| 1. |
- Adel-Khattab, Doaa, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of the FDI Chairside Guide for Assessment of Periodontal Conditions : A Multicentre Observational Study
- 2021
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 71:5, s. 390-398
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: There is a need to develop easy-to-use tools to screen periodontal condition in daily practice. This study aimed to evaluate the FDI World Dental Federation “Chairside Guide” (FDI-CG) developed by the Task Team of the FDI Global Periodontal Health Project (GPHP) as a potential tool for screening. Methods: Databases from 3 centres in Germany, Hong Kong, and Spain (n = 519) were used to evaluate the association of the FDI-CG and its individual items with the periodontitis case definitions proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) for population-based surveillance of periodontitis. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed among the databases for the prevalence of periodontitis and the items included in the FDI-CG. The FDI-CG score and its individual components were significantly associated with the periodontal status in the individual databases and the total sample, with bleeding on probing showing the strongest association with severe periodontitis (odds ratio [OR] = 12.9, 95% CI [5.9; 28.0], P < .001, for those presenting bleeding on probing >50%), followed by age (OR = 4.8, 95% CI [1.7; 4.2], P = .004, for those older than 65 years of age). Those subjects with a FDI-CG score >10 had an OR of 54.0 (95% CI [23.5; 124.2], P < .001) and presented with severe periodontitis. A significant correlation was found between the different FDI-CG scoring categories (mild, moderate, and severe) and the categories for mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Academy of Periodontology criteria (r = 0.57, Spearman rank correlation test, P < .001). Conclusion: The FDI Chairside Guide may represent a suitable tool for screening the periodontal condition by general practitioners in daily dental practice. © 2020 The Authors
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| 2. |
- Ahonen, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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Applying World Dental Federation Theoretical Framework for Oral Health in a General Population
- 2021
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 72:4, s. 536-544
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: The World Dental Federation (FDI) has recently proposed a new definition and theoretical framework of oral health. The theoretical framework includes 4 main components and describes the relationships amongst them. In 2020, an international work group proposed the minimum Adult Oral Health Standard Set (AOHSS) of variables to measure oral health, which was mapped onto the FDI's theoretical framework. By using an empirical data set, the proposed variables in the AOHSS and the potential interactions amongst the components of the FDI's theoretical framework can be tested. The purpose of this research was to investigate structural relations of the components of the FDI's theoretical framework of oral health based on data from a general adult population. Methods: Data from a previously conducted Swedish cross-sectional study focusing on oral health were utilised (N = 630; women, 55.2%; mean age, 49.7 years [SD, 19.2]). Variable selection was guided by the AOHSS. Structural equation modeling was used to analyse relationships amongst the components of the FDI's theoretical model (core elements of oral health, driving determinants, moderating factors, and overall health and well-being). Results: The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP)-14, xerostomia, and aesthetic satisfaction had statistically significant direct effects on overall health and well-being (p < .05). Driving determinants and moderating factors had statistically significant direct effects on all core elements of oral health (p < .05) except aesthetic satisfaction (p = .616). The predictors explained 24.1% of the variance of the latent variable overall health and well-being. Based on several indices, the proposed model showed acceptable model fit. Conclusions: The FDI's theoretical framework can be used to describe different components of oral health and the relationship amongst them in an adult general population. Further research based on the FDI's theoretical framework in other populations and settings is needed to explore complex interactions and possible relationships that form oral health and to investigate other or additional important social determinants.
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| 3. |
- Ahonen, Hanna, et al.
