| 1. |
- Bejerot, Susanne, 1955-, et al.
(författare)
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Low prevalence of smoking among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 1999
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - Philadelphia, USA : Saunders Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 40:4, s. 268-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tobacco smoking is common among psychiatric patients, especially among those with schizophrenia, where the prevalence is extremely high, 74% to 88%, compared with 45% to 70% in patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. Patients with anxiety disorders are less well investigated in this respect, particularly obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients. Eighty-three psychiatric outpatients with OCD and 110 members of the Swedish OCD Association responded to questions concerning their smoking habits. Among OCD patients, 14% were current smokers (compared with 25% in the general population of Sweden), 72% had never smoked, and 11 previous smokers had stopped, mostly without any difficulties. Since a decreased smoking rate among OCD subjects was confirmed, the smoking prevalences in schizophrenia and OCD, respectively, seem to represent either end of a continuum, and OCD may also differ significantly from other anxiety disorders in this respect. Possible implications of this finding for the purported frontal lobe dysregulation in OCD are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Brändström, Sven, 1952-, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish normative data on personality using the Temperament and Character Inventory
- 1998
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 39:3, s. 122-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is a self-report personality questionnaire based on Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality, which accounts for both normal and abnormal variation in the two major components of personality, temperament and character. Normative data for the Swedish TCI based on a representative Swedish sample of 1,300 adults are presented, and the psychometric properties of the questionnaire are discussed. The structure of the Swedish version replicates the American version well for the means, distribution of scores, and relationships within the between scales and subscales. Further, the Swedish inventory had a reliable factor structure and test-retest performance. The results of this study confirm the theory of temperament and character as a seven-factor model of personality.
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| 3. |
- Alenius, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Treatmentresponse in psychotic patients classified according to social and clinical needs, drug side effects, and previous treatment; a method to identify functional remission
- 2009
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 50:5, s. 453-462
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Various approaches have been made over the years to classify psychotic patients according to inadequate treatment response, using terms such as treatment resistant or treatment refractory. Existing classifications have been criticized for overestimating positive symptoms; underestimating residual symptoms, negative symptoms, and side effects; or being to open for individual interpretation. The aim of this study was to present and evaluate a new method of classification according to treatment response and, thus, to identify patients in functional remission. METHOD: A naturalistic, cross-sectional study was performed using patient interviews and information from patient files. The new classification method CANSEPT, which combines the Camberwell Assessment of Need rating scale, the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser side effect rating scale (SE), and the patient's previous treatment history (PT), was used to group the patients according to treatment response. CANSEPT was evaluated by comparison of expected and observed results. RESULTS: In the patient population (n = 123), the patients in functional remission, as defined by CANSEPT, had higher quality of life, fewer hospitalizations, fewer psychotic symptoms, and higher rate of workers than those with the worst treatment outcome. CONCLUSION: In the evaluation, CANSEPT showed validity in discriminating the patients of interest and was well tolerated by the patients. CANSEPT could secure inclusion of correct patients in the clinic or in research.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Asp, Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in antipsychotic treatment between depressive patients with and without a suicide attempt
- 2021
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Depressed suicide attempters are, according to some earlier studies, treated more often with antipsychotics than depressive non-suicide attempters. Cluster B personality disorders, especially borderline personality disorder, are associated with a high suicide risk, and antipsychotics are commonly used for the reduction of symptoms. However, no previous study has taken comorbid personality disorders into account when assessing the use of antipsychotics in patients with unipolar depression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical selection of pharmacotherapy in unipolar depression with and without a previous suicide attempt, taking into account potential confounders such as cluster B personality disorders. Methods: The study sample consisted of 247 patients with unipolar depression. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Lund, Sweden. Study participants were recruited from 4 different secondary psychiatric care clinics in Sweden and were diagnosed according to the DSM-IV-TR with the MINI and SCID II. Previous and ongoing psychiatric treatments were investigated in detail and medical records were assessed. Results: Thirty percent of the patients had made previous suicide attempts. Depressed suicide attempters underwent both lifetime treatment with antipsychotics and an ongoing antipsychotic treatment significantly more often than non-attempters. Significances remained after a regression analysis, adjusting for cluster B personality disorders, symptom severity, age at the onset of depression, and lifetime psychotic symptoms. Conclusions: This is the first study to consider the effect of comorbidity with cluster B personality disorders when comparing treatment of depressive suicide and non-suicide attempters. Our findings suggest that suicide attempters are more frequently treated with antipsychotics compared to non-suicide attempters, regardless of cluster B personality disorder comorbidity. These findings are important for clinicians to consider and would also be relevant to future studies evaluating reduction of suicide risk with antipsychotics in patients with psychiatric comorbidity and a history of attempted suicide.
