| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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A note of caution on the Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of hypnotic susceptibility: a brief communication.
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 57:2, s. 222-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scant literature on the sequelae of hypnotizability-measurement instruments indicates that different scales produce different reactions. The Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form C (WSGC) was developed as a group version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C). Parallel to the literature showing that the SHSS:C can produce more negative aftereffects than the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, we report preliminary descriptive statistics documenting the infrequent occurrence of negative reactions to the WSGC age-regression item. We recommend that experimenters take this matter into consideration and, at the very least, ensure the presence of a clinician with hypnotic experience during the administration of the WSGC.
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| 3. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Dispositional self-consciousness and hypnotizability
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 70:1, s. 16-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The abeyance of self-consciousness (SC) during hypnosis has beendiscussed as a central aspect of hypnosis, yet dispositional SC hasbeen very rarely evaluated as a correlate of hypnotizability. In thisstudy (N = 328), the authors administered the Harvard Group Scaleof Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS), the Inventory Scale of HypnoticDepth (ISHD), and the Self-Consciousness Scale-Revised (SCS-R).Women tended to score higher than men on the HGSHS, besidesexperiencing greater ISHD automaticity. The Discontinuity (with everydayexperiences) subscale of the ISHD correlated with the Public Self-Consciousness scale of the SCS-R and with the Private Self-Consciousness subscale (using simple, quadratic, and cubic regressions).Being concerned about the perception of others related toexperiencing hypnosis as discontinuous with everyday life, whichalso related to being more introspective and interested in subjectivityat the middle range of scores. The article concludes with suggestionson how to pursue the implications of these results, including testingfor nonlinear relations.
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| 4. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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EEG sLORETA functional imaging during hypnotic arm levitation and voluntary arm lifting.
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 60:1, s. 31-53
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study (N=37 with high, medium, and low hyp-notizables) evaluated depth reports and EEG activity during both voluntary and hypnotically induced left-arm lifting with sLORETA functional neuroimaging. The hypnotic condition was associated with higher activity in fast EEG frequencies in anterior regions and slow EEG frequencies in central-parietal regions, all left-sided. The voluntary condition was associated with fast frequency activity in right-hemisphere central-parietal regions and slow frequency activity in left anterior regions. Hypnotizability did not have a significant effect on EEG activity, but hypnotic depth correlated with left hemisphere increased anterior slow EEG and decreased central fast EEG activity. Hypnosis had a minimal effect on depth reports among lows, a moderate one among mediums, and a large one among highs. Because only left-arm data were available, the full role of the hemispheres remains to be clarified.
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| 5. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnotic Experience is Related to Emotional Contagion.
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 57:1, s. 33-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors conducted 2 studies to evaluate whether emotional contagion, the propensity to automatically imitate the emotional expressions of others and experience the corresponding emotions, is related to behavioral and experiential indices of hypnotizability and whether such a relationship is influenced by administration context. In Study 1, behavioral and subjective measures of hypnotizability were measured alongside emotional contagion in the same context. In Study 2, different measures of hypnotizability and hypnotic depth were administered, whereas emotional contagion was independently measured in a different (nonhypnotic) context. Emotional contagion correlated with behavioral and experiential indices of hypnotizability in Study 1 but only with the latter in Study 2. The authors interpret the results as reflecting a positive relationship between emotional contagion and, at least, experiential features of hypnotizability and strengthening the case for the importance of affectivity in hypnotic responsiveness.
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| 6. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnotic tape intervention ameliorates stress: a randomized, control study.
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 61:2, s. 125-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract This study (N = 35) used a randomized control design, and participants were collected from a variety of groups. After evaluating their degree of stress and burnout, coping styles, general well-being, and hypnotizability, participants were matched by stress level and randomly assigned to an intervention or wait-list group. The intervention comprised an audio recording of a hypnotic induction accompanied by suggestions for progressive relaxation, imagery, and anchoring to be used for 2 weeks. The results show that, as compared with baseline and wait-list conditions, the hypnotic intervention had a medium-to-large beneficial effect on participants' experience of stress, burnout, and well-being. Some participants also decreased their use of the coping strategy escape-avoidance postintervention. Hypnotizability correlated significantly or marginally with some outcomes of the intervention, but only for 1 group.
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| 7. |
- Cardeña, Etzel, et al.
