expectations about a task with a simple numerical solution that can be appropriately addressed by linear and additive integration. This predicts that, relative to a verbal format, a numerical format should be advantageous for learning in additive tasks, but detrimental for learning in non-additive tasks. In two experiments, we find support for the hypothesis that a verbal format can improve learning in non-additive tasks. The division-of-labor between cognitive processes observed in previous research (Juslin et al., 2008), with cue abstraction in additive tasks and exemplar memory in non-additive tasks, was only present in conditions with numeric information and may therefore in part be driven by the use of numeric formats. This illustrates how surface characteristic of stimuli can elicit different priors about the nature of the variables and the generative model that produced the cues and the criterion. We fitted cue-abstraction and exemplar algorithms by PNP-modeling (Sundh et al., 2021). At the end of training both cue abstraction and exemplar memory processes primarily involved exact analytic processes marred by occasional error, rather than the noisy and approximate intuitive processes typically assumed in previous studies – specifically, cue abstraction was primarily implemented by number crunching and exemplar memory by rote memorization.
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| 10. |
- Dylman, Alexandra S., et al.
(författare)
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It's (not) all Greek to me : Boundaries of the foreign language effect
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report three experiments investigating the boundaries of the Foreign Language effect in decision making (examining both risk aversion and moral dilemmas), when the foreign language is culturally influential, or when there is high linguistic similarity between the native language and the foreign language. Specifically, we found no Foreign Language effect in the Asian disease problem (Experiment 1a) or the footbridge moral dilemma (Experiment 2a) in Swedish-English bilinguals, but did find a Foreign Language effect for both these tasks in Swedish-French bilinguals (Experiments 1b and 2b). Additionally, we found no Foreign Language effect for moral dilemmas when the language pair was linguistically similar by testing Swedish-Norwegian and Norwegian-Swedish bilinguals (Experiment 3). These results indicate possible boundaries to the Foreign Language effect in decision making and propose that factors such as cultural influence and linguistic similarity diminish the Foreign Language effect.
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| 11. |
- Dylman, Alexandra, et al.
(författare)
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When having two names facilitates lexical selection : Similar results in the picture-word task from translation distractors in bilinguals and synonym distractors in monolinguals
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 171:February 2018, s. 151-171
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report five experiments using the picture-word task to examine lexical selection by comparing the effects of translation distractors in bilinguals and synonym distractors in monolinguals. Three groups of bilinguals named objects in their L1 or L2, and English monolinguals named objects using common names (e.g., DOG = “dog”) or, in a novel manipulation, using synonymous alternative names (e.g., DOG = “hound”, GLASSES = “spectacles”). All studies produced strikingly similar results. When bilinguals named in L1, there was a small facilitation effect from translation distractors, but larger facilitation when they named in L2. When monolinguals produced common names, there was no reliable effect from synonym distractors, but facilitation when they produced alternative names. (There were also strong identity facilitation effects in all naming conditions.) We discuss the relevance of these results for the debate concerning the role of competition in lexical selection and propose that for speech production there are direct facilitatory connections between the lexical representations of translations in bilinguals (and between synonyms in monolinguals). The effects of synonyms in monolinguals appear to “simulate” the effects found for translations in bilinguals, which suggest that there are commonalities in monolingual and bilingual lexical selection.
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| 12. |
- Forrester, Gillian S., et al.