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| 7. |
- Brohede, Sabina, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among Swedish women: A population-based study
- 2015
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : WB Saunders. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 58, s. 108-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a highly distressing and impairing preoccupation with nonexistent or slight defects in appearance. Patients with BDD present to both psychiatric and non-psychiatric physicians. A few studies have assessed BDD prevalence in representative samples of the general population and have demonstrated that this disorder is relatively common. Our primary objective was to assess the prevalence of BDD in the Swedish population because no data are currently available. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 2891 randomly selected Swedish women aged 18-60 years participated. The occurrence of BDD was assessed using the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire (BDDQ), which is a validated self-report measure derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV criteria for BDD. In addition, symptoms of depression and anxiety were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results: The prevalence of BDD among Swedish women was 2.1%. The women with BDD had significantly more symptoms of depression and anxiety than the women without BDD. Depression (HADS depression score greater than= 8) and anxiety (HADS anxiety score greater than= 8) were reported by 42% and 72% of the women with BDD, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present study indicate that BDD is relatively common among Swedish women (2.1%) and that it is associated with significant morbidity.
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| 8. |
- Chotai, Jayanti, et al.
(författare)
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Novelty seeking among adult women is lower for the winter borns compared to the summer borns : replication in a large Finnish birth cohort
- 2009
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 50:6, s. 562-566
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Earlier general population studies have shown that novelty seeking (NS) of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) of personality is lower for persons born in winter compared to those born in summer, particularly for women. Here, we investigate if this result can be replicated in another population. METHOD: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, comprising 4968 subjects (2725 women, 2243 men), was investigated with regard to the temperament dimensions of the TCI and the season of birth. RESULTS: Novelty seeking and reward dependence (RD) showed significant variations according to the month of birth. We found that women born during winter have significantly lower levels of NS compared to women born during summer, with a minimum for the birth month November and maximum for May. These results are similar to those found in a previous Swedish study. Furthermore, our study showed that men born during spring had significantly lower mean scores of RD compared to men born during autumn, with a minimum for birth month March. This was in contrast to the Swedish study, where the minimum of RD was obtained for the birth month December. CONCLUSION: Women born in winter have lower NS as adults compared to women born in summer. Because NS is modulated by dopamine, this study gives further support to the studies in the literature that show that dopamine turnover for those born in winter is higher than for those born in summer.
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| 9. |
- Dubol, Manon, et al.
(författare)
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Acute nicotine exposure blocks aromatase in the limbic brain of healthy women : A [11C]cetrozole PET study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Of interest to women's mental health, a wealth of studies suggests sex differences in nicotine addiction and treatment response, but their psychoneuroendocrine underpinnings remain largely unknown. A pathway involving sex steroids could indeed be involved in the behavioural effects of nicotine, as it was found to inhibit aromatase in vitro and in vivo in rodents and non-human primates, respectively. Aromatase regulates the synthesis of oestrogens and, of relevance to addiction, is highly expressed in the limbic brain.Methods: The present study sought to investigate in vivo aromatase availability in relation to exposure to nicotine in healthy women. Structural magnetic resonance imaging and two [11C]cetrozole positron emission tomography (PET) scans were performed to assess the availability of aromatase before and after administration of nicotine. Gonadal hormones and cotinine levels were measured. Given the region-specific expression of aromatase, a ROI -based approach was employed to assess changes in [11C]cetrozole non-displaceable binding potential.Results: The highest availability of aromatase was found in the right and left thalamus. Upon nicotine exposure, [11C]cetrozole binding in the thalamus was acutely decreased bilaterally (Cohen's d =-0.99). In line, cotinine levels were negatively associated with aromatase availability in the thalamus, although as non-significant trend.Conclusions: These findings indicate acute blocking of aromatase availability by nicotine in the thalamic area. This suggests a new putative mechanism mediating the effects of nicotine on human behaviour, particularly relevant to sex differences in nicotine addiction.