(author)
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Clinical and self-reported measurements to be included in the core elements of the World Dental Federation's theoretical framework of oral health
- 2021
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 71:1, s. 53-62
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction Oral health is part of general health, and oral diseases share risk factors with several non-communicable diseases. The World Dental Federation (FDI) has published a theoretical framework illustrating the complex interactions between the core elements of oral health (CEOHs): driving determinants, moderating factors, and general health and well-being. However, the framework does not specify which self-reported or clinical measurements to be included in the CEOHs. Objectives To explore oral health measurements relevant for a general adult population to be included in the CEOHs in the FDI's theoretical framework of oral health. Materials and methods A psychometric study was performed, using cross-sectional data from Sweden (N = 630, 54% women, mean age 49.7 years). The data set initially consisted of 186 self-reported and clinical measurements. To identify suitable measurements, the selection was discussed in different settings, including both experts and patients. Principal component analyses (PCAs) were performed to explore, reduce and evaluate measurements to be included in the three CEOHs. Internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach's Alpha. Results The validation process yielded 13 measurements (four clinical, nine self-reported) in concordance with the CEOHs. PCAs confirmed robust validity regarding the construction, predicting 60.85% of variance, representing psychosocial function (number of measurements = 5), disease and condition status (number of measurements = 4), and physiological function (number of measurements = 4). Cronbach's Alpha indicated good to sufficient internal consistency for each component in the constructs (alpha = 0.88, 0.68, 0.61, respectively). Conclusion In a Swedish general adult population, 13 self-reported and clinical measurements can be relevant to include to operationalise CEOHs in the FDI's theoretical framework.
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| 4. |
- Alsuhaibani, Fatimah, et al.
(author)
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Risk Factors for Dental Erosion After Bariatric Surgery : A Patient Survey
- 2021
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 72:4, s. 491-498
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Treatment of obesity by bariatric surgery has increased in recent years. Reported side effects that may predispose to dental erosion include reflux, vomiting, and an increased frequency of intake of food and drink.OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate long-term dietary behaviour and experiences related to symptoms of dental erosion at least 5 years after bariatric surgery.METHODS: An online questionnaire study was conducted amongst 250 patients who had undergone bariatric surgery at King Saud Medical City in Saudi Arabia 5 years ago or more. It comprised 36 questions on demographic data, dietary habits, general health, dental health, and oral symptoms. The data were analysed using Chi-square and sign tests (significance level P < .05).RESULTS: A significant increase in acidic reflux and vomiting was found after bariatric surgery and appeared to increase with time after surgery. Also, a significant association between presence of acidic reflux and symptoms of dental erosion was found. However, 68.5% reported improved overall well-being after surgery. The response rate was 21.6% (most were female, aged 30-59 years). Respondents were generally not advised to visit a dentist in connection with bariatric surgery.CONCLUSIONS: This long-term cross-sectional study suggests a time-dependent, increasing occurrence of vomiting and acidic reflux after bariatric surgery. Vomiting and reflux became even more common after 5 to 10 years. A significant relationship emerged between a high frequency of acidic reflux and a high frequency of oral symptoms related to dental erosion. Daily occurrence of general symptoms related to dumping syndrome were reported by the majority. However, in a 5- to 10-year perspective, general symptoms related to dumping syndrome and symptoms from dental erosion did not seem to detract from the respondents' overall satisfaction with daily living. Oral health problems might be reduced if patients who had bariatric surgery were referred to a dentist for prevention and monitoring.
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| 5. |
- Bergh, Håkan, 1958, et al.
