| 1. |
- Moodysson, Jerker
(författare)
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Principles and Practices of Knowledge Creation: On the Organization of "Buzz" and "Pipelines" in Life Science Communities
- 2008
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 84:4, s. 449-469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article links up with the debate in economic geography on "local buzz" and "global pipelines" as two distinct forms of interactive knowledge creation among firms and related actors and argues for a rethinking of the way social scientists should approach interactive knowledge creation. It highlights the importance of combining the insights from studies of clusters and innovation systems with an activity-oriented approach in which more attention is paid to the specific characteristics of the innovation processes and the conditions underpinning their organization. To illustrate the applicability and added value of such an alternative approach, the notion of embeddedness is linked with some basic ideas adopted from the literature on knowledge communities. The framework is then applied to a study of innovation activities conducted by firms and academic research groups working with biotechnology-related applications in the Swedish part of the Medicon Valley life science region. The findings reveal that local buzz is largely absent in these types of activities. Most interactive knowledge creation, which appears to be spontaneous and unregulated, is, on closer examination, found safely embedded in globally configured professional knowledge communities and attainable only by those who qualify.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Eriksson, Rikard, 1979-
(författare)
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Localized spillovers and knowledge flows : How does proximity influence the performance of plants?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - Worcester : Clark University. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 87:2, s. 127-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By means of a unique longitudinal database with information on all plants and employees in the Swedish economy, this paper analyzes how geographical proximity influences the impact of localized spillovers and knowledge flows on the productivity growth of plants. Concerning the effects of spillovers, we show that the density of economic activities as such mainly contributes to plant performance within a very short distance from the plant and that the composition of economic activities is more influential further away. Regarding the influence of local industrial setup, proximity increases the need to be located near different, but related, industries whereas in-creased distance implies a greater effect of intra-industry spillovers. The analyses also demonstrate that knowledge flows via the mobility of skilled labor is primarily a sub-regional phenomenon. Only inflows of skills that are related to the existing knowledge base of plants and come from less than 50 kilometers away have a positive effect on plant performance. Concerning outflows of skills, the results indicate that it is less harmful for a dispatching plant if a former employee remains within the local economy as compared to leaving for a job in another part of the national economy.
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| 4. |
- Power, Dominic, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclical Clusters in Global Circuits : Overlapping Spaces in Furniture Trade Fairs
- 2008
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 84:4, s. 423-448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article contributes to an understanding of temporary or event-based economic phenomena in economic and industrial geography by drawing on research conducted on the furniture and interior design industry. It argues that trade fairs should be seen not simply as temporary industry gatherings, but as central, though temporary, spaces for knowledge and market processes that symbolize microcosms of the industry they represent and function as effective marketplaces. It suggests that these temporary events should be viewed not as isolated from one another, but as arranged together in an almost continual global circuit. In this sense, trade fairs are less temporary clusters than they are cyclical clusters; they are complexes of overlapping spaces that are scheduled and arranged in such a way that spaces can be reproduced, reenacted, and renewed over time. Although actual fairs are short-lived events, their presence in the business cycle has lasting consequences for the organization of markets and industries and for the firms of which they are comprised.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Sjöberg, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Trade Liberalization and the Geography of Production: Agglomeration, Concentration, and Dispersal in Indonesia's Manufacturing Industry
- 2004
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. - 1944-8287 .- 0013-0095. ; 80:3, s. 287-310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of the liberalization of trade on the spatial concentration of economic activities is not straightforward. It has been widely argued that protectionism increases spatial concentration as firms locate close to the main domestic markets. However, it has also been argued that an expansion of international trade primarily favors existing industrial centers and therefore leads to increased regional inequalities. Against the background of ongoing debates in both mainstream economics and in geography, we examine the spatial concentration of manufacturing in Indonesia between 1980 and 1996, a period when Indonesia substantially liberalized its trade regime. The high concentration did not decrease during this period, and establishments that engaged in international trade were actually comparably concentrated. We discuss some possible explanations for the spatial concentration in Indonesia and conclude that a host of factors may affect the outcome of trade liberalizations. In particular, the spatial configuration of the national settlement system is a potentially important factor in this regard.