(författare)
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Slip of the tongue : Implications for evolution and language development
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 141, s. 103-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A prevailing theory regarding the evolution of language implicates a gestural stage prior to the emergence of speech. In support of a transition of human language from a gestural to a vocal system, articulation of the hands and the tongue are underpinned by overlapping left hemisphere dominant neural regions. Behavioral studies demonstrate that human adults perform sympathetic mouth actions in imitative synchrony with manual actions. Additionally, right-handedness for precision manual actions in children has been correlated with the typical development of language, while a lack of hand bias has been associated with psychopathology. It therefore stands to reason that sympathetic mouth actions during fine precision motor action of the hands may be lateralized. We employed a fine-grained behavioral coding paradigm to provide the first investigation of tongue protrusions in typically developing 4-year old children. Tongue protrusions were investigated across a range of cognitive tasks that required varying degrees of manual action: precision motor action, gross motor action and no motor actions. The rate of tongue protrusions was influenced by the motor requirements of the task and tongue protrusions were significantly right-biased for only precision manual motor action (p < .001). From an evolutionary perspective, tongue protrusions can drive new investigations regarding how an early human communication system transitioned from hand to mouth. From a developmental perspective, the present study may serve to reveal patterns of tongue protrusions during the motor development of typically developing children. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Infants’ understanding of everyday social interactions : a dual process account
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 114:2, s. 197-206
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Six- and 12-month-old infant’s eye movements were recorded as they observed feedingactions being performed in a rational or non-rational manner. Twelve-month-olds fixatedthe goal of these actions before the food arrived (anticipation); the latency of these gazeshifts being dependent (r = .69) on infants life experience being feed. In addition, 6- and12-month-olds dilated their pupil during observation of non-rational feeding actions. Thiseffect could not be attributed to light differences or differences in familiarity, but wasinterpreted to reflect sympathetic-like activity and arousal caused by a violation of infant’sexpectations about rationality. We argue that evaluation of rationality requires less experiencethan anticipations of action goals, suggesting a dual process account of preverbalinfants’ everyday action understanding.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Iatropoulos, Georgios, et al.
(författare)
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The language of smell : Connecting linguistic and psychophysical properties of odor descriptors
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 178, s. 37-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The olfactory sense is a particularly challenging domain for cognitive science investigations of perception, memory, and language. Although many studies show that odors often are difficult to describe verbally, little is known about the associations between olfactory percepts and the words that describe them. Quantitative models of how odor experiences are described in natural language are therefore needed to understand how odors are perceived and communicated. In this study, we develop a computational method to characterize the olfaction related semantic content of words in a large text corpus of internet sites in English. We introduce two new metrics: olfactory association index (OAI, how strongly a word is associated with olfaction) and olfactory specificity index (OSI, how specific a word is in its description of odors). We validate the OAI and OSI metrics using psychophysical datasets by showing that terms with high OM have high ratings of perceived olfactory association and are used to describe highly familiar odors. In contrast, terms with high OSI have high inter-individual consistency in how they are applied to odors. Finally, we analyze Dravnieks's (1985) dataset of odor ratings in terms of OAI and OSI. This analysis reveals that terms that are used broadly (applied often but with moderate ratings) tend to be olfaction-unrelated and abstract (e.g., heavy or light; low OAI and low OSI) while descriptors that are used selectively (applied seldom but with high ratings) tend to be olfaction-related (e.g., vanilla or licorice; high OM). Thus, OAI and OSI provide behaviorally meaningful information about olfactory language. These statistical tools are useful for future studies of olfactory perception and cognition, and might help integrate research on odor perception, neuroimaging, and corpus-based linguistic models of semantic organization.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Juslin, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Information integration in multiple-cue judgment : A division of labor hypothesis
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 106:1, s. 258-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is considerable evidence that judgment is constrained to additive integration of information. The authors propose an explanation of why serial and additive cognitive integration can produce accurate multiple cue judgment both in additive and non-additive environments in terms of an adaptive division of labor between multiple representations. It is hypothesized that, whereas the additive, independent linear effect of each cue can be explicitly abstracted and integrated by a serial, additive judgment process, a variety of sophisticated task properties, like non-additive cue combination, non-linear relations, and inter-cue correlation, are carried implicitly by exemplar memory. Three experiments investigating the effect of additive versus non-additive cue combination verify the predicted shift in cognitive representations as a function of the underlying combination rule.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Juslin, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Is there something special with probabilities? : - Insight vs. computational ability in multiple risk combination
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 136, s. 282-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While a wealth of evidence suggests that humans tend to rely on additive cue combination to make controlled judgments, many of the normative rules for probability combination require multiplicative combination. In this article, the authors combine the experimental paradigms on probability reasoning and multiple-cue judgment to allow a comparison between formally identical tasks that involve probability vs. other task contents. The purpose was to investigate if people have cognitive algorithms for the combination, specifically, of probability, affording multiplicative combination in the context of probability. Three experiments suggest that, although people show some signs of a qualitative understanding of the combination rules that are specific to probability, in all but the simplest cases they lack the cognitive algorithms needed for multiplication, but instead use a variety of additive heuristics to approximate the normative combination. Although these heuristics are surprisingly accurate, normative combination is not consistently achieved until the problems are framed in an additive way. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Juslin, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Reducing cognitive biases in probabilistic reasoning by the use of logarithm formats
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 120:2, s. 248-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on probability judgment has traditionally emphasized that people are susceptible to biases because they rely on "variable substitution": the assessment of normative variables is replaced by assessment of heuristic, subjective variables. A recent proposal is that many of these biases may rather derive from constraints on cognitive integration, where the capacity-limited and sequential nature of controlled judgment promotes linear additive integration, in contrast to many integration rules of probability theory (juslin, Nilsson, & Winman, 2009). A key implication by this theory is that it should be possible to improve peoples' probabilistic reasoning by changing probability problems into logarithm formats that require additive rather than multiplicative integration. Three experiments demonstrate that recasting tasks in a way that allows people to arrive at the answers by additive integration decreases cognitive biases, and while people can rapidly learn to produce the correct answers in an additive formats, they have great difficulty doing so with a multiplicative format.