(författare)
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The roles of response expectancies, basline experiences, and hypnotizability in spontaneous hypnotic experiences
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 67:1, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluated factors underlying individual differencesin spontaneous (unsuggested) experiences during hypnosis.Participants varying in hypnotizability (low, medium, and high) completeda questionnaire about various dimensions of consciousness theywould expect to experience at the “deepest level of hypnosis” (expectancy),an eyes-closed resting condition (baseline), and their actualexperiences during “neutral hypnosis” (hypnosis). Responses duringhypnosis were characterized by higher scores in dimensions related toalterations in conscious experience, affect, and imagery, and lowerscores in rationality and agency. Only highs and mediums evincedincreases in altered experience and body image. Across conditions,highs reported greater alterations in time experience and lower selfawarenessthan other groups. Participants overall tended to overestimatethe changes they would experience in hypnosis. Baseline andhypnosis correlated in various dimensions, including affect, arousal,and internal dialogue. After controlling for baseline scores and hypnotizability,expectancies correlated with some dimensions having to dowith alterations in consciousness. In sum, spontaneous experiencesduring hypnosis are driven by response expectancies, hypnotizability,and baseline experiences, which show differential effects.
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| 8. |
- Elkins, Gary, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnosis Intervention for Sleep Disturbance : Determination of Optimal Dose and Method of Delivery for Postmenopausal Women
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 69:3, s. 323-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sleep disturbances are a pervasive problem among postmenopausal women, with an estimated 40 to 64% reporting poor sleep. Hypnosis is a promising intervention for sleep disturbances. This study examined optimal dose and delivery for a manualized hypnosis intervention to improve sleep. Ninety postmenopausal women with poor sleep were randomized to 1 of 4 interventions: 5 in-person, 3 in-person, 5 phone, or 3 phone contacts. All received hypnosis audio recordings, with instructions for daily practice for 5 weeks. Feasibility measures included treatment satisfaction ratings and practice adherence. Sleep outcomes were sleep quality, objective and subjective duration, and bothersomeness of poor sleep. Results showed high treatment satisfaction, adherence, and clinically meaningful (≥ 0.5 SD) sleep improvement for all groups. Sleep quality significantly improved, p < .05, η2 = .70, with no significant differences between groups, with similar results for the other sleep outcomes across all treatment arms. Comparable results between phone and in-person groups suggest that a unique "dose" and delivery strategy is highly feasible and can have clinically meaningful impact. This study provides pilot evidence that an innovative hypnosis intervention for sleep (5 phone contacts with home practice) reduces the burden on participants while achieving maximum treatment benefit.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Hiltunen, Seppo, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions on the mismatch negativity in highly hypnotizable subjects
- 2019
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Ingår i: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis. - : Routledge. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 67:2, s. 192-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The neural mechanisms associated with hypnosis were investigated in a group of 9 high hypnotizable subjects by measuring the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the auditory eventrelated potential (ERP). ERPs were recorded using a passive oddball paradigm to sinusoidal standard and deviant tone stimuli of 500 and 520 Hz, respectively, in four conditions: prehypnosis, neutral hypnosis, hypnotic suggestion for altering the tone perception, and posthypnotic conditions. Earlier studies have indicated that hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions might have an effect on MMN, but the results of our study contradict these results: No statistically significant differences were found between the conditions in the MMN amplitudes.
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| 12. |
- Kallio, Sakari, et al.
(författare)
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Posthypnotic Suggestion Alters Conscious Color Perception in an Automatic Manner
- 2013
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Ingår i: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis. - : Routledge. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 61:4, s. 371-387
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors studied whether a posthypnotic suggestion to see a brief, masked target as gray can change the color experience of a hypnotic virtuoso. The visibility of the target was manipulated by varying the delay between the target and the mask that followed it. The virtuoso's subjective reports indicated that her conscious color experience was altered already at short delays between the target and the subsequent mask. The virtuoso's objectively measured pattern of responding under posthypnotic suggestion could not be mimicked either by control participants nor the virtuoso herself. Due to posthypnotic amnesia, the virtuoso was unaware of suggestions given during hypnosis. Importantly, the virtuoso could not alter her color perception without a hypnotic suggestion. These results suggest that hypnosis can affect even a highly automatic process such as color perception.
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| 13. |
- Kallio, Sakari, et al.
(författare)
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Seeing Blue As Red : A Hypnotic Suggestion Can Alter Visual Awareness of Colors
- 2016
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Ingår i: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 64:3, s. 261-284
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Some highly hypnotizable individuals have reported changes in objects' color with suggestions given in normal waking state. However, it is not clear whether this occurs only in their imagination. The authors show that, although subjects could imagine colors, a posthypnotic suggestion was necessary for seeing altered colors, even for a hypnotic virtuoso. She reported posthypnotic color alterations also selectively in response to specific target shapes in briefly presented object arrays. Surprisingly, another highly hypnotizable person showed a very different pattern of results. The control participants could not simulate virtuosos' results by applying cognitive strategies. The results imply that hypnosis can alter the functioning of automatic visual processes but only in some of the most hypnotizable individuals.