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| 10. |
- Eberhard, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Remission in schizophrenia: analysis in a naturalistic setting.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 50:3, s. 200-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate the recently defined Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia remission criteria in a naturalistic setting of psychotic patients; to identify causal factors that change remission status; and to validate the criteria against global indices of illness, cognitive functions, and social outcome. METHODS: This was a longitudinal naturalistic study of 162 patients, diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-related psychotic disorders (mean illness duration, 11 years) and treated with risperidone at study entry. Symptoms, drug treatment, cognitive function, and social outcome were measured at baseline and annually for 5 years. Remission was constructed retrospectively with only indirect data on stability over time. RESULTS: At study entry, 40% of the patients with schizophrenia were in symptomatic remission, stabilizing between 55% and 60% after a few years. The need for hospitalization became less frequent over time; initially 31%, dropping to 7% by years 4 and 5. Many patients went in and out of remission. Remission was strongly associated with global indices of illness, with intact insight and with social outcome (except work/studies) but not with cognition or medication. CONCLUSIONS: In spite of certain weaknesses of the study, we may conclude that current definition of remission is primarily a symptomatic measure, covering a subset of symptoms, some of which are not schizophrenia-specific. Although the definition may be clinically relevant, we must be aware of the risk that the connotation of the word could induce too much focus on symptom control.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Green, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A latent class analysis of mental disorders, substance use, and aggressive antisocial behavior among Swedish forensic psychiatric patients
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients in the forensic mental health services (FMHS) with a mental disorder, a co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD), and high risk of aggressive antisocial behavior (AAB) are sometimes referred to as the ‘triply troubled’. They suffer poor treatment outcomes, high rates of criminal recidivism, and increased risk of drug related mortality. To improve treatment for this heterogeneous patient group, more insight is needed concerning their co-occurring mental disorders, types of substances used, and the consequent risk of AAB. Methods: A three-step latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify clinically relevant subgroups in a sample of patients (n = 98) from a high-security FMHS clinic in Sweden based on patterns in their history of mental disorders, SUD, types of substances used, and AAB. Results: A four-class model best fit our data: class 1 (42%) had a high probability of SUD, psychosis, and having used all substances; class 2 (26%) had a high probability of psychosis and cannabis use; class 3 (22%) had a high probability of autism and no substance use; and class 4 (10%) had a high probability of personality disorders and having used all substances. Both polysubstance classes (1 and 4) had a significantly more extensive history of AAB compared to classes 2 and 3. Class 3 and class 4 had extensive histories of self-directed aggression. Conclusions: The present study helps disentangle the heterogeneity of the ‘triply troubled’ patient group in FMHS. The results provide an illustration of a more person-oriented perspective on patient comorbidity and types of substances used which could benefit clinical assessment, treatment planning, and risk-management among patients in forensic psychiatric care.
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| 13. |
- Jiménez-Murcia, Susana, et al.
(författare)
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Typologies of young pathological gamblers based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.
- 2013
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 54:8, s. 1153-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to explore empirical clusters within the population of young Spanish individuals attending outpatient pathological gambling treatment.METHOD: The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), the Temperament and Character Inventory-R (TCI-R) and other clinical and psychopathological measures were administered to 154 patients (between 17 and 25 years old). The two-step cluster analysis explored the presence of empirical heterogeneous groups based on clinical and socio-demographic characteristics.RESULTS: Three clusters of young pathological gambling patients emerged. Type I showed less psychopathology and more functional personality traits. Type II showed a profile characterized by major emotional distress, shame, immaturity, hostility and negative feelings. Type III showed the most severe psychopathological profile and most psychopathological disturbances and schizotypal traits.CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that three distinct endophenotypes exist, and that environmental factors have a stronger influence in the first, while in the second and third, individual factors related to deficits of emotional regulation stand out.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Kerekes, Nóra, et al.
(författare)
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The protective effect of character maturity in child aggressive antisocial behavior
- 2017
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 76, s. 129-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Childhood aggressive antisocial behavior (CD) is one of the strongest predictors of mental health problems and criminal behavior in adulthood. The aims of this study were to describe personality profiles in children with CD, and to determine the strength of association between defined neurodevelopmental symptoms, dimensions of character maturity and CD. Methods: A sample of 1886 children with a close to equal distribution of age (9 or 12) and gender, enriched for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems were selected from the nationwide Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. Their parents rated them according to the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory following a telephone interview during which information about the children's development and mental health was assessed with the Autism-Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities inventory. Result: Scores on the CD module significantly and positively correlated with scores on the Novelty Seeking temperament dimension and negatively with scores on character maturity (Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness). In the group of children with either neurodevelopmental or behavioral problems, the prevalence of low or very low character maturity was 50%, while when these two problems coexisted the prevalence of low or very low character maturity increased to 70%. Neurodevelopmental problems (such as: oppositional defiant disorder, symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder) and low scores on character maturity emerged as independently significant predictors of CD; in a multivariable model, only oppositional defiant symptoms and impulsivity significantly increased the risk for coexisting CD while a mature self-agency in a child (Self-Directedness) remained a significant protective factor. Conclusion: These results suggest that children's willpower, the capacity to achieve personally chosen goals may be an important protective factor even in the presence of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric problems against progressing into persistent negative outcomes, such as aggressive antisocial behaviors. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Klötz, Fia, et al.