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| 7. |
- Alami, Ilias, et al.
(författare)
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"Expropriation of Capitalist by State Capitalist" : Organizational Change and the Centralization of Capital as State Property
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 98:4, s. 303-326
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- State enterprises, sovereign funds, and other state–capital hybrids have become major engines of global capitalism. How can we explain their global rise and organizational transformation into increasingly sophisticated and globally competitive forms? Why do they increasingly emulate the practices and organizational goals of comparable private-sector entities, adopt the techniques of modern finance, resort to mixed ownership, and extend their operations across geographic space? After critically engaging with arguments that emphasize the role of firm strategies, developmentalist logics, financialized norms, and Polanyian double movements, we develop an explanatory model of organizational change grounded in historic–geographic materialism and economic geographies of the firm. We locate the expansion of state ownership (the role of states as owners) in the historic development and geographic remaking of global capitalism and, in particular, the emergence of a new constellation of international divisions of labor. This created the conditions for a massive round of centralization of capital as state property (the mass of capital controlled by states) since the early 2000s. The modern, marketized, globally spread state–capital hybrid emerged as an organizational fix to mediate the geographic contradictions and imperatives associated with this process. Purposive organizational adaption consisted in developing new skills, operational capabilities, and mixed-ownership structures in order to leverage the financial system, allow for the development of liquid forms of state property, and facilitate the expansion of the latter into global circuits of capital. As such, the article contributes to debates on the role of the state in global value chains, the firm-state nexus, and state capitalism.
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| 8. |
- Asheim, Bjørn, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction : Combinatorial Knowledge Bases, Regional Innovation, and Development Dynamics
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 93:5, s. 429-435
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The special issue zooms in on knowledge dynamics that drive innovation processes and new path development in different regional and sectoral contexts. This investigation rests on the differentiated knowledge base approach, which offers a clear distinction between analytical, synthetic and symbolic types of knowledge and deep insights into their idiosyncrasies. The introduction frames knowledge bases as theoretically discernible and differentiated forms of knowledge creation that are of particular relevance for innovation processes. The knowledge base approach goes beyond sector and regional approaches to innovation and focuses on micro-level dynamics of knowledge creation and knowledge combination within firms, industries and regions. This special issue offers theoretical advances and empirical insights into the causal linkages between such knowledge dynamics, innovation and new path development. It contributes to economic geography in providing an improved understanding of mechanism behind economic growth and development in various sectors and regions as well as to make better sense of the consistent heterogeneity of performance between firms within the same sectors and regions. All this underpins a broad-based innovation policy approach and an active role of policy makers in stimulating novel combinations of differentiated knowledge bases, which shows its roots in the (regional) innovation systems tradition.
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| 9. |
- Ashton, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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Remaking Mortgage Markets by Remaking Mortgages : US Housing Finance after the Crisis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 94:3, s. 238-258
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the post- financial crisis reregulation of US housing finance, focusing on reforms to rein in excessive risk taking and reconstitute the private circulation of mortgage debt. We begin by situating current initiatives-namely, the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010-in a much longer trajectory of attempts to construct a national market for home mortgages. Following the theorization of the economy of qualities by Callon, Meadel, and Rabeharisoa, we argue that a dominant theme throughout has been creating or fixing mortgage markets by performing work on the commodities-the mortgage products-that circulate in them. In light of this history, we argue that Dodd-Frank's primary novelty lies in the way it alters relations between those products and market-supporting institutions, laws, and regulations. We conclude that this shapes a new set of contradictions and conflicts between market liquidity and risk taking, on the one hand, and the original concerns with financial safety and soundness, on the other.
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| 10. |
- Balland, Pierre Alexandre, et al.
(författare)
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The dynamics of technical and business knowledge networks in industrial clusters : Embeddedness, status, or proximity?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 92:1, s. 35-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although informal knowledge networks have often been regarded as a key ingredient behind the success of industrial clusters, the forces that shape their structure and dynamics remain largely unknown. Drawing on recent network dynamic models, we analyze the evolution of business and technical knowledge networks within a toy cluster in Spain. Empirical results suggest that the dynamics of the two networks differ to a large extent. We find that status drives the formation of business knowledge networks, proximity is more crucial for technical knowledge networks, while embeddedness plays an equally important role in the dynamics of both networks.