(author)
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Association of Sublingual Varices With Heart- and Cerebrovascular Disease
- 2024
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In: International Dental Journal. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 74:2, s. 216-222
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this research was to investigate whether sublingual varices (SV) are associated with new events of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and new events of cerebrovascular disease. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted amongst 1139 dental patients aged between 48 and 84 years across 2 cohorts (201 enrolled from 2010–2013 and 938 from 2018–2020). Participants provided baseline data on demographics, risk factors, and medical diagnoses, followed by an assessment of their tongue's ventral surface to classify veins as either having no sublingual varices (nSV) or having sublingual varices (SV). Information regarding medical diagnoses was gathered during the follow-up period from both participants and their medical records. The primary outcome variables were the onset of new IHD and new cerebrovascular disease events. Comparisons were made between participants with SV and nSV. Results: The study population comprised 54% women with an average age of 66 years. SV were present in 33% of participants. Those with SV predominantly were male, older, and smokers; had a higher body mass index, and exhibited more instances of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidaemia than those with nSV. New occurrences of IHD (4.5% vs 1.8%, P =.009) and cerebrovascular disease (4.2% vs 2.0%, P =.026) were more prevalent in the SV group compared with the nSV group. The link between SV and new IHD events persisted even after adjustments for sex, age, and smoking habits (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.07–4.76), but not for new cerebrovascular disease events (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 0.84–3.71). Conclusions: Our study identifies a correlation between SV and new events of IHD, but not new events of cerebrovascular disease. The detection of SV occurred prior to the IHD events, suggesting a temporal relationship. This novel finding proposes a potential shared pathophysiology between IHD and SV.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Hakeberg, Magnus, 1954, et al.
(author)
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General and oral health problems among adults with focus on dentally anxious individuals
- 2018
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-6539. ; 68:6, s. 405-410
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives The objective of this epidemiological survey was to analyse the association between dental anxiety and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among adults. Methods Individuals were randomly selected (n = 3500), and they were interviewed by telephone and asked to complete a questionnaire concerning dental anxiety, HRQL [Oral Health Impact Profile-5 (OHIP-5) and EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D)] and several socioeconomic variables. Results Dental anxiety was revealed as a significant factor relative to the OHIP-5 and EQ-5D. Dental anxiety had a stronger association with the OHIP-5 [odds ratio (OR): 3.50] than with the EQ-5D (OR: 1.75). In addition, socioeconomic status demonstrated a gradient, with higher ORs the lower the income and the likelihood of reporting poor HRQL. Conclusion High dental anxiety was associated with lower HRQL.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Lara-Capi, C., et al.
(author)
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Effect of body weight and behavioural factors on caries severity in Mexican rural and urban adolescents
- 2018
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-6539. ; 68:3, s. 190-196
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectivesTo investigate if, in Mexican adolescents, body weight and caries severity are associated, and if this association differs between rural and urban populations. MethodsAdolescents from the rural area of Tepancan and the city of Veracruz were enrolled. Caries was recorded using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Oral habits (toothbrushing, flossing, dental check-ups) and dietary patterns (sweets intake) were assessed. A dummy variable between BMI and living area (BMI/Area) was generated. Data were analysed using STATA and a multinomial logistic regression model was run, using caries severity as the dependent variable. ResultsFour-hundred and sixty-four subjects, 12-15 years of age, participated (rural = 240; urban = 224). The BMI and area of residence were significantly associated ((2) = 12.59, P < 0.01). Area was also associated with caries severity ((2) = 24.23, P < 0.01), with the highest number of caries in dentine recorded in participants from the rural area. The dummy variable BMI/Area was related to caries severity ((2) = 27.47, P < 0.01): overweight adolescents with caries in dentine were most frequently found in the rural area. A higher prevalence of caries in enamel and a lower prevalence of caries in dentine (P < 0.01) were recorded in adolescents from the urban area, where better oral habits, but higher sweets intake (P = 0.04), were encountered. According to the multinomial logistic regression model, BMI/Area was significantly associated with caries severity (P < 0.01). ConclusionsOverweight was not associated with caries severity in the overall population, but it became a statistically significant risk indicator in adolescents living in the rural area.
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| 11. |
- Needleman, IG, et al.