(författare)
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The significance of anabolic androgenic steroids in a Swedish prison population
- 2010
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 51:3, s. 312-318
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been associated with adverse psychiatric effect, violent behavior, and criminality. The aim of this study was to further investigate the motives for and consequences of AAS use, with focus on violent and antisocial behavior. Fifty-nine prisoners were interviewed on their use of AAS, and their history was mapped with Addiction Severity Index interviews. Of these prisoners, 56% admitted previous use of AAS, of whom 24% declared to have committed violent crimes in connection with use of AAS. However, the only significant difference between users and nonusers with regard to criminal history when measured with the Addiction Severity Index was that the AAS users more often stated that they had been prosecuted for crimes labeled as “other crimes,” which did not include violent crimes. The reported side effects of AAS corresponded well to those previously reported. These results indicate that use of AAS is common among Swedish prisoners and that the motives and consequences of such use are similar to what has been observed in other AAS-using populations. Furthermore, this study supports earlier notions that misuse of AAS might cause violent behavior, but only in certain individuals and mainly in combination with other substances.
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| 17. |
- Lexne, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Temperament and character in patients with acute abdominal pain
- 2018
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Saunders Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 87, s. 128-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundSeveral conditions presenting with abdominal pain are associated with specific personality factors although it is unclear if this is true also in emergency clinic settings.ObjectiveTo study personality factors among patients with acute abdominal pain in an emergency ward.MethodsConsecutive patients (N = 165) with abdominal symptoms at an emergency clinic were administrated the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Three main groups were identified; specific abdominal diagnoses, (N = 77), non-specific abdominal pain, (N = 67) and organic dyspepsia (N = 21). TCI results were compared between clinical groups and a control group (N = 122).ResultsAs compared to individuals with specific abdominal diagnoses and controls, those with organic dyspepsia were significantly more anxious (harm avoidance), (p = 0.003), and had lower ability to cooperate (cooperativeness) (p = 0.048 and p = 0.004 respectively). They were also significantly more unpretentious (self-transcendence) compared to individuals with specific abdominal diagnoses (p = 0.048), non-specific abdominal pain (p = 0.012) and controls (p = 0.004) and evidenced less mature character (sum of self-directedness and cooperativeness) compared to those with specific abdominal diagnoses and controls (p = 0.003).ConclusionIndividuals seeking care at an emergency clinic with organic dyspepsia showed a distinguishable pattern of personality features that distinguished them from the other comparison groups. Therefore an evaluation of personality factors may add a new dimension to the diagnostic investigation in the emergency care of abdominal pain and contribute to the optimization of the treatment of organic dyspepsia.
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| 18. |
- Lugnegård, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 53:4, s. 333-340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The relationship between autism spectrum disorders/pervasive developmental disorders and personality disorders is not completely clear, although both concepts imply lifelong impairment. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the presence of possible personality disorders in a group of young adults with Asperger syndrome. METHOD: Fifty-four young adults with a clinical diagnosis of Asperger syndrome were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders to evaluate the presence of a concomitant personality disorder and completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient to measure level of autistic features. Autism spectrum diagnosis was confirmed by Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders with a collateral informant. RESULTS: Approximately half of the study group fulfilled criteria for a personality disorder, all belonging to cluster A or C. There was a significant difference across sex: men with Asperger syndrome meeting personality disorder criteria much more often than women with Asperger syndrome (65% vs 32%). Participants fulfilling criteria for a personality disorder showed more marked autistic features according to the Autism Spectrum Quotient. CONCLUSIONS: There is a considerable overlap in symptoms between Asperger syndrome and certain personality disorders. Similarities and differences of the two concepts are discussed in the framework of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders classification system.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Meyer, Thomas D, et al.
(författare)
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The Hypomania Checklist (HCL-32) : its factorial structure and association to indices of impairment in German and Swedish nonclinical samples
- 2007
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - Philadelphia : Saunders Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 48:1, s. 79-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Bipolar disorders are often not recognized. Several instruments were developed but none primarily focused on hypomania. The Hypomania Checklist (HCL) is aimed at the identification of bipolarity in outpatients. Using a German and Swedish sample, we investigated if the factor structure in nonclinical samples is similar to the one reported for outpatient samples. Furthermore, we tested if people who probably had a lifetime history of hypomania report more depression or other signs of impairment and if current depression is associated with lifetime hypomania.Method: In the German study, participants completed the HCL-32 as an online questionnaire that also included questions about lifetime and current depression (n = 695), whereas the Swedish data relied on the paper-and-pencil version of the HCL-32 completed by a ranclorn sample from a representative population sample (n = 408).Results: The factor structure of the HCL-32 was fairly similar in both samples and to the ones presented by Angst et al (J Affect Disord 2005;88:217-33). People reporting "highs" (>= 4 days and experiencing negative consequences) not only endorsed more HCL-32 symptoms but also had higher rates of current and former depression and psychotherapy. Level of current depression was also associated with lifetime hypomanic symptoms.Discussion and limitation: An "active-elated' and "risk-taking/irritable" factor of hypomania can be distinguished with the HCL-32 in clinical and nonclinical samples. Based on our results, the HCL-32 might even be useful as screening toot in nonclinical samples and not only in depressed outpatients. However, our data do not allow estimating sensitivity and specificity of the HCL-32 because structured clinical interviews were not included.
