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1.	Arvelius, Per, et al. (författare) Genetic analysis of a temperament test as a tool to select against everyday life fearfulness in Rough Collie 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 4843-4855 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Fear-related problems are common among Rough Collies in Sweden. Annually, on average, >200 Rough Collies are subjected to the dog mentality assessment (DMA), a temperament test during which 33 behavioral reactions are rated. Previous research has shown that a dog's DMA result can be condensed into 5 underlying personality traits. The aim of the study was to evaluate if it is possible to use the DMA for selection for temperament in Swedish Rough Collies, in particular to decrease everyday life fearfulness. We also wanted to compare 2 methods to compute the personality traits: summated scales (SS) and factor scores (FS). The DMA data for 2,953 Rough Collies were used to estimate genetic parameters for the 5 personality traits (both SS and FS), using a linear animal model including fixed effects of sex, year and month of test, and random effects of litter, judge, test occasion, genetic effect of the individual, and residual. Age at test was included as linear and quadratic regressions. The DMA personality trait heritability estimates ranged from 0.13 to 0.25. The SS showed greater or equal heritability estimates compared with the FS. To validate the DMA, data on everyday life behavior of 1,738 Rough Collies were collected using an extended version of the Canine Behavioral Assessment and Research Questionnaire. Each dog's questionnaire result was condensed into 18 underlying behavioral subscales. Genetic parameters for the subscales were estimated using a linear animal model, including a fixed effect of sex and random genetic effect of the individual and residual. Age when the questionnaire was completed was included as linear and quadratic regressions. Heritability estimates for the questionnaire subscales were 0.06 to 0.36. There were high and significant genetic correlations between DMA personality traits and questionnaire subscales. For instance, the DMA personality trait Curiosity/Fearlessness correlated strongly genetically to the questionnaire subscale Non-social fear (-0.70), DMA Sociability to Stranger-directed interest (0.87) and Stranger-directed fear (-0.80), DMA Playfulness to Human-directed play interest (0.63), and DMA Chase-proneness to Chasing (0.73). We could not detect any obvious difference in validity between DMA SS and FS. We conclude that the DMA is an effective tool for selection of breeding animals with the goal to decrease everyday life fearfulness among Swedish Rough Collies. The DMA can also be used for breeding for other traits. The SS method seems to perform at least as good the FS method.
2.	Bernes, Gun (författare) Bioavailability of α-tocopherol stereoisomers in plasma and tissues of lambs fed different proportions of all-rac- α-tocopheryl acetate and RRR- α-tocopheryl acetate 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 97, s. 1222-1233 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A ratio of 1.36:1 in relative bioactivity of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate as a natural (Nat-alpha-T) source to all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl-acetate, as a synthetic (Syn-alpha-T) source, is generally accepted. This factor also largely reflects the difference in bioavailability. However, studies indicate that neither bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers nor relative bioavailability between them are constant, but are dose-dependent and differ between organs. However, no information is available about how different ratios between synthetic and natural alpha-tocopherol affect bioavailability of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers. Thirty lambs were randomly assigned to diets supplied with additives containing 5 different Syn-alpha-T to Nat-alpha-T ratios, including 100: 0, 75: 25, 50: 50, 25: 75, and 0:100. The experiment lasted for 70 d after which the lambs were slaughtered. The amount of RRR-alpha-tocopherol generally increased in plasma and organs with increasing the proportion of Nat-alpha-T in the diet (P < 0.05). However, the relative bioavailability of RRR- and RRS-alpha-tocopherol in plasma, organs, and abdominal fat generally decreased with increasing the proportion of Nat-alpha-T in the diet (P < 0.05), whereas the other stereoisomers only showed minor changes with the exception of liver. However, a linear response was maintained between the ratio of stereoisomers in the feed and the ratio in plasma and organs. In conclusion, regardless of Syn-alpha-T to Nat-alpha-T ratio in the diets, amounts of alpha-tocopherol stereoisomers in plasma, brain, heart, lungs, and abdominal fat were in the following order: RRR > RRS, RSR, RSS > Sigma 2S.
