| 1. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of unfairness in allocations between multiple recipients
- 2011
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Ingår i: Cognitive Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0285 .- 1095-5623. ; 62:3, s. 225-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces a new model to explain perceptions of unfairness in resource allocations between multiple recipients. The model yields several novel predictions, all confirmed in a series of new empirical tests. For instance, while much prior research focuses on the differences between the judge’s share and others’ shares, we argue that people also care about differences between others’ shares. In particular, the presence of a single loser increases perceptions of unfairness. We also study individual variation in sensitivity to the single-loser dimension. Most centrally, we offer empirical support for the existence – indeed the prevalence – of ostraphobics, individuals with an acute sensitivity to being “ostracized” as a sole loser. We show that ostraphobics perceive unfairness more strongly than other types, are higher in need to belong and fear of negative evaluation, and are more prone to a heretofore unrecognized type of preference reversal with respect to fairness.
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| 2. |
- Rosner, Agnes, et al.
(författare)
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Ambivalence in decision making : An eye tracking study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognitive Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0010-0285 .- 1095-5623. ; 134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An intuition of ambivalence in cognition is particularly strong for complex decisions, for which the merits and demerits of different options are roughly equal but hard to compare. We examined information search in an experimental paradigm which tasked participants with an ambivalent question, while monitoring attentional dynamics concerning the information relevant to each option in different Areas of Interest (AOIs). We developed two dynamical models for describing eye tracking curves, for each response separately. The models incorporated a drift mechanism towards the various options, as in standard drift diffusion theory. In addition, they included a mechanism for intrinsic oscillation, which competed with the drift process and undermined eventual stabilization of the dynamics. The two models varied in the range of drift processes postulated. Higher support was observed for the simpler model, which only included drifts from an uncertainty state to either of two certainty states. In addition, model parameters could be weakly related to the eventual decision, complementing our knowledge of the way eye tracking structure relates to decision (notably the gaze cascade effect).
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| 3. |
- Skovgaard-Olsen, Niels, et al.
(författare)
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Norm conflicts and epistemic modals
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognitive Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0285 .- 1095-5623. ; 145, s. 101591-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Statements containing epistemic modals (e.g., "by spring 2023 most European countries may have the Covid-19 pandemic under control") are common expressions of epistemic uncertainty. In this paper, previous published findings (Knobe & Yalcin, 2014; Khoo & Phillips, 2018) on the opposition between Contextualism and Relativism for epistemic modals are re-examined. It is found that these findings contain a substantial degree of individual variation. To investigate whether participants differ in their interpretations of epistemic modals, an experiment with multiple phases and sessions is conducted to classify participants according to the three semantic theories of Relativism, Contextualism, and Objectivism. Through this study, some of the first empirical evidence for the kind of truth-value shifts postulated by semantic Relativism is presented. It is furthermore found that participants' disagreement judgments match their truth evaluations and that participants are capable of distinguishing between truth and justification. In a second experimental session, it is investigated whether participants thus classified follow the norm of retraction which Relativism uses to account for argumentation with epistemic modals. Here the results are less favorable for Relativism. In a second experiment, these results are replicated and the normative beliefs of participants concerning the norm of retraction are investigated following work on measuring norms by Bicchieri (2017). Again, it is found that on average participants show no strong preferences concerning the norm of retraction for epistemic modals. Yet, it was found that participants who had committed to Objectivism and had training in logic applied the norm of retraction to might-statements. These results present a substantial challenge to the account of argumentation with epistemic modals presented in MacFarlane (2014), as discussed.
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| 4. |
- Sikström, Sverker
(författare)
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Forgetting curves : Implications for connectionist models
- 2002
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Ingår i: Cognitive Psychology. - 0010-0285. ; 45:1, s. 95-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forgetting in long-term memory, as measured in a recall or a recognition test, is faster for items encoded more recently than for items encoded earlier. Data on forgetting curves fit a power function well. In contrast, many connectionist models predict either exponential decay or completely flat forgetting curves. This paper suggests a connectionist model to account for power-function forgetting curves by using bounded weights and by generating the learning rates from a monotonically decreasing function. The bounded weights introduce exponential forgetting in each weight and a power-function forgetting results when weights with different learning rates are averaged. It is argued that these assumptions are biologically reasonable. Therefore power-function forgetting curves are a property that may be expected from biological networks. The model has an analytic solution, which is a good approximation of a power function displaced one lag in time. This function fits better than any of the 105 suggested two-parameter forgetting-curve functions when tested on the most precise recognition memory data set collected by Rubin, Hinton, and Wenzel (1999). Unlike the power-function normally used, the suggested function is defined at lag zero. Several functions for generating learning rates with a finite integral yield power-function forgetting curves; however, the type of function influences the rate of forgetting. It is shown that power-function forgetting curves cannot be accounted for by variability in performance between subjects because it requires a distribution of performance that is not found in empirical data. An extension of the model accounts for intersecting forgetting curves found in massed and spaced repetitions. The model can also be extended to account for a faster forgetting rate in item recognition (IR) compared to associative recognition in short but not long retention intervals.