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| 22. |
- Kenward, Ben, et al.
(författare)
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Four-year-olds' strategic allocation of resources : Attempts to elicit reciprocation correlate negatively with spontaneous helping
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 136, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behaviour benefitting others (prosocial behaviour) can be motivated by self-interested strategic concerns as well as by genuine concern for others. Even in very young children such behaviour can be motivated by concern for others, but whether it can be strategically motivated by self-interest is currently less clear. Here, children had to distribute resources in a game in which a rich but not a poor recipient could reciprocate. From four years of age participants strategically favoured the rich recipient, but only when recipients had stated an intention to reciprocate. Six- and eight-year-olds distributed more equally. Children allocating strategically to the rich recipient were less likely to help when an adult needed assistance but was not in a position to immediately reciprocate, demonstrating consistent cross-task individual differences in the extent to which social behaviour is self- versus other-oriented even in early childhood. By four years of age children are capable of strategically allocating resources to others as a tool to advance their own self-interest.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Learning about occlusion : Initial assumptions and rapid adjustments
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 105:1, s. 26-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined 6-month-olds abilities to represent occluded objects, using a corneal-reflectioneye-tracking technique. Experiment 1 compared infants’ ability to extrapolate the currentpre-occlusion trajectory with their ability to base predictions on recent experiences of novelobject motions. In the first condition infants performed at asymptote (≈2/3 accurate predictions)from the first occlusion passage. In the second condition all infants initially failed tomake accurate prediction. Performance, however, reached asymptote after two occlusion passages.This is the first study that demonstrates such rapid learning effects during an occlusiontask. Experiment 2 replicates these effects and demonstrates a robust memory effect extending24 h. In occlusion tasks such long-term memory effects have previously only been observed in14-month-olds (Moore & Meltzoff, 2004).
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Lawrence, K., et al.
(författare)
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The development of mental state attributions in women with X-monosomy, and the role of monoamine oxidase B in the sociocognitive phenotype
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 102:1, s. 84-100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We hypothesized that women with Turner syndrome (45,X) with a single X-chromosome inherited from their mother may show mentalizing deficits compared to women of normal karyotype with two X-chromosomes (46,X). Simple geometrical animation events (two triangles moving with apparent intention in relation to each other) which usually elicit mental-state descriptions in normally developing people, did not do so to the same extent in women with Turner syndrome. We then investigated the potential role in this deficit played by monoamine oxidase B enzymatic activity. MAO-B activity reflects central serotonergic activity, and by implication the functional integrity of neural circuits implicated in mentalizing. Platelet MAO-B was substantially reduced in Turner syndrome. However, contrary to prediction, in this (relatively small) sample there was no association between MAO-B enzymatic activity and mentalizing skills in participants with and without Turner syndrome.