(author)
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Improving the effectiveness of tobacco use cessation (TUC)
- 2010
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In: International Dental Journal. - : FDI/World dental press. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 60:1, s. 50-59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper includes an update of a Cochrane systematic review on tobacco use cessation (TUC) in dental settings as well as narrative reviews of possible approaches to TUC and a more detailed discussion of referral for specialist TUC services. On the basis of these reviews we conclude that interventions for tobacco users in the dental setting increase the odds of quitting tobacco. However, the evidence is derived largely from patients using smokeless tobacco. Pharmacotherapy (such as nicotine replacements, bupropion and varenicline) is recommended for TUC in medical settings but has received little assessment in dental applications, although such evidence to date is promising. Whether the dental setting or referral to specialist TUC services is the most effective strategy to help people to quit tobacco use is unclear. An effective specialist service providing best available TUC care alone may not be the answer. Clearly, such services should be both accessible and convenient for tobacco users. Closer integration of specialist services with referrers would also be advantageous in order to guide and support oral health professionals make their referral and to maximise follow-up of referred tobacco users. Future research direction may consider investigating the most effective components of TUC in the dental settings and community-based trials should be a priority. Pharmacotherapy, particularly nicotine replacement therapy, should be more widely examined in dental settings. We also recommend that various models of referral to external and competent in-house TUC specialist services should be examined with both experimental and qualitative approaches. In addition to overall success of TUC, important research questions include facilitators and barriers to TUC in dental settings, preferences for specialist referral, and experiences of tobacco users attempting to quit, with dental professionals or specialist services, respectively.
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| 12. |
- Ordell, Sven, et al.
(author)
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Smoking cessation and associated dental factors in a cohort of smokers born in 1942 : 5 year follow up
- 2019
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In: International Dental Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 69:2, s. 107-112
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Tobacco usage is a serious threat to the health of a population and thus cessation of tobacco use is an important step in improving patients' quality of life. Cessation activities are essential also for middle aged and older people. Dental personnel have a unique role as they treat patients who might not otherwise have regular contact with general medical practitioners.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with smoking cessation in a cohort of smokers as they progressed from 65 to 70 years of age.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The base population was all inhabitants born in 1942 in two Swedish counties who had been followed by postal questionnaires every fifth year since 1992. Data had been collected and accumulated at the individual level. In this study, the 533 self-reported smokers in 2007 were selected and their smoking habits in 2012 were used as the outcome variable. Analyses used were bivariate associations and logistic regression.RESULTS: The total smoking-cessation rate was 28%. The logistic regression had a Nagelkerke R2 of 0.32 and showed that remembering information on tobacco cessation given in the dental office increased the reported chances of quitting smoking (odds ratio = 10, 95% confidence interval: 3.2-31.7). Also associated with smoking cessation was increased incidence of reporting bleeding gums.CONCLUSION: Information on smoking cessation given in dental clinics is effective for elderly people.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ramseier, Christoph A, et al.
(author)
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Consensus Report: 2nd European Workshop on Tobacco Use Prevention and Cessation for Oral Health Professionals.
- 2010
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In: International dental journal. - 0020-6539. ; 60:1, s. 3-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tobacco use has been identified as a major risk factor for oral disorders such as cancer and periodontal disease. Tobacco use cessation (TUC) is associated with the potential for reversal of precancer, enhanced outcomes following periodontal treatment, and better periodontal status compared to patients who continue to smoke. Consequently, helping tobacco users to quit has become a part of both the responsibility of oral health professionals and the general practice of dentistry. TUC should consist of behavioural support, and if accompanied by pharmacotherapy, is more likely to be successful. It is widely accepted that appropriate compensation of TUC counselling would give oral health professionals greater incentives to provide these measures. Therefore, TUC-related compensation should be made accessible to all dental professionals and be in appropriate relation to other therapeutic interventions. International and national associations for oral health professionals are urged to act as advocates to promote population, community and individual initiatives in support of tobacco use prevention and cessation (TUPAC) counselling, including integration in undergraduate and graduate dental curricula. In order to facilitate the adoption of TUPAC strategies by oral health professionals, we propose a level of care model which includes 1) basic care: brief interventions for all patients in the dental practice to identify tobacco users, assess readiness to quit, and request permission to re-address at a subsequent visit, 2) intermediate care: interventions consisting of (brief) motivational interviewing sessions to build on readiness to quit, enlist resources to support change, and to include cessation medications, and 3) advanced care: intensive interventions to develop a detailed quit plan including the use of suitable pharmacotherapy. To ensure that the delivery of effective TUC becomes part of standard care, continuing education courses and updates should be implemented and offered to all oral health professionals on a regular basis.