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| 21. |
- Min, Jung-Ah, et al.
(författare)
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Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders
- 2013
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 54:8, s. 1190-1197
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Research suggests that resilience is associated with favorable treatment outcome in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. In this regard, the identification of specific characteristics related to resilience that could provide targets for resilience-enhancement interventions is needed. Since the type of cognitive coping strategies is a possible marker of resilience, we investigated adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders.Methods: A total of 230 outpatients with depression and anxiety disorders were consecutively recruited and completed the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the State Anxiety Inventory. A linear regression model was used to determine which cognitive emotion regulation strategies predicted resilience after controlling for relevant covariates. Additionally, this model of resilience was compared with those of depression and anxiety symptoms.Results: Adaptive strategies were more strongly correlated with resilience than maladaptive strategies. In the regression model, more use of refocus on planning and positive reappraisal as well as less use of rumination predicted high resilience after controlling for age, gender, marital status, depression, and anxiety. Among these strategies, refocus on planning was the common strategy contributing to resilience and depression.Conclusion: These results suggested that the cognitive emotion regulation strategies of refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and less rumination contribute to resilience in patients with depression and anxiety disorders. It might provide potential targets for psychotherapeutic intervention to improve resilience in these patients.
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| 22. |
- Oh, H., et al.
(författare)
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Psychotic experiences and physical health conditions in the United States
- 2019
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 90, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Psychotic experiences are associated with physical health conditions, though the associations have not always been consistent in the literature. The current study examines the associations between psychotic experiences and several physical health conditions across four racial groups in the United States.Methods: We analyzed data from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys to examine the associations between psychotic experiences and physical health conditions across four racial groups (White, Black, Asian, Latino). We used multivariable logistic regression to calculated adjusted odds ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals.Results: Psychotic experiences were significantly associated with several physical health conditions depending on the condition and the racial group being examined. Further, the number of physical health conditions was associated with increasingly greater risk for psychotic experiences in a linear fashion.Conclusions: Psychotic experiences may serve as useful markers for physical health conditions and overall physical health status. Future studies should examine the underlying mechanisms between psychotic experiences and health, and explore the clinical utility of psychotic experiences for preventive interventions.
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| 23. |
- Richter, Jörg, et al.
(författare)
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Personality disorder diagnosis by means of the Temperament and Character Inventory
- 2009
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - Maryland Heights, United States : Saunders Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 50:4, s. 347-352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Personality disorders (PDs) criteria are still in development. Cloninger's biosocial theory of personality contributed to this discussion. The aim of the study was to explore the relationships between extreme expressions on temperament and an immature character according to Cloninger's assumptions. Eight hundred healthy volunteers and 200 psychiatric inpatients were consecutively recruited each from Sweden and Germany, and were asked to complete the Temperament and Character Inventory, which measures 4 temperament and 3 character dimensions. Patients differed from controls on temperament and character dimensions. The combination of low and very low character scores with extreme scores in either novelty seeking, harm avoidance, or reward dependence was found more often among patients with PD compared with patients without PD and controls; this is more pronounced with an increasing number of extreme temperament scores. The Temperament and Character Inventory represents a useful tool in the diagnostic process of personality disorders.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Ruchkin, V V, et al.
(författare)
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Interrelations between temperament, character, and parental rearing in male delinquent adolescents in northern Russia.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 39:4, s. 225-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comparison between 192 male delinquent adolescents and 121 controls from Northern Russia using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Own Memories of Parental Rearing (EMBU) questionnaire on perceived parental rearing showed significant differences. The delinquent group had a higher level of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Self-transcendence, and also scored lower on Self-directedness. Delinquents who committed nonviolent crimes (thefts) appeared to have a higher level of Harm Avoidance compared with those who committed violent crimes (hooliganism, robbery, rape, and murder). As concerns perceived parental rearing practices, delinquents experienced more parental rejection and overprotection. Most of the personality dimensions were found to be highly correlated with the level of parental emotional warmth. Furthermore, both temperament traits and maternal rearing practices predicted the development of character dimensions. Findings are discussed in light of the interactive nature of parent-child relationships and of character development.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Spaaij, J., et al.