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| 28. |
- Lindskog, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Individual differences in nonverbal number skills predict math anxiety
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 159, s. 156-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Math anxiety (MA) involves negative affect and tension when solving mathematical problems, with potentially life-long consequences. MA has been hypothesized to be a consequence of negative learning experiences and cognitive predispositions. Recent research indicates genetic and neurophysiological links, suggesting that MA stems from a basic level deficiency in symbolic numerical processing. However, the contribution of evolutionary ancient purely nonverbal processes is not fully understood. Here we show that the roots of MA may go beyond symbolic numbers. We demonstrate that MA is correlated with precision of the Approximate Number System (ANS). Individuals high in MA have poorer ANS functioning than those low in MA. This correlation remains significant when controlling for other forms of anxiety and for cognitive variables. We show that MA mediates the documented correlation between ANS precision and math performance, both with ANS and with math performance as independent variable in the mediation model. In light of our results, we discuss the possibility that MA has deep roots, stemming from a non-verbal number processing deficiency. The findings provide new evidence advancing the theoretical understanding of the developmental etiology of MA.
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| 29. |
- Lindskog, Marcus, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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No evidence of learning in non-symbolic numerical tasks : A comment on Park & Brannon (2014)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 150, s. 243-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two recent studies - one of which was published in this journal - claimed to have found that learning on a non-symbolic arithmetic task improved performance on a symbolic arithmetic task (Park & Brannon, 2013, 2014). This finding has potentially far-reaching implications, because it would constitute evidence for a causal link between the Approximate Number System (ANS) and symbolic-math ability. Here, we argue that, due to the methodology used in both studies, the interpretation of data in terms of an improvement in ANS performance is problematic. We provide arguments and simulations showing that the trends in the data are similar to what one would expect for a non-learning observer. We discuss the implications for the original interpretation in terms of causality between non-symbolic and symbolic arithmetic performance.
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| 30. |
- Meir, Irit, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of being human and the basis of grammatical word order : Insights from novel communication systems and young sign languages
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 158, s. 189-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study identifies a central factor that gives rise to the different word orders found in the world’s languages. In the last decade, a new window on this long-standing question has been provided by data from young sign languages and invented gesture systems. Previous work has assumed that word order in both invented gesture systems and young sign languages is driven by the need to encode the semantic/syntactic roles of the verb’s arguments. Based on the responses of six groups of participants, three groups of hearing participants who invented a gestural system on the spot, and three groups of signers of relatively young sign languages, we identify a major factor in determining word order in the production of utterances in novel and young communication systems, not suggested by previous accounts, namely the salience of the arguments in terms of their human/animacy properties: human arguments are introduced before inanimate arguments (‘human first’). This conclusion is based on the difference in word order patterns found between responses to depicted simple events that vary as to whether both subject and object are human or whether the subject is human and the object inanimate. We argue that these differential patterns can be accounted for uniformly by the ‘human first’ principle. Our analysis accounts for the prevalence of SOV order in clauses with an inanimate object in all groups (replicating results of previous separate studies of deaf signers and hearing gesturers) and the prevalence of both SOV and OSV in clauses with a human object elicited from the three groups of participants who have the least interference from another linguistic system (nonliterate deaf signers who have had little or no exposure to another language). It also provides an explanation for the basic status of SOV order suggested by other studies, as well as the scarcity of the OSV order in languages of the world, despite its appearance in novel communication systems. The broadest implication of this study is that the basic cognitive distinction between humans and inanimate entities is a crucial factor in setting the wheels of word ordering in motion.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Millroth, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Prospect evaluation as a function of numeracy and probability denominator
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 138, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines how numeracy and probability denominator (a direct-ratio probability, a relative frequency with denominator 100, a relative frequency with denominator 10,000) affect the evaluation of prospects in an expected-value based pricing task. We expected that numeracy would affect the results due to differences in the linearity of number perception and the susceptibility to denominator neglect with different probability formats. An analysis with functional measurement verified that participants integrated value and probability into an expected value. However, a significant interaction between numeracy and probability format and subsequent analyses of the parameters of cumulative prospect theory showed that the manipulation of probability denominator changed participants’ psychophysical response to probability and value. Standard methods in decision research may thus confound people’s genuine risk attitude with their numerical capacities and the probability format used.
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| 35. |
- Moore, Derek G., et al.