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| 14. |
- Kasos, Krisztian, et al.
(författare)
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Bilateral electrodermal activity in the active-alert hypnotic induction
- 2018
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 66:3, s. 282-297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shifts in hemispheric dominance were previously proposed to play a role in hypnosis. Participants (N = 32) were exposed to an active–alert hypnosis induction and a music-control condition while electrodermal activity was registered bilaterally, providing information on alterations in hemispheric dominance. The results suggest that highly hypnotizable participants show a shift to right-sided and low hypnotizable participants demonstrated a shift to left-sided electrodermal dominance in response to the induction, whereas no change in laterality is present in the control condition. Additionally, the authors found that self-reported hypnosis experiences were also associated with a shift in laterality. These results underline the importance of the shift to right hemispheric activity in hypnosis and underscore the importance of hemispheric changes in shaping subjective experience.
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| 15. |
- Kekecs, Zoltan, et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the Assessment of Efficacy of Clinical Hypnosis Applications
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 70:2, s. 104-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research on the efficacy of hypnosis applications continues to grow, but there remain major gaps between the science and clinical practice. One challenge has been a lack of consensus on which applications of hypnosis are efficacious based on research evidence. In 2018, 6 major hypnosis organizations collaborated to form the Task Force for Establishing Efficacy Standards for Clinical Hypnosis. This paper describes a Guideline for the Assessment of Efficacy of Clinical Hypnosis Applications developed by the Task Force, which makes 10 specific recommendations. The guideline is intended to be a tool for those who want to assess the quality of existing evidence on the efficacy of clinical hypnosis for any particular indication. The paper also discusses methodological issues in the interpretation and implementation of these guidelines. Future papers will report on the other products of the Hypnosis Efficacy Task Force, such as best practice recommendations for outcomes research in hypnosis and an international survey of researchers and clinicians on current practice and attitudes about hypnosis.
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| 16. |
- Kekecs, Zoltan, et al.
(författare)
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Test-Retest Reliability of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C and the Elkins Hypnotizability Scale
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 69:1, s. 142-161
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This project aimed to assess the consistency of hypnotizability over repeated assessments when measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS:C), and the Elkins Hypnotizability Scale (EHS) and to contrast score distribution and pleasantness of these scales. University students were administered either the SHSS:C or the EHS twice with a one-week delay by separate experimenters. Test-retest reliability of the EHS and the SHSS:C was rs =.82 (.71-.92) and rs =.66, 95% (.47-.86), respectively (Spearman's correlation). Hypnotizability was comparable at test and retest in the EHS group, SHSS:C scores decreased by the retest. We found that the SHSS:C produced higher scores than the EHS, and the pleasantness of the 2 scales was comparable. Overall, our results supported the reliability of the EHS, while SHSS:C scores were more inconsistent between the 2 assessments. More research is warranted.
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| 17. |
- Lynn, Steven Jay, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnosis and the treatment of posttraumatic conditions: An evidence-based approach
- 2007
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 55:2, s. 167-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reviews the evidence for the use of hypnosis in the treatment of posttraumatic conditions including posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. The review focuses on empirically supported principles and practices and suggests that hypnosis can be a useful adjunctive procedure in the treatment of posttraumatic conditions. Cognitive-behavioral and exposure-based interventions, which have the greatest empirical support, are highlighted, and an illustrative case study is presented.
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| 18. |
- Móró, Levente, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnotizability, sleepiness, and subjective experience
- 2011
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Ingår i: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis. - : Routledge. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 59:2, s. 211-224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationships between hypnotizability, sleepiness, and the subjective experience of hypnotic suggestions were investigated in 90 participants. Scores from the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility Form A (HGSHS:A), the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and our self-developed Questionnaire on Subjective Hypnotic Experiences (QSHE) were analyzed. Findings show that hypnotizability correlates with both habitual daytime sleepiness and instantaneous sleepiness after the hypnotic procedure. Results also indicate that subjective self-evaluation of responses to hypnotic suggestions may be a useful tool in some cases when comparing with other subjectively rated scales, such as those concerning sleepiness.
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| 19. |
- Noreika, Valdas, et al.