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| 16. |
- Raoufi, Shiva, et al.
(author)
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Effect of whitening toothpastes on tooth staining using two different colour-measuring devices--a 12-week clinical trial.
- 2010
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In: International dental journal. - 0020-6539. ; 60:6, s. 419-23
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- IM: To evaluate the potential of two whitening toothpastes on stain removal, using two different spectrophotometeric devices. DESIGN: In a randomised, double-blind clinical trial, 150 participants with tooth discolouration were assigned to use one of three toothpastes containing: hydroxyapatite, calcium peroxide and no active ingredient (placebo). They were examined at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks. MEASURES: Two methods of colour measurement were used: Vita Easyshade (Vita 3D-master scale) and Degudent Shadepilot (Classical Vitashade scale). RESULTS: No significant improvement was observed after using the two spectrophotometeric methods. However, a subjective lighter tooth colour and less staining were perceived by the participants in all three groups (not significant). Moreover, there was a significant improvement in the gingival and plaque index in all three groups after the 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite or calcium peroxide did not produce any reduction in tooth staining compared with a placebo fluoride toothpaste.
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| 17. |
- Renvert, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of peri-implant diseases and maintenance care of patients with dental implants : Consensus report of working group 3
- 2019
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In: International Dental Journal. - : WILEY. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 69, s. 12-17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The following consensus report is based on four background reviews. The frequency of maintenance visits is based on patient risk indicators, homecare compliance and prosthetic design. Generally, a 6-month visit interval or shorter is preferred. At these visits, peri-implant probing, assessment of bleeding on probing and, if warranted, a radiographic examination is performed. Diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis requires: (i) bleeding or suppuration on gentle probing with or without increased probing depth compared with previous examinations; and (ii) no bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting from initial bone remodelling. Diagnosis of peri-implantitis requires: (i) bleeding and/or suppuration on gentle probing; (ii) an increased probing depth compared with previous examinations; and (iii) bone loss beyond crestal bone level changes resulting from initial bone remodelling. If diagnosis of disease is established, the inflammation should be resolved. Non-surgical therapy is always the first choice. Access and motivation for optimal oral hygiene are key. The patient should have a course of mechanical therapy and, if a smoker, be encouraged not to smoke. Non-surgical mechanical therapy and oral hygiene reinforcement are useful in treating peri-implant mucositis. Power-driven subgingival air-polishing devices, Er: YAG lasers, metal curettes or ultrasonic curettes with or without plastic sleeves can be used to treat peri-implantitis. Such treatment usually provides clinical improvements such as reduced bleeding tendency, and in some cases a pocket-depth reduction of <= 1 mm. In advanced cases, however, complete resolution of the disease is unlikely.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Salehi, Sonja, et al.
(author)
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Oral rehydration therapy products - a plaque pH study under normal and dry mouth conditions
- 2013
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In: International Dental Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-6539. ; 63:5, s. 254-258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AimThe aim of this study was to investigate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) products and their effect on plaque pH under normal and dry mouth conditions. DesignThree commercial oral rehydration therapy products, prepared according to the manufacturers' instruction, plus a 10% glucose solution, which served as control, were tested in 10 healthy subjects (mean age 25years): (1) Electral (Arrow Pharmaceuticals), (2) Resorb Junior (Nestle) and (3) Vatskeersattning (Semper). pH was measured in the maxillary premolar region in situ with the so-called microtouch method. The area under the pH curve was calculated. Their carbohydrate content was also analysed. ResultsThe oral rehydration therapy products gave the same low pH values in plaque as the glucose solution. Dry mouth condition, obtained by injection of methylscopolamine nitrate in the labial sulcus, resulted in an overall more pronounced fall in pH and in a delay in the pH recovery compared with normal salivary conditions. The chemical analyses showed that all three test-products contained glucose and starch as the main carbohydrates. ConclusionsRinsing with oral rehydration therapy products leads to a greater pH decrease in dental plaque during low compared with normal salivary conditions. As diarrhoea may result in dehydration and thereby in dry mouth, we believe that ORT products have a high cariogenic potential.