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| 11. |
- Balland, Pierre Alexandre, et al.
(författare)
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The Geography of Complex Knowledge
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 93:1, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is consensus among scholars and policy makers that knowledge is one of the key drivers of long-run economic growth. It is also clear from the literature that not all knowledge has the same value. However, too often in economic geography and cognate fields we have been obsessed with counting knowledge inputs and outputs rather than assessing the quality of knowledge produced. In this article we measure the complexity of knowledge, we map the distribution and the evolution of knowledge complexity in US cities, and we explore how the spatial diffusion of knowledge is linked to complexity. Our knowledge complexity index rests on the bimodal network models of Hidalgo and Hausmann. Analysis is based on more than two million patent records from the US Patent and Trademark Office that identify the technological structure of US metropolitan areas in terms of the patent classes in which they are most active between 1975 and 2010. We find that knowledge complexity is unevenly distributed across the United States and that cities with the most complex technological structures are not necessarily those with the highest rates of patenting. Citation data indicate that more complex patents are less likely to be cited than less complex patents when citing and cited patents are located in different metropolitan areas.
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| 12. |
- Binz, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Path creation as a process of resource alignment and anchoring : Industry formation for on-site water recycling in Beijing
- 2016
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 92:2, s. 172-200
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Where and how new industrial paths emerge are much debated questions in economic geography, especially in light of the recent evolutionary turn. This article contributes to the ongoing debate on path creation with a new analytical framework that specifies the formation of generic resources in embryonic industries. It suggests that path creation processes are not only conditioned by preexisting regional capabilities and technological relatedness but also by the way firm and nonfirm actors mobilize and anchor key resources for industry formation. Our framework elaborates on the early industry development phase, extending the focus on regional knowledge spillovers in evolutionary economic geography (EEG) literature with recent insights on industry formation dynamics from innovation studies. It understands early path creation as conditioned by four systemic resource formation processes—knowledge creation, investment mobilization, market formation, and technology legitimation— that can be mobilized both from inside or anchored from outside the region. The use and value of the analytical framework is illustrated by a case study on on-site water recycling technology (OST), based on interviews with 40 experts in three Chinese city regions. The findings suggest that, despite possessing the least favorable initial conditions, a sizable OST industry developed only in Beijing. This is explained based on the specific anchoring process of the four key resources in the early development stage of the industry. Our results imply that EEG would profit from incorporating a broader set of variables than knowledge-based relatedness in explanations of regional industrial path creation.
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| 13. |
- Christophers, Brett
(författare)
-
Competition, Law, and the Power of (Imagined) Geography : Market Definition and the Emergence of Too-Big-to-Fail Banking in the United States
- 2014
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 90:4, s. 429-450
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores the role of antitrust (or competition) law in the recent historical evolution of the U. S. commercial banking sector. A core component of antitrust law is the calculative practice of market definition, which involves identifying not only the product or service attributes of a market but also, pointedly, its geographic extent. Geographic market definition-and the geographic knowledges it furnishes-is the focus of the article. It argues that these legal market maps ("the law's markets," that is to say) materially shape on-the-ground market and competitive realities. The article develops this argument through a study of the recent history of U. S. antitrust theory and practice in regard to commercial banking. It claims that the particular nature of the geographic models created through this practice is pivotal to explaining the history of evolution of that sector in the final decades of the twentieth century-and most especially, large-scale industry consolidation at the national scale. In the process, the article aims to contribute not only to financial geography but also to three relatively-underdeveloped economicgeographic literatures: on the implication of geographic knowledges in political-economic change; on the geographies of markets; and on the role of the law in economic-geographic transformation.
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| 14. |
- Diemer, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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The Regional Development Trap in Europe
- 2022
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 98:5, s. 487-509
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of regional development trap refers to regions that face significant structural challenges in retrieving past dynamism or improving prosperity for their residents. This article introduces and measures the concept of the regional development trap for regions in Europe. The concept draws inspiration from the middle-income trap in international development theory but widens it to shed light on traps in higher-income countries and at the regional scale. We propose indicators—involving the economic, productivity, and employment performance of regions relative to themselves in the immediate past, and to other regions in their respective countries and elsewhere in Europe—to identify regions either in a development trap or at significant near-term risk of falling into it. Regions facing development traps generate economic, social, and political risks at the national scale but also for Europe as a whole.