(författare)
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The effect of a low-level psychological intervention (PM+) on post-migration living difficulties – Results from two studies in Switzerland and in the Netherlands
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims of the study: After arriving in host countries, most refugees are confronted with numerous post-migration stressors (e.g., separation from family, discrimination, and employment difficulties). Post-migration living difficulties (PMLDs) significantly contribute to the development and persistence of mental disorders. Effective treatment approaches focusing on reducing post-migration stress are urgently needed. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a brief psychological intervention, Problem Management Plus (PM+), on PMLDs among Syrian refugees in two European countries. Methods: We merged data from two single-blind feasibility trials with Syrian refugees experiencing elevated levels of psychological distress and impaired functioning in Switzerland (N = 59) and the Netherlands (N = 60). Participants were randomised to receive either five sessions of PM+ or an enhanced care-as-usual control condition. PMLDs were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the intervention. To estimate treatment effect on PMLD, linear mixed model analysis was performed. Results: Three months after the intervention, participants in the PM+ condition reported significantly fewer PMLDs compared to the control condition. Further analyses at item-level showed that interpersonal and family related PMLDs, such as “worries about family back home” significantly improved over time in the PM+ condition. Conclusions: This exploratory study suggests that brief psychological interventions have the potential to reduce PMLDs in refugees and asylum seekers. The reduction of post-migration stress in turn may subsequently lead to an overall reduction in psychological distress. Clinical Trial Numbers: BASEC Nr. 2017–0117 (Swiss trial) and NL61361.029.17, 7 September 2017 (Dutch trial).
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| 28. |
- Vermeiren, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Predicting recidivism in delinquent adolescents from psychological and psychiatric assessment.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 43:2, s. 142-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An important but sparse body of research focuses on psychiatric disorders and/or psychological characteristics as predictors of recidivism in delinquent adolescents. Through detailed psychiatric and psychological assessment in 64 adjudicated male juvenile delinquents, the current study investigated the long-term relationships between psychopathology, intellectual functioning, and recidivism. Psychiatric diagnosis was based on the results of a semistructured interview conducted both with delinquents and their parents. After 2 years, information on recidivism was retrieved from the official records for the 64 subjects who underwent an initial assessment and the 36 who did not but who were adjudicated during the same period. The statistical model of future offending was able to explain 44.0% of the variance through the combination of (1) diagnosis of conduct disorder, (2) absence of major depression, and (3) low verbal IQ as scored on a standard intelligence test. It is concluded that specific aspects of psychiatric and psychological assessment can help to predict recidivist offending in delinquent adolescents. Future research should focus on the possibilities of implementing these findings in the development of prevention and rehabilitation programs.
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| 29. |
- Wetterborg, Dan, et al.
(författare)
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Borderline personality disorder: Prevalence and psychiatric comorbidity among male offenders on probation in Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 62, s. 63-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severely disabling condition, associated with substantially increased risk of deliberate self-harm and, particularly in men, also with interpersonal violence and other criminal behavior. Although BPD might be common among prison inmates, little is known about prevalence and psychiatric comorbidity in probationers and parolees. Method: In 2013, a consecutive sample of 109 newly admitted adult male offenders on probation or parole in all three probation offices of Stockholm, Sweden, completed self-report screening questionnaires for BPD and other psychiatric morbidity. Participants scoring over BPD cut-off participated in a psychiatric diagnostic interview. Results: We ascertained a final DSM-5 BPD prevalence rate of 19.8% (95% CI: 12.3-27.3%). The most common current comorbid disorders among subjects with BPD were antisocial personality disorder (91%), major depressive disorder (82%), substance dependence (73%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (70%), and alcohol dependence (64%). Individuals diagnosed with BPD had significantly more current psychiatric comorbidity (M = 6.2 disorders) than interviewed participants not fulfilling BPD criteria (M = 3.6). Participants with BPD also reported substantially more symptoms of ADHD, anxiety and depression compared to all subjects without BPD. Conclusions: BPD affected one fifth of probationers and was related to serious mental ill-health known to affect recidivism risk. The findings suggest further study of possible benefits of improved identification and treatment of BPD in offender populations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 30. |
- Wu, Tzu-Yi, et al.