(författare)
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Infants perceive human point-light displays as solid forms
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 104, s. 377-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While five-month-old infants show orientation-specific sensitivity to changes in the motion and occlusion patterns of human point-light displays, it is not known whether infants are capable of binding a human representation to these displays. Furthermore, it has been suggested that infants do not encode the same physical properties for humans and material objects. To explore these issues we tested whether infants would selectively apply the principle of solidity to upright human displays. In the first experiment infants aged six and nine months were repeatedly shown a human point-light display walking across a computer screen up to 10 times or until habituated. Next, they were repeatedly shown the walking display passing behind an in-depth representation of a table, and finally they were shown the human display appearing to pass through the table top in violation of the solidity of the hidden human form. Both six- and nine-month-old infants showed significantly greater recovery of attention to this final phase. This suggests that infants are able to bind a solid vertical form to human motion. In two further control experiments we presented displays that contained similar patterns of motion but were not perceived by adults as human. Six- and nine-month-old infants did not show recovery of attention when a scrambled display or an inverted human display passed through the table. Thus, the binding of a solid human form to a display in only seems to occur for upright human motion. The paper considers the implications of these findings in relation to theories of infants’ developing conceptions of objects, humans and animals. ?? 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
- Parmentier, Fabrice B.R., et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral distraction by auditory novelty is not only about novelty : the role of the distracter’s informational value
- 2010
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 115:3, s. 504-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unexpected events often distract us. In the laboratory, novel auditory stimuli have been shown to capture attention away from a focal visual task and yield specific electrophysiological responses as well as a behavioral cost to performance. Distraction is thought to follow ineluctably from the sound’s low probability of occurrence or, put more simply, its unexpected occurrence. Our study challenges this view with respect to behavioral distraction and argues that past research failed to identify the informational value of sound as a mediator of novelty distraction. We report an experiment showing that (1) behavioral novelty distraction is only observed when the sound announces the occurrence and timing of an upcoming visual target (as is the case in all past research); (2) that no such distraction is observed for deviant sounds conveying no such information; and that (3) deviant sounds can actually facilitate performance when these, but not the standards, convey information. We conclude that behavioral novelty distraction, as observed in oddball tasks, is observed in the presence of novel sounds but only when the cognitive system can take advantage of the auditory distracters to optimize performance.
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| 37. |
- Persson, Emil, et al.
(författare)
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A preregistered replication of motivated numeracy
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivated numeracy refers to the idea that people with high reasoning capacity will use that capacity selectively to process information in a manner that protects their own valued beliefs. This concept was introduced in a now classic article by Kahan, Peters, Dawson, & Slovic [2017, Behavioral Public Policy 1, 54-86], who used numeracy to index reasoning capacity, and demonstrated that the tendency to engage in ideologically congruent interpretation of facts increased substantially with peoples numeracy. Despite the importance of this finding, both from a theoretical and practical point of view, there is yet no consensus in the literature about the factual strength of motivated numeracy. We therefore conducted a large-scale replication of Kahan, Peters, Dawson, and Slovic (2017), using a pre-specified analysis plan with strict evaluation criteria. We did not find good evidence for motivated numeracy; there are distinct patterns in our data at odds with the core predictions of the theory, most notably (i) there is ideologically congruent responding that is not moderated by numeracy, and (ii) when there is moderation, ideologically congruent responding occurs only at the highest levels of numeracy. Our findings suggest that the cumulative evidence for motivated numeracy is weaker than previously thought, and that caution is warranted when this feature of human cognition is leveraged to improve science communication on contested topics such as climate change or immigration.
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| 38. |
- Railo, Henry, et al.
(författare)
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The role of attention in subitizing
- 2008
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 107:1, s. 82-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The process of rapidly and accurately enumerating small numbers of items without counting, i.e. subitizing, is often believed to rest on parallel preattentive processes. However, the possibility that enumeration of small numbers of items would also require attentional processes has remained an open question. The present study is the first that directly contrasts the preattentive and attentive models of subitizing. We used an inattentional blindness paradigm to manipulate the availability of attentional resources during enumeration. In the inattention condition, the items to be enumerated were presented unexpectedly while participants focused on a line length comparison task. Divided- and full-attention conditions were also included. The results showed that only numbers one and two could be enumerated when the effects of attention were minimized. Freeing attentional resources increased the enumeration accuracies considerably, including for number two. The results suggest that even for enumerating small numbers, the attentional demands increase as the number of objects increases.