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| 15. |
- Eriksson, Rikard, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Co-worker networks and agglomeration externalities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 95:1, s. 65-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present article provides an initial systematic analysis of how social networks influence productivity in regional agglomerations. This is accomplished by means of matched employer–employee data for the entire Swedish economy for the period 1990–2008, allowing us to construct a weighted co-worker network with aggregated tie weights on the plant level. We find evidence that increasing density of the plant-level network has a positive effect on productivity, particularly in large regional industry-clusters with high degrees of specialization. Triadic closure of ties is, however, negatively linked to productivity, suggesting the importance of nonredundant knowledge. Moreover, we find only limited support for the notion that the diversity of linkages within or across regions as such is beneficial for productivity. Instead, we show that the degree of specialization conditions the extent to which both linkages to related industries in the region and nonlocal ties are beneficial. Our results thus suggest that having dense social networks is a crucial feature of high-performing agglomerations, and that interindustry, as well as interregional, linkages are compensatory in cases when sufficient industry specialization is absent.
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| 16. |
- Grillitsch, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge Base Combinations and Innovation Performance in Swedish Regions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1944-8287 .- 0013-0095. ; 93:5, s. 458-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The literature on geography of innovation suggests that innovation outcomes depend on a diversity of knowledge inputs, which can be captured with the differentiated knowledge base approach. While knowledge bases are distinct theoretical categories, existing studies stress that innovation often involves combinations of analytical, synthetic, and symbolic knowledge. It remains unclear, though, which combinations are most conducive to innovation at the level of the firm and how this is influenced by the knowledge bases available in the region. This article fills this gap by reviewing the conceptual arguments on how and why certain firm and regional knowledge base combinations relate to firm innovativeness and by investigating these relationships econometrically. The knowledge base is captured using detailed occupational data derived from linked employer–employee data sets merged at the firm level with information from Community Innovation Surveys in Sweden. The results indicate that analytical knowledge outweighs the importance of synthetic and symbolic knowledge and that, however, firms benefit most from being located in a region with a balanced mix of all three knowledge bases.
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| 17. |
- Isaksen, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Exogenously Led and Policy-Supported New Path Development in Peripheral Regions : Analytical and Synthetic Routes
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 93:5, s. 436-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this article is to explore how new industrial paths emerge and grow in peripheral regional economies. Current conceptualizations of regional path development are based on experiences from core regions and fail to provide satisfactory theoretical explanations of new path-creating activities in peripheral areas. Our conceptual approach combines the notions of path development and knowledge bases, enabling us to distinguish between an analytic and a synthetic route of path creation. We argue that due emphasis should be given to exogenous sources of new path development and policy actions in order to understand how analytical and synthetic routes unfold in peripheral regions. These factors are still underappreciated in prevailing models of path creation. The article contains an analysis of the emergence and evolution of new industries in two peripheral regions in Norway and Austria: the electronics and software industry in Arendal–Grimstad in southeastern Norway, and the software industry in Mühlviertel in Upper Austria. The two industries have developed differently: through the synthetic route based on the emergence and restructuring of manufacturing firms in Arendal–Grimstad and through the analytical route building on the establishment of research facilities in Mühlviertel. Our analysis suggests that the inflow of new analytical and synthetic knowledge from exogenous sources and various types of policy interventions have been vital in sparking the formation of new industrial paths in both regions. The findings clearly challenge uniform, narrowly conceptualized models of industrial evolution and support recent work that advocates a broader theoretical framework to capture exogenously led and policy-supported path-creation processes.