(författare)
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Translation and Validation of the Gaming Disorder Test and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents into Chinese for Taiwanese Young Adults
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier. - 0010-440X .- 1532-8384. ; 124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT) and Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) for use in Taiwan and to validate their internal consistency, construct validity, measurement invariance, and convergent validity in Taiwanese young adults.Methods: The GDT and GADIS-A were translated into traditional (unsimplified) Chinese characters and culturally adapted according to standard guidelines. A sample of 608 Taiwanese university students were recruited online. All participants completed the GDT, GADIS-A, Internet Gaming Disorder Scale – Short Form (IGDS9-SF), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's α and McDonald's ω. Factor structure was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance in gender was assessed by three nested models in CFA. Convergent validity was determined by calculating Pearson's r among the GDT, GADIS-A, IGDS9-SF, and DASS-21.Results: The GDT and GADIS-A showed adequate internal consistency (both α and ω = 0.90). The CFA results supported a one-factor structure for the GDT and a two-factor structure for the GADIS-A. Measurement invariance across gender was supported for both the GDT and GADIS-A. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were acceptable.Conclusions: The Chinese versions of the GDT and GADIS-A are valid and reliable tools that can be used to assess gaming disorder in Taiwanese young adults. Measurement invariance across genders was supported for both tools. The convergent validity of the GDT and GADIS-A were also satisfactory.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Nilsson, Elisabet W, et al.
(författare)
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Familial factors in anorexia nervosa: a community-based study.
- 1998
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X. ; 39:6, s. 392-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A group of 51 cases with teenage anorexia nervosa (AN; including a total population of cases from one birth cohort) were compared with a sex-, age-, and school-matched group of 51 cases on familial factors. The subjects were examined at age 16 and 21 years. In the first study, mothers of both groups were interviewed regarding physical and psychiatric disorders among first-degree relatives. In the followup study, the subjects were interviewed according to the same structured interview schedule. The data from these interviews were deidentified, and case notes were prepared by a clinician blind to group status. The randomly assorted case notes were then submitted to an experienced psychiatrist who also was blind to group status. There were more relatives with a history and symptoms suggestive of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) and major depression in the AN group. There was also significantly more death in first-degree relatives of anorexia nervosa cases. In respect to many axis I DSM-IV diagnoses, including eating disorders and substance abuse, there were no significant differences across groups. Instead we found PDD symptoms, major depression, and death in first-degree relatives to be important in the AN group.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Flakierska-Praquin, Natalia, et al.
(författare)
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School phobia with separation anxiety disorder: a comparative 20- to 29-year follow-up study of 35 school refusers.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X. ; 38:1, s. 17-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The outcome of school phobia after age 30 years was studied with the hypothesis that school phobia cases would have persisting psychiatric problems, but would function better than nonschool refusal psychiatric patients. The subjects consisted of three groups. Thirty-five individuals treated for school phobia at ages 7 to 12 years were compared with age- and sex-matched nonschool refusal child psychiatric patients (n = 35) and a sample from the general population (n = 35). School phobia cases had had more psychiatric consultation, lived with their parents more often than the general population group, and had fewer children than both comparison groups. The nonschool refusal child psychiatric patients had poorer psychosocial adjustment and higher rates of criminal offenses. The implications of the findings are discussed.
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| 39. |
- Ilkjaer, K, et al.
(författare)
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Personality disorders in a total population twin cohort with eating disorders.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X. ; 45:4, s. 261-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Findings regarding the occurrence of personality disorders (PDs) in eating disorders (EDs) have been contradictory. Most previous studies have been clinic-based. The aims of the current study were to assess the prevalence of PD in ED in a population-based twin group and to establish the distribution of PD in three subgroups of ED. A two-step screening and diagnostic study of ED was performed in a large Danish twin population. Axis I and axis II DSM-III-R and DSM-IV ED diagnoses were made on the basis of results obtained at clinical investigations and interviews. Forty-nine percent of the participants with ED had at least one PD, compared to 26% in those with no ED (P <.001). Cluster C PD was the most common type of PD in all subgroups of ED, and cluster B PD was found only in participants with bulimic symptoms. Genetic factors appeared to contribute significantly to the variance of cluster C PD in ED, which was evaluated as a possibly important background factor in ED.
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| 40. |
- Ivarsson, Tord, 1946, et al.
(författare)
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Depressive disorders in teenage-onset anorexia nervosa: a controlled longitudinal, partly community-based study.