(författare)
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Perception of Short Time Scale Intervals in a Hypnotic Virtuoso
- 2012
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Ingår i: International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis. - : Routledge. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 60:3, s. 318-337
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies showed that hypnotized individuals underestimate temporal intervals in the range of several seconds to tens of minutes. However, no previous work has investigated whether duration perception is equally disorderly when shorter time intervals are probed. In this study, duration perception of a hypnotic virtuoso was tested using repeated standard temporal generalization and duration estimation tasks. When compared to the baseline state, hypnosis affected perception of intervals spread around 600 ms in the temporal generalization task but did not alter perception of slightly longer intervals spread around 1000 ms. Furthermore, generalization of temporal intervals was more orderly under hypnosis than in the baseline state. In contrast, the hypnotic virtuoso showed a typical time underestimation effect when perception of longer supra-second intervals was tested in the duration estimation task, replicating results of the previous hypnosis studies.
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| 20. |
- Palsson, Olafur S., et al.
(författare)
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Current Practices, Experiences, and Views in Clinical Hypnosis : Findings of an International Survey
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 71:2, s. 92-114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An online survey of 691 clinicians who use hypnosis was conducted in 31 countries to gain a broad real-world picture of current practices, views, and experiences in clinical hypnosis. Among 36 common clinical uses, stress reduction, wellbeing and self-esteem-enhancement, surgery preparations, anxiety interventions, mindfulness facilitation, and labor and childbirth applications were the most frequently rated as highly effective (each by ≥70% of raters) in the clinicians’ own experience. Adverse hypnosis-associated effects had been encountered by 55% of clinicians but were generally short-lived and very rarely judged as serious. The most common hypnosis approaches used were Ericksonian (71%), hypnotic relaxation therapy (55%), and traditional hypnosis (50%). Almost all respondents reported regularly using other therapeutic modalities alongside hypnosis. Among a range of client variables potentially affecting therapy, most clinicians rated hypnotist-client rapport (88%) and client motivation (75%) as very or extremely important factors for successful hypnotherapy. The majority of respondents had conducted hypnosis treatment via teletherapy, and 54% of those estimated it to be as effective as in-person treatment.
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| 21. |
- Sala, Jose, et al.
(författare)
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The contributions of Ramon y Cajal and other Spanish authors to hypnosis
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 56:4, s. 361-372
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors review the most important Spanish contributions to hypnosis during the 19th and 20th centuries, with emphasis on the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, winner of the 1906 Nobel Prize in medicine. It is widely accepted that he provided a basic foundation for modern neurosciences with his work on neuronal staining and synaptic transmission. What is missing in most accounts of his work is his longstanding interest and work on hypnosis and anomalous phenomena. This article summarizes that lost legacy, discusses other Spanish hypnosis pioneers and gives a brief overview of current hypnosis activities in Spain.
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| 22. |
- Simrén, Magnus, 1966
(författare)
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Hypnosis for irritable bowel syndrome: the quest for the mechanism of action.
- 2006
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Ingår i: The International journal of clinical and experimental hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0020-7144 .- 1744-5183. ; 54:1, s. 65-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a very common condition in the Western part of the world, and it accounts for a large proportion of the workload of a gastroenterologist. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the syndrome are incompletely understood, and the treatment options are limited. However, hypnotherapy is one treatment option that has proven to be very useful in IBS. The mechanisms of action explaining why hypnosis is effective for IBS are not altogether known, but recent studies have shed some light on this issue. These studies, and what can be learned from them about how hypnosis impacts IBS, are reviewed in this article. Hypnosis may affect IBS partly through changes in colorectal sensitivity and improvement in psychological factors. The effects on GI motility and the autonomic nervous system are less clear and need further evaluation.
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| 23. |
- Xu, Yuan, et al.
(författare)
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Hypnosis as an adjunct therapy in the management of diabetes
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5183 .- 0020-7144. ; 56:1, s. 63-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although diabetes is one of the most serious global health problems, there is no real cure yet for it. The conventional insulin treatment programs aimed at life quality improvement do not take into account the psychological aspects of the disease. Because diabetes has important psychological components, it seems reasonable to consider hypnosis as an adjunct therapy for diabetes. This paper examines the empirical literature on the effectiveness of hypnosis in the management of diabetes, including the regulation of blood sugar, the increase of compliance, and improvement of peripheral blood circulation. Despite some methodological limitations, the literature shows promising results that merit further exploration. Specially promising seem to be multimodal treatments with hypnosis as an adjunct to insulin treatments in the management of both type I and type II diabetes for stabilization of blood glucose and decreased peripheral vascular complications.
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