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| 18. |
- Leon, Luis F. Alvarez, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction : The Spatial Constitution of Markets
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 94:3, s. 211-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 19. |
- Manniche, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Combinatorial knowledge bases : An integrative and dynamic approach to innovation studies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 93:5, s. 480-499
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aims of this article are (1) to critically review the theoretical arguments and contribution of the knowledge base approach to economic geography and innovation studies, and the value added and limitations of applying it in empirical studies as reported about in the extant literatures; (2) to propose a new interpretation of the knowledge base approach by integrating it into a larger analytical framework for innovation studies that integrates individual, organizational, and contextual aspects, and to discuss the possible advances that come from using it in economic geography studies. The article dismisses the widespread taxonomical application of knowledge base conceptualizations for classification of firms, industries, and economies into fixed categories based on their dominant knowledge base characteristics. Rather it argues that the knowledge base characteristics vary not only between firms and industries but also over time and through innovation trajectories in firms and industries. The new interpretation implies that the knowledge base characteristics are defined not only by individual-level modes and rationales for knowledge creation and application and by their related spatial implications but also by managerial–organizational aspects with regard to coordination and exploitation of such knowledge dynamics. The integration of literatures from different disciplinary strands, now unified under the umbrella of a reinterpreted knowledge base approach, advances the explanatory value of the knowledge base approach in economic geography and innovation studies as well as related disciplines.
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| 20. |
- Marques, Pedro, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation without Regional Development? The Complex Interplay of Innovation, Institutions, and Development
- 2021
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 97:5, s. 475-496
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article argues that the development of regional innovation concepts, drawing primarily on the experiences of advanced regions, has led to inadequate narratives about the experience of less-developed regions (LDRs). Drawing on the extensive experience of the authors doing research in LDRs, the article develops three main arguments: first it examines the limitations of endogenous approaches to regional development, in particular concerning the role of formal dynamics (within organizations and institutions) in innovation systems. It will be argued that understanding the role of formal dynamics is fundamental to avoid culturally deterministic explanations of regional (under)development and to help design more effective policies. Second, this article will explore the literature that demonstrates the complex interplay between innovation, institutions, and regional development. The authors argue that though innovation is fundamental for long-term economic growth, innovation at firm level is not sufficient to generate development. Third, this article distills the policy implications of the foregoing analysis, namely, by highlighting alternatives to current models of innovation-based, export-based development.
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| 21. |
- Mitchell, Don, Professor, 1961-
(författare)
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Taylorism Comes to the Fields : Labor Control, Labor Supply, Labor Process, and the Twilight of Fordism in California Agribusiness
- 2023
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 99:4, s. 341-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When the Bracero (guest worker) Program ended in 1964, California agribusiness seemed to be facing a labor crisis. Growers had lost access to a large pool of essentially unfree labor, and (consequently) unionization in the fields was on the rise. As a result, researchers in the various agricultural divisions of the University of California embarked on a broad effort to reengineer the farm labor process through the development of labor aids; mechanization of pruning, thinning, and harvesting tasks; redesigning fruits and vegetables; and extensive time-motion studies. This article traces these efforts and uses their history to argue that labor and economic geographers should focus attention on how struggles over the labor process are frequently struggles over the ability to shape and deploy the labor supply and not only matters of how work is organized on the shop floor (or in this case, in the fields). More broadly, the article argues that focus on the fine-grained details of innovation in the labor process is vital for a full understanding of fundamental transformations in the agribusiness landscape. As a consequence, the article explains why a set of innovations, which contemporary analysts figured would lead to agriculture adopting labor relations much more like those in more traditionally Fordist industries, actually paved the way for a set of even more highly casualized, exploitative relations than had existed heretofore.
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| 22. |
- Neffke, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Agents of Structural Change: The Role of Firms and Entrepreneurs in Regional Diversification
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 94:1, s. 1-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Who introduces structural change in regional economies: Entrepreneurs or existing firms? And do local or nonlocal establishment founders create most novelty in a region? We develop a theoretical framework that focuses on the roles different agents play in regional transformation. We then apply this framework, using Swedish matched employer–employee data, to determine how novel the activities of new establishments are to a region. Incumbents mainly reinforce a region’s current specialization: incumbent’s growth, decline, and industry switching further align them with the rest of the local economy. The unrelated diversification required for structural change mostly originates via new establishments, especially via those with nonlocal roots. Interestingly, although entrepreneurs often introduce novel activities to a local economy, when they do so, their ventures have higher failure rates compared to new subsidiaries of existing firms. Consequently, new subsidiaries manage to create longer-lasting change in regions.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Tóth, Gergő, et al.