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| 39. |
- Raj, Rohan, 1996-, et al.
(författare)
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Odor identification errors reveal cognitive aspects of age-associated smell loss
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human olfaction can be extraordinarily sensitive, and its most common assessment method is odor identification (OID), where everyday odors are matched to word labels in a multiple-choice format. However, many older persons are unable to identify familiar odors, a deficit that is associated with the risk of future dementia and mortality. The underlying processes subserving OID in older adults are poorly understood. Here, we analyzed error patterns in OID to test whether errors could be explained by perceptual and/or semantic similarities among the response alternatives. We investigated the OID response patterns in a large, population-based sample of older adults in Sweden (n = 2479; age 60–100 years). Olfaction was assessed by a ‘Sniffin ́ TOM OID test with 16 odors; each trial involved matching a target odor to a correct label among three distractors. We analyzed the pattern of misidentifications, and the results showed that some distractors were more frequently selected than others, suggesting cognitive or perceptual factors may be present. Relatedly, we conducted a large online survey of older adults (n = 959, age 60–90 years) who were asked to imagine and rate the perceptual similarity of the target odors and the three corresponding distractors (e.g. “How similar are these smells: apple and mint?”). We then used data from the Swedish web corpus and the Word2Vec neural network algorithm to quantify the semantic association strength between the labels of each target odor and its three distractors. These data sources were used to predict odor identification errors. We found that the error patterns were partly explained by both the semantic similarity between target-distractor pairs, and the imagined perceptual similarity of the target-distractor pair. Both factors had, however, a diminished prediction in older ages, as responses became gradually less systematic. In sum, our results suggest that OID tests not only reflect olfactory perception, but also likely involve the mental processing of odor-semantic associations. This may be the reason why these tests are useful in predicting dementia onset. Our insights into olfactory-language interactions could be harnessed to develop new olfactory tests that are tailored for specific clinical purposes.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Stengård, Elina, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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On the generality and cognitive basis of base-rate neglect
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Base rate neglect refers to people's apparent tendency to underweight or even ignore base rate information when estimating posterior probabilities for events, such as the probability that a person with a positive cancer-test outcome actually does have cancer. While often replicated, almost all evidence for the phenomenon comes from studies that used problems with extremely low base rates, high hit rates, and low false alarm rates. It is currently unclear whether the effect generalizes to reasoning problems outside this “corner” of the entire problem space. Another limitation of previous studies is that they have focused on describing empirical patterns of the effect at the group level and not so much on the underlying strategies and individual differences. Here, we address these two limitations by testing participants on a broader problem space and modeling their responses at a single-participant level. We find that the empirical patterns that have served as evidence for base-rate neglect generalize to a larger problem space, albeit with large individual differences in the extent with which participants “neglect” base rates. In particular, we find a bi-modal distribution consisting of one group of participants who almost entirely ignore the base rate and another group who almost entirely account for it. This heterogeneity is reflected in the cognitive modeling results: participants in the former group were best captured by a linear-additive model, while participants in the latter group were best captured by a Bayesian model. We find little evidence for heuristic models. Altogether, these results suggest that the effect known as “base-rate neglect” generalizes to a large set of reasoning problems, but varies largely across participants and may need a reinterpretation in terms of the underlying cognitive mechanisms.
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| 42. |
- Sundh, Joakim, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Compound risk judgment in tasks with both idiosyncratic and systematic risk : The “Robust Beauty” of additive probability integration
- 2018
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 171, s. 25-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we explore how people integrate risks of assets in a simulated financial market into a judgment of the conjunctive risk that all assets decrease in value, both when assets are independent and when there is a systematic risk present affecting all assets. Simulations indicate that while mental calculation according to naïve application of probability theory is best when the assets are independent, additive or exemplar-based algorithms perform better when systematic risk is high. Considering that people tend to intuitively approach compound probability tasks using additive heuristics, we expected the participants to find it easiest to master tasks with high systematic risk – the most complex tasks from the standpoint of probability theory – while they should shift to probability theory or exemplar memory with independence between the assets. The results from 3 experiments confirm that participants shift between strategies depending on the task, starting off with the default of additive integration. In contrast to results in similar multiple cue judgment tasks, there is little evidence for use of exemplar memory. The additive heuristics also appear to be surprisingly context-sensitive, with limited generalization across formally very similar tasks.