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| 5. |
- Ackermann, M., et al.
(författare)
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Fermi-LAT Observations of the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 130427A
- 2014
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 343:6166, s. 42-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The observations of the exceptionally bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) 130427A by the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope provide constraints on the nature of these unique astrophysical sources. GRB 130427A had the largest fluence, highest-energy photon (95 GeV), longest gamma-ray duration (20 hours), and one of the largest isotropic energy releases ever observed from a GRB. Temporal and spectral analyses of GRB 130427A challenge the widely accepted model that the nonthermal high-energy emission in the afterglow phase of GRBs is synchrotron emission radiated by electrons accelerated at an external shock.
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| 6. |
- Sikström, Sverker
(författare)
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The variance reaction time model
- 2004
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Ingår i: Cognitive Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0285. ; 48:4, s. 371-421
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The variance reaction time model (VRTM) is proposed to account for various recognition data on reaction time, the mirror effect, receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curves, etc. The model is based on simple and plausible assumptions within a neural network: VRTM is a two layer neural network where one layer represents items and one layer represents contexts. The recognition decision is based on a random walk of nodes activated at recognition. VRTM suggests theoretical constraints on the distributions of nodes activated at recognition and the noise in the random walk. The variability in the net inputs to nodes depends on the item frequency (the number of times that the item has been encoded) and the list length. The essential mechanism that accounts for the empirical data is a non-linear activation function. The mean activation threshold in the non-linear activation function is placed to achieve efficient discriminability between new and old items and there is variability in the activation threshold. VRTM predicts the mirror effect for low and high frequency words, a strength based mirror effect between conditions but not within one condition, appropriate ROC-curves for old/new and high/low frequency items, and list-length effects. Furthermore, it predicts appropriate means and distributions of reaction times for old/new, correct/incorrect, and high/low frequency items as well as speed/accuracy tradeoffs. VRTM has an explicit mathematical solution, it is simulated in a neural network, and it is fitted to a number of datasets.
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| 7. |
- Sonesson, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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The psychological development of semiotic competence : from the window to the movie by way of the mirror
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognitive development. - : Elsevier. - 0885-2014 .- 1879-226X. ; 36, s. 191-201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Psychologists have been interested in the mirror image chiefly as a device permitting the subject to discover his/her self-representation, and semioticians have denied that the mirror image could be a kind of sign. In the present paper, our intention is to develop a framework for realising a detailed comparison between perceptual reality, as seen in a peephole, and mirror images, as well a streaming video and pre-recorded video. In the first section, we introduce the semiotic notion of sign, using precise criteria to assure that the mirror image, as used by adults, functions as a sign. In the second section, experimental studies comparing some constellations of perceptual reality, mirror images, and video strips are scrutinized, and we report briefly the results of a study which we ourselves set up to investigate the capacities of 2 year old children to understand an object choice task conveyed by means in those four kinds of media. The result suggests that continuity, which is the opposite of differentiation defining the sign, is still important for enabling the understanding of the task in children at this age.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Andreasson, Håkan, 1966
(författare)
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On Static Shells and the Buchdahl Inequality for the Spherically Symmetric Einstein-Vlasov System
- 2007
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Ingår i: Communications in Mathematical Physics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0916 .- 0010-3616. ; 274, s. 409-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a previous work [1] matter models such that the energy density ρ 0, and the radial- and tangential pressures p 0 and q, satisfy p + q Ωρ, Ω 1, were considered in the context of Buchdahl's inequality. It was proved that static shell solutions of the spherically symmetric Einstein equations obey a Buchdahl type inequality whenever the support of the shell, [R 0, R 1], R 0 > 0, satisfies R 1/R 0 < 1/4. Moreover, given a sequence of solutions such that R 1/R 0 → 1, then the limit supremum of 2M/R 1 was shown to be bounded by ((2Ω + 1)2 - 1)/(2Ω + 1)2. In this paper we show that the hypothesis that R 1/R 0 → 1, can be realized for Vlasov matter, by constructing a sequence of static shells of the spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov system with this property. We also prove that for this sequence not only the limit supremum of 2M/R 1 is bounded, but that the limit is ((2Ω + 1)2 - 1)/(2Ω + 1)2 = 8/9, since Ω = 1 for Vlasov matter. Thus, static shells of Vlasov matter can have 2M/R 1 arbitrary close to 8/9, which is interesting in view of [3], where numerical evidence is presented that 8/9 is an upper bound of 2M/R 1 of any static solution of the spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov system.
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