(författare)
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Technology network structure conditions the economic resilience of regions
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Routledge. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 98:4, s. 355-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article assesses the network robustness of the technological capability base of 269 European metropolitan areas against the potential elimination of some of their capabilities. By doing so, it provides systematic evidence on how network robustness conditioned the economic resilience of these regions in the context of the 2008 economic crisis. The analysis concerns calls in the relevant literature for more in-depth analysis on the link between regional economic network structures and the resilience of regions to economic shocks. By adopting a network science approach that is novel to economic geographic inquiry, the objective is to stress test the technological resilience of regions by utilizing information on the coclassification of CPC (Cooperative Patent Classification) classes listed on European Patent Office patent documents. We find that European metropolitan areas show heterogeneous levels of technology network robustness. Further findings from regression analysis indicate that metropolitan regions with a more robust technological knowledge network structure exhibit higher levels of resilience with respect to changes in employment rates. This finding is robust to various random and targeted elimination strategies concerning the most frequently combined technological capabilities. Regions with high levels of employment in industry but with a vulnerable technological capacity base are particularly challenged by this aspect of regional economic resilience.
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| 26. |
- Xiao, Jing, et al.
(författare)
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Industrial Diversification in Europe : The Differentiated Role of Relatedness
- 2018
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 94:5, s. 514-549
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is increasing interest in the drivers of industrial diversification, and how these depend on economic and industry structures. This article contributes to this line of inquiry by analyzing the role of industry relatedness in explaining variations in industry diversification, measured as the entry of new industry specializations, across 173 European regions during the period 2004-2012. First, we show that there are significant differences across regions in Europe in terms of industrial diversification. Second, we provide robust evidence showing that the probability that a new industry specialization develops in a region is positively associated with the new industry's relatedness to the region's current industries. Third, a novel finding is that the influence of relatedness on the probability of new industrial specializations depends on innovation capacity of a region. We find that relatedness is a more important driver of diversification in regions with a weaker innovation capacity. The effect of relatedness appears to decrease monotonically as the innovation capacity of a regional economy increases. This is consistent with the argument that high innovation capacity allows an economy to break from its past and to develop, for the economy, truly new industry specializations. We infer from this that innovation capacity is a critical factor for economic resilience and diversification capacity.
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| 27. |
- Zukauskaite, Elena, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Institutional Thickness Revisited
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - Philadelphia, PA : Taylor & Francis. - 0013-0095 .- 1944-8287. ; 93:4, s. 325-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the last two decades, the notion of institutional thickness has become a key reference for a large body of work that has sought to provide profound insights into the link between institutions and regional development. However, only few attempts have been made to reassess the concept, to improve its methodology, and to reflect on its empirical application. The aim of this article is to revise the original concept of institutional thickness. We draw on and seek to contribute to current work in economic geography and related disciplines on the role of organizations and institutions in regional development. We identify some crucial limitations and provide suggestions for how they can be addressed. It is argued that much can be gained by (1) explicitly elaborating on the relation between the organizational and institutional dimensions of thickness, (2) moving beyond overly static views on thickness, (3) developing a multiscalar approach to thickness, and (4) identifying features for assessing thickness in absolute and relative terms. © 2017 Clark University.
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| 28. |
- Andersson, John, 1993, et al.