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| 43. |
- Thompson, G. Brian, et al.
(författare)
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Learning with sublexical information from emerging reading vocabularies in exceptionally early and normal reading development
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 136, s. 166-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predictions from theories of the processes of word reading acquisition have rarely been tested against evidence from exceptionally early readers. The theories of Ehri, Share, and Byrne, and an alternative, Knowledge Sources theory, were so tested. The former three theories postulate that full development of context-free letter sounds and awareness of phonemes are required for normal acquisition, while the claim of the alternative is that with or without such, children can use sublexical information from their emerging reading vocabularies to acquire word reading. Results from two independent samples of children aged 3-5, and 5 years, with mean word reading levels of 7 and 9 years respectively, showed underdevelopment of their context-free letter sounds and phoneme awareness, relative to their word reading levels and normal comparison samples. Despite such underdevelopment, these exceptional readers engaged in a form of phonological recoding that enabled pseudoword reading, at the level of older-age normal controls matched on word reading level. Moreover, in the 5-year-old sample further experiments showed that, relative to normal controls, they had a bias toward use of sublexical information from their reading vocabularies for phonological recoding of heterophonic pseudowords with irregular consistent spelling, and were superior in accessing word meanings independently of phonology, although only if the readers were without exposure to explicit phonics. The three theories were less satisfactory than the alternative theory in accounting for the learning of the exceptionally early readers. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Zeller, Jochen, et al.
(författare)
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The parser consults the lexicon in spite of transparent gender marking : EEG evidence from noun class agreement processing in Zulu
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In sentence comprehension, the parser in many languages has the option to use both the morphological form of a noun and its lexical representation when evaluating agreement. The additional step of consulting the lexicon incurs processing costs, and an important question is whether the parser takes that step even when the formal cues alone are sufficiently reliable to evaluate agreement. Our study addressed this question using electrophysiology in Zulu, a language where both grammatical gender and number features are reliably expressed formally by noun class prefixes, but only gender features are lexically specified. We observed reduced, more topographically focal LAN, and more frontally distributed alpha/beta power effects for gender compared to number agreement violations. These differences provide evidence that for gender mismatches, even though the formal cues are reliable, the parser nevertheless takes the additional step of consulting the noun's lexical representation, a step which is not available for number.
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| 46. |
- Zhu, Jian-Qiao, et al.
(författare)
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Clarifying the relationship between coherence and accuracy in probability judgments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bayesian approaches presuppose that following the coherence conditions of probability theory makes probabilistic judgments more accurate. But other influential theories claim accurate judgments (with high "ecological rationality") do not need to be coherent. Empirical results support these latter theories, threatening Bayesian models of intelligence; and suggesting, moreover, that "heuristics and biases" research, which focuses on violations of coherence, is largely irrelevant. We carry out a higher-power experiment involving poker probability judgments (and a formally analogous urn task), with groups of poker novices, occasional poker players, and poker experts, finding a positive relationship between coherence and accuracy both between groups and across individuals. Both the positive relationship in our data, and past null results, are captured by a sample-based Bayesian approximation model, where a person's accuracy and coherence both increase with the number of samples drawn. Thus, we reconcile the theoretical link between accuracy and coherence with apparently negative empirical results.
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| 47. |
- Chattopadhyay, G., et al.
(författare)
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Modelling and analysis of rail maintenance cost
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-5273 .- 1873-7579. ; 105:2, s. 475-482
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lubrication at wheel flange and rails on sharp curves is considered as an effective solution for reducing wear loss of material from effective cross-section of rail and wheels. Rail administrations around the world have been increasing axle loads and traffic densities in rail networks. This has led to traffic initiated wear, fatigue initiated surface cracks and rail breaks. Limited research has been carried out on the overall impact of combining lubrication strategies and rail grinding. This paper presents a model for lubrication strategy and rail-grinding interval to reduce wear and rolling contact fatigue (RCF). Data from rail industry is collected and used for numerical illustration.