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| 20. |
- Thevissen, Eric, et al.
(author)
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Attitude of dental hygienists, general practitioners and periodontists towards preventive oral care : an exploratory study
- 2017
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In: International Dental Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-6539 .- 1875-595X. ; 67:4, s. 221-228
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- IntroductionPromoting oral hygiene and stimulating patient's responsibility for his/her personal health remain challenging objectives. The presence of dental hygienists has led to delegation of preventive tasks. However, in some countries, such as Belgium, this profession is not yet legalized. The aim of this exploratory study was to compare the attitude towards oral-hygiene instructions and patient motivational actions by dental hygienists and by general practitioners/periodontists in a context without dental hygienists. Materials and MethodsA questionnaire on demographics (six items), oral-hygiene instructions (eight items) and patient motivational actions (six items) was distributed to 241 Dutch dental hygienists, 692 general practitioners and 32 periodontists in Flanders/Belgium. Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact-test, Pearson's chi-square test and multiple (multinomial) logistic regression analysis to observe the influence of profession, age, workload, practice area and chair-assistance. ResultsSignificant variance was found between general practitioners and dental hygienists (in 13 of 14 items), between general practitioners and periodontists (in nine of 14 items) and between dental hygienists and periodontists (in five of 14 items). In addition to qualification, chair-assistance was also identified as affecting the attitude towards preventive oral care. ConclusionThe present study identified divergence in the application of, and experienced barriers and opinions about, oral-hygiene instructions and patient motivational actions between dental hygienists and general practitioners/periodontists in a context without dental hygienists. In response to the barriers reported it is suggested that preventive oriented care may benefit from the deployment of dental hygienists to increase access to qualified preventive oral care.
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| 21. |
- von Bültzingslöwen, Inger, 1947, et al.
(author)
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Swedish Quality Registry for Caries and Periodontal Diseases - a framework for quality development in dentistry.
- 2019
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In: International dental journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1875-595X .- 0020-6539. ; 69:5, s. 361-368
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a need for monitoring dental health and healthcare, as support for quality development, allocation of resources and long-term planning of dental care. The aim of this paper is to describe the concept and implementation of the Swedish Quality Registry for Caries and Periodontal Diseases (SKaPa).The SKaPa receives information by automatic transfer of data daily from electronic patient dental records via secure connections from affiliated dental care organisations (DCOs). The registry stores information about DCOs, dental professionals and patients. Information on a patient level includes personal identifier, gender, age, living area, dental status, risk assessments for caries and periodontitis, and dental care provided. In addition, data generated from a global question on patient-perceived oral health are uploaded. In total, more than 400 variables are transferred to the registry and updated daily.In 2018, all of the 21 public DCOs and the largest private DCO in Sweden were affiliated to SKaPa, representing a total of 1,089 public and 234 private dental clinics. The accumulated amount of information on dental healthcare covers 6.9million individuals out of the total Swedish population of 10million. SKaPa produces reports on de-identified data, both cross-sectional and longitudinal.As a nationwide registry based on automatic retrieval of data directly from patient records, SKaPa offers the basis for a new era of systematic evaluation of oral health and quality of dental care. The registry supports clinical and epidemiological research, data mining and external validation of results from randomised controlled trials.
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| 22. |
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