(författare)
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Polymer Brushes on Silica Nanostructures Prepared by Aminopropylsilatrane Click Chemistry: Superior Antifouling and Biofunctionality
- 2023
-
Ingår i: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1944-8252 .- 1944-8244. ; 15:7, s. 10228-10239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In nanobiotechnology, the importance of controlling interactions between biological molecules and surfaces is paramount. In recent years, many devices based on nanostructured silicon materials have been presented, such as nanopores and nanochannels. However, there is still a clear lack of simple, reliable, and efficient protocols for preventing and controlling biomolecule adsorption in such structures. In this work, we show a simple method for passivation or selective biofunctionalization of silica, without the need for polymerization reactions or vapor-phase deposition. The surface is simply exposed stepwise to three different chemicals over the course of ∼1 h. First, the use of aminopropylsilatrane is used to create a monolayer of amines, yielding more uniform layers than conventional silanization protocols. Second, a cross-linker layer and click chemistry are used to make the surface reactive toward thiols. In the third step, thick and dense poly(ethylene glycol) brushes are prepared by a grafting-to approach. The modified surfaces are shown to be superior to existing options for silica modification, exhibiting ultralow fouling (a few ng/cm2) after exposure to crude serum. In addition, by including a fraction of biotinylated polymer end groups, the surface can be functionalized further. We show that avidin can be detected label-free from a serum solution with a selectivity (compared to nonspecific binding) of more than 98% without the need for a reference channel. Furthermore, we show that our method can passivate the interior of 150 nm × 100 nm nanochannels in silica, showing complete elimination of adsorption of a sticky fluorescent protein. Additionally, our method is shown to be compatible with modifications of solid-state nanopores in 20 nm thin silicon nitride membranes and reduces the noise in the ion current. We consider these findings highly important for the broad field of nanobiotechnology, and we believe that our method will be very useful for a great variety of surface-based sensors and analytical devices.
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| 29. |
- Asheim, Björn
(författare)
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Guest Editorial: Introduction to the Creative Class in European City Regions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - 0013-0095. ; 85:4, s. 355-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This special issue presents the results of a European research project on the creative class in European city regions. In this introduction, the need for contextualizing the approach is underlined, taking into account the differences between the United States, where Richard Florida's ideas were developed, and Europe. In modifying the approach to suit European conditions, varieties of capitalism and social capital perspectives were applied.
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| 30. |
- Asheim, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge Bases, Talents, and Contexts: On the Usefulness of the Creative Class Approach in Sweden
- 2009
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - 0013-0095. ; 85:4, s. 425-442
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The geography of the creative class and its impact on regional development has been debated for some years. While the ideas of Richard Florida have permeated local and regional planning strategies in most parts of the Western world, critiques have been numerous. Florida's 3T's (technology, talent, and tolerance) have been adopted without considering whether the theory fits into the settings of a specific urban and regional context. This article aims to contextualize and unpack the creative class approach by applying the knowledge-base approach and break down the rigid assumption that all people in the creative class share common locational preferences. We argue that the creative class draws on three different knowledge bases: synthetic, analytical, and symbolic, which have different implications for people's residential locational preferences with respect to a people climate and a business climate. Furthermore, the dominating knowledge base in a region has an influence on the importance of a people climate and a business climate for attracting and retaining talent. In this article, we present an empirical analysis in support of these arguments using original Swedish data.
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| 31. |
- Boschma, Ron, et al.
(författare)
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Merger and Acquisition Activity as Driver of Spatial Clustering: The Spatial Evolution of the Dutch Banking Industry, 1850-1993
- 2014
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095. ; 90:3, s. 247-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article investigates the extent to which merger and acquisition (M&A) activity contributed to the spatial clustering of the Dutch banking industry in Amsterdam. This analysis is based on a unique database of all banks in the Netherlands that existed in the period 1850-1993. We found that spatial clustering of the Dutch banking industry was not driven by the fact that banks performed better in the Amsterdam region: being located in Amsterdam decreased rather than increased the survival chances of banks. However, banks in Amsterdam were disproportionally active in acquiring other banks outside Amsterdam. Experience in M&As accumulated mainly in the Amsterdam region, which in turn had a positive impact on the survival chances of banks located there. Our findings suggest that M& A activity was a driving force behind the spatial clustering of the Dutch banking industry between 1850 and 1993.
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| 32. |
- Gong, Huiwen, et al.
(författare)
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Beating the Casino : Conceptualizing an Anchoring-based Third Route to Regional Development
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - 0013-0095.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of new industries in peripheral regions has gained renewed attention recently. Yet, the processes through which peripheral regions can mobilize external resources and capabilities, and turn them into locally sticky resources for structural change and longer-term economic prosperity, have not been sufficiently conceptualized. This article proposes anchoring-based regional system building as a third route, which stands between conventional globalist and regionalist approaches. Based on a case study of the emergence of a globally leading electric vehicle battery industry in Ningde, China, the article explores in depth the system resource-mobilization processes and dynamic capabilities by anchor tenants and regional stakeholders that allow peripheral regions to make long jumps in the product space. We show that if the anchoring process is smartly managed, developing emerging industries in peripheral contexts is not necessarily a casino strategy but can be a strategic approach for quickly and deeply transforming the industrial fabric of regional economies.