- 2000
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X. ; 41:5, s. 398-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study objective was to examine the prevalence and course of depressive disorders (DDs) in teenage-onset anorexia nervosa (AN) over a period of 10 years. Fifty-one adolescents with AN and a sex- and age-matched control group (n = 51) were assessed at ages 16, 21, and 24 years. Probands and controls were examined in depth using semistructured and structured interviews. Their parents were interviewed on the occasion of the first examination. DDs were assessed using DSM-III-R criteria. Subjects with AN had a greatly increased rate of DDs (85%) of all kinds and at all ages as compared with control subjects. The risk of DD during the follow-up period from 21 up to and including 24 years could be predicted by diagnostic group status and the presence of DD during the period from 16 to 21 years, while the risk of DD during the follow-up period from 16 up to and including 21 years was solely predicted by the presence of AN at age 16 years. Long-term resolution of the eating disorder (ED) was associated with the absence of mood disorder or vice versa. Bipolar disorder (BP) occurred at roughly the expected rate (11%) among subjects (probands and controls) with major depression (MDD). In conclusion, depression is a very common comorbid problem in AN: more than four of five individuals with teenage-onset AN had at least one episode of DSM-III-R depression (MD or dysthymia [DT]) within 10 years after onset of the ED. AN appears to trigger the first episode of depression, but once it is manifest, depression predicts further depressive episodes.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Karjalainen, Louise, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Eating disorders and eating pathology in young adult and adult patients with ESSENCE
- 2016
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X. ; 66, s. 79-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Little is known about the prevalence and incidence of traditional eating disorders (EDs, e.g., anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder (BED)) in individuals with childhood onset neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of EDs and eating pathology in young adults and adults with ADHD and/or ASD, and to investigate the relationship between EDs and associated symptoms, on the one hand, and other psychiatric disorders, intelligence, and BMI, on the other hand, in this population. Methods: In an outpatient setting, 228 consecutively referred adults were neuropsychiatrically evaluated and assessed with regard to intelligence (WAIS-III), psychiatric comorbidities (SCID-I), personality disorders (SCID-II), eating disorders (SCID-I) and eating pathology (Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)). Results: For the entire sample, a total of 18 individuals (7.9%) had a current or previous eating disorder, with AN and BED being the most frequent. The male:female ratio was 1:2.5. According to EAT, 10.1% of the individuals scored within the range of severely disturbed eating behavior, and 13% moderately disturbed eating behavior. Individuals with ADHD more often affirmed eating pathology such as focusing on thoughts of calories and body dissatisfaction compared to individuals with ASD. Conclusions: Eating disorder symptomatology seems to be overrepresented in adults with neuropsychiatric disorders compared with the general population. The gender ratio for EDs in adults with neuropsychiatric disorders is not nearly as skewed as in the general population.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Sinclair, Julia M A, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying the most important research, policy and practice questions for substance use, problematic alcohol use and behavioural addictions in autism (SABA-A) : A priority setting partnership
- 2023
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Ingår i: Comprehensive Psychiatry. - 0010-440X. ; 124, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Autistic people are more likely to report problematic alcohol and other substance use when compared to the general population. Evidence suggests that up to one in three autistic adults may have an alcohol or other substance use disorder (AUD/SUD), although the evidence base for behavioural addictions is less clear. Autistic people may use substances or engage in potentially addictive behaviours as a means of coping with social anxiety, challenging life problems, or camouflaging in social contexts. Despite the prevalence and detrimental effects of AUD, SUD and behavioural addictions in community samples, literature focusing on the intersection between autism and these conditions is scarce, hindering health policy, research, and clinical practice.METHODS: We aimed to identify the top 10 priorities to build the evidence for research, policy, and clinical practice at this intersection. A priority-setting partnership was used to address this aim, comprising an international steering committee and stakeholders from various backgrounds, including people with declared lived experience of autism and/or addiction. First, an online survey was used to identify what people considered key questions about Substance use, alcohol use, or behavioural addictions in autistic people (SABA-A). These initial questions were reviewed and amended by stakeholders, and then classified and refined to form the final list of top priorities via an online consensus process.OUTCOMES: The top ten priorities were identified: three research, three policy, and four practice questions. Future research suggestions are discussed.
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| 46. |
- Söderström, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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The childhood-onset neuropsychiatric background to adulthood psychopathic traits and personality disorders.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Comprehensive psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-440X. ; 46:2, s. 111-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood conduct disorder (CD) and adult psychopathic traits according to the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R) were the closest psychiatric covariates to repeated violent crimes and aggression among offenders under forensic psychiatric investigation in Sweden. As psychopathy is not included in the present psychiatric diagnostic systems, we compared total and factor PCL-R scores to Axis I disorders, including childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders, and to Axis II personality disorders, to establish the convergence of psychopathic traits with other psychiatric diagnoses, and to identify possible unique features. Psychopathic traits were positively correlated with bipolar mood disorder and negatively with unipolar depression. The total PCL-R scores as well as the Factor 2 (unemotionality) and Factor 3 (behavioral dyscontrol) scores were significantly correlated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Asperger's syndrome/high-functioning autistic traits, CD, substance abuse, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Cluster B personality disorders. The interpersonal Factor 1 showed none of these correlations and may capture features that are specific to psychopathy, distinguishing core psychopathy from other diagnostic definitions.
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