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| 48. |
- Christensen, Peer, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Constraints Shaping Constituent Order in Emerging Communication Systems : Structural Iconicity, Interactive Alignment and Conventionalization
- 2016
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277. ; 146, s. 67-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Where does linguistic structure come from? Recent gesture elicitation studies have indicated that constituent order (corresponding to for instance subject - verb - object, or SVO in English) may be heavily influenced by human cognitive biases constraining gesture production and transmission. Here we explore the alternative hypothesis that syntactic patterns are motivated by multiple environmental and social-interactional constraints that are external to the cognitive domain. In three experiments, we systematically investigate different motivations for structure in the gestural communication of simple transitive events. The first experiment indicates that, if participants communicate about different types of events, manipulation events (e.g. someone throwing a cake) and construction events (e.g. someone baking a cake), they spontaneously and systematically produce different constituent orders, SOV and SVO respectively, thus following the principle of structural iconicity. The second experiment shows that participants' choice of constituent order is also reliably influenced by social-interactional forces of interactive alignment, that is, the tendency to re-use an interlocutor's previous choice of constituent order, thus potentially overriding affordances for iconicity. Lastly, the third experiment finds that the relative frequency distribution of referent event types motivates the stabilization and conventionalization of a single constituent order for the communication of different types of events. Together, our results demonstrate that constituent order in emerging gestural communication systems is shaped and stabilized in response to multiple external environmental and social factors: structural iconicity, interactive alignment and distributional frequency.
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| 49. |
- Douven, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Conceptual spaces and the strength of similarity-based arguments
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277. ; 218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Central to the conceptual spaces framework is the thought that concepts can be studied mathematically, by geometrical and topological means. Various applications of the framework have already been subjected to empirical testing, mostly with excellent results, demonstrating the framework's usefulness. So far untested is the suggestion that conceptual spaces may help explain certain inferences people are willing to make. The experiment reported in this paper focused on similarity-based arguments, testing the hypothesis that the strength of such arguments can be predicted from the structure of the conceptual space in which the items being reasoned about are represented. A secondary aim of the experiment concerned a recent inferentialist semantics for indicative conditionals, according to which the truth of a conditional requires the presence of a sufficiently strong inferential connection between its antecedent and consequent. To the extent that the strength of similarity-based inferences can be predicted from the geometry and topology of the relevant conceptual space, such spaces should help predict truth ratings of conditionals embodying a similarity-based inferential link. The results supported both hypotheses.
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| 50. |
- Esposito, Antonino, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual bias contextualized in visually ambiguous stimuli
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277. ; 230
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The visual appearance of an object is a function of stimulus properties as well as perceptual biases imposed by the observer. The context-specific trade-off between both can be measured accurately in a perceptual judgment task, involving grouping by proximity in ambiguous dot lattices. Such grouping depends lawfully on a stimulus parameter of the dot lattices known as their aspect ratio (AR), whose effect is modulated by a perceptual bias representing the preference for a cardinal orientation. In two experiments, we investigated how preceding context can lead to bias modulation, either in a top-down fashion via visual working memory (VWM) or bottom-up via sensory priming. In Experiment 1, we embedded the perceptual judgment task in a change detection paradigm and studied how the factors of VWM load (complexity of the memory array) and content (congruency in orientation to the ensuing dot lattice) affect the prominence of perceptual bias. A robust vertical orientation bias was observed, which was increased by VWM load and modulated by congruent VWM content. In Experiment 2, dot lattices were preceded by oriented primes. Here, primes regardless of orientation elicited a vertical orientation bias in dot lattices compared to a neutral baseline. Taken together, the two experiments demonstrate that top-down context (VWM load and content) effectively controls orientation bias modulation, while bottom-up context (i.e., priming) merely acts as an undifferentiated trigger to perceptual bias. These findings characterize the temporal context sensitivity of Gestalt perception, shed light on the processes responsible for different perceptual outcomes of ambiguous stimuli, and identify some of the mechanisms controlling perceptual bias.
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