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| 33. |
- Hansen, Teis
(författare)
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Juggling with Proximity and Distance: Collaborative Innovation Projects in the Danish Cleantech Industry.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095. ; 90:4, s. 375-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies increasingly apply a multidimensional proximity framework in the analysis of collaborations between actors. This article explores the influence of collaboration motives on the desired proximity characteristics of partnerships in innovation projects based on 50 interviews with representatives from Danish cleantech firms. How search criteria along proximity dimensions differ depends on the purposes of the collaborations. In this way, the analysis distinguishes between the types of collaboration, where geographical proximity is considered highly important and those where geographically distant partners are preferred. Geographical proximity plays an important role in partnerships motivated by interaction around actual product development and knowledge creation, while long-distance relationships appear to be important for partnerships motivated by market access and cost considerations. The insight that the desired proximity characteristics of partnerships are indeed contingent on the motive for collaborating highlights how the proximity framework can be applied in the analysis of firm decision making.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Neffke, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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How Do Regions Diversify Over Time? Industry Relatedness and the Development of New Growth Paths in Regions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095. ; 87:3, s. 237-265
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in UndeterminedThe question of how new regional growth paths emerge has been raised by many leading economic geographers. From an evolutionary perspective, there are strong reasons to believe that regions are most likely to branch into industries that are technologically related to the preexisting industries in the regions. Using a new indicator of technological relatedness between manufacturing industries, we analyzed the economic evolution of 70 Swedish regions from 1969 to 2002 with detailed plant-level data. Our analyses show that the long-term evolution of the economic landscape in Sweden is subject to strong path dependencies. Industries that were technologically related to the preexisting industries in a region had a higher probability of entering that region than did industries that were technologically unrelated to the region's preexisting industries. These industries had a higher probability of exiting that region. Moreover, the industrial profiles of Swedish regions showed a high degree of technological cohesion. Despite substantial structural change, this cohesion was persistent over time. Our methodology also proved useful when we focused on the economic evolution of one particular region. Our analysis indicates that the Linkoping region increased its industrial cohesion over 30 years because of the entry of industries that were closely related to its regional portfolio and the exit of industries that were technologically peripheral. In summary, we found systematic evidence that the rise and fall of industries is strongly conditioned by industrial relatedness at the regional level.
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| 36. |
- Trippl, Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge sourcing beyond buzz and pipelines: evidence from the Vienna software cluster
- 2009
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Ingår i: Economic Geography. - : Wiley. - 0013-0095. ; 85:4, s. 443-462
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the nature and geography of knowledge linkages in the Vienna software cluster. Empirical studies on the software sector have provided contradictory evidence of the relative importance of different sources of knowledge, the spatial dimension of exchanges of knowledge, and the relevance of different channels for the transmission of knowledge. Recent conceptual work on the geography of knowledge linkages has highlighted that the innovative dynamics of clusters rests on both local and global knowledge flows, that is, the combination of "local buzz" and "global pipelines." However, the buzz-and-pipelines approach fails to provide a precise understanding of the mechanisms by which actors in a cluster gain access to knowledge at different spatial scales. This article goes beyond the buzz-and-pipelines concept and suggests a differentiated typology of knowledge linkages, distinguishing among market relations, formal networks, spillovers, and informal networks. Drawing on a survey of firms and face-to-face interviews with representatives of companies, we demonstrate that in the Vienna software industry, knowledge flows are informal. We found that spillovers and informal networks are highly significant at all spatial scales and are complemented by formalized research-and-development partnerships at the local and national levels. We also show that the character of knowledge linkages is dependent on the nature of innovation. The more radical the innovation, the larger the variety of sources of knowledge and the stronger the diversity of the mechanisms for transferring knowledge.
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