3.	Bolarin, A., et al. (författare) Use of frozen-thawed semen aggravates the summer-autumn infertility of artificially inseminated weaned sows in the Mediterranean region 2009 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : American Society of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 87:12, s. 3967-3975 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Improvement of farrowing rate (FR) and litter size (LS) of sows that are AI with frozen-thawed (FT) semen can hardly be reached without identification of the factors behind the high variability seen among trials. Three experiments using weaned (4-d wean-to-estrus interval) multiparous (parity 2 to 7) sows were conducted to evaluate the effect of period of the year on FR and LS of FT-inseminated sows in southern Spain. Sows were grouped into 2 periods of the year: winter-spring (November to April; WS) and summer-autumn (May to October; SA). Ovarian status was monitored by transrectal ultrasonography to record how long before or after ovulation AI was performed (pre-, peri-, or postovulatory AI) and to determine the onset of estrus-to-ovulation interval (EOI). Inseminations were performed using deep intrauterine AI with 1.5 x 109 FT sperm per dose. The first experiment was designed to determine the influence of the period of the year on FR and LS of FT semen. Sows (116 in WS and 100 in SA) were AI at 33 and 39 h after the onset of estrus. The period of the year influenced the FR and LS (P less than 0.01). Farrowing rate and LS were least in SA (P less than 0.05). This pattern of annual variation was similar to that shown by sows on the same farm currently undergoing AI with liquid semen (cervical AI at 12 and 36 h after the onset of estrus with 3 x 109 sperm per dose). However, the FR reduction in SA respect to WS was more substantial in sows artificially inseminated with FT (77.6 vs. 50%, P less than 0.001) than those artificially inseminated with liquid semen (83.9 vs. 71.8%, P less than 0.05). More pre- and less periovulatory AI were performed in SA sows than in WS sows (P = 0.05). Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate whether the period of the year influenced EOI. Ovarian status was transrectal ultrasonography scanned every 6 h after the onset of estrus until the end of ovulation (WS: 30; SA: 31 sows). There were more sows with long EOI (greater than48 h) in SA than in WS (P = 0.05). Experiment 3 aimed to improve the reduced FR and LS recorded in SA sows when using FT semen (Exp. 1) by inducing ovulation with eCG + hCG. A single AI with FT semen was performed 5 h before the expected ovulation (55 sows). As a control, spontaneously ovulating sows (n = 53) were FT-inseminated as in Exp. 1. Hormonal induction of ovulation did not improve FR and LS (P greater than 0.05). In the Spanish Mediterranean area, a longer EOI during SA negatively influenced the FR and LS of weaned sows after AI. This effect was particularly evident when FT semen was used. These findings were not ameliorated by hormonal induction of ovulation.
4.	Cabezas Garcia, Edward Hernando (författare) Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets: Comparison of methods to measure the effectiveness of fiber 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 98 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Methods have been developed to measure the effectiveness of many roughages, but few evaluations have been conducted with tropical feeds. The objectives of this research were to determine the effectiveness of roughage sources based on bioassay and laboratory methods and identify the biological attributes of the diets that correlate with these methods. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 +/- 12 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to a 6 x 6 Latin square design within six diets: negative control diet (NC) with aNDF as 10% from corn silage (CS); positive control diet (PC) with aNDF as 20% from CS; and four diets containing 10% aNDF from CS and 10% aNDF from each of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). Physical effectiveness factor (pef, related to the physical characteristics of aNDF) and effectiveness factor (ef, related to the ruminal pH) were determined based on a linear model approach that uses a bioassay method in which CS aNDF was assumed to be the standard fiber source. Laboratory methods to estimate pef of roughage sources were based on the proportion of DM of roughage retained on a 1.18-mm sieve pef(>1.18 mm) or retained on the 8.0-mm Penn State Particle Separator screen pef(>8.0 mm). The pef calculated by the bioassay method (total chewing time and ruminal mat resistance) for CS, SCB, and SC were higher values (P < 0.05) compared with SH and LOCH. The pef(rumen mat) of SC and SCB were higher (P < 0.05) than that of CS, SH, and LOCH. The pef(rumen mat) of LOCH was 61% higher than SH. The ef(rumen pH) of SC and LOCH was higher (P < 0.05) than CS and SH. The pef(chewing, min/d), pef(chewing, min/kg of DM), pef(rumen mat), and ef(rumen pH) positively correlated with rumination time, total chewing time, and ruminal mat resistance (values from transit time in seconds). No correlation was observed (P > 0.05) between pef(>8.0 mm) and rumination time, chewing time, and ruminal pH. The pef calculated using the bioassay method as well as pef (>8.0 mm) were negatively correlated with rumen pH (P > 0.05). The values of the effectiveness of fiber sources obtained in this research can be used as a guideline for nutritionists aiming to replace roughage sources from tropical regions in beef cattle finishing diets. Under our conditions, the pef using the bioassay method or laboratory methods were not adequate in predicting ruminal pH.
5.	Cabezas Garcia, Edward Hernando (författare) Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics 2020 Ingår i: Journal of animal science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 98 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of a-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 +/- 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 x 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.
6.	Camp, Karin, et al. (författare) Ileal and total tract digestibility of wet and dried wheat distillers grain products in growing pigs 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 131-133 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were evaluated in 2 commercially available products: wheat (Triticum aestivum) wet distillers grain with solubles (WDGS) and wheat dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). Two diets included (DM basis) 50% basal diet with either 50% WDGS (W) or 50% DDGS (D). The basal diet included corn (Zea mays) starch, sugar, vitamins, and minerals. Seven castrated male pigs with post valve T-cecum cannulas were fed the diets according to a changeover design during two 14-d periods. In a pre- and postperiod, casein was given as the only protein source with the basal diet to estimate endogenous losses of N and AA for calculation of standardized ileal digestibility (SID). The AID of OM did not differ between diets, but ATTD of OM was higher (P < 0.05) for diet W. The AID (76.2 vs. 68.9%), SID, and ATTD of CP was higher (P < 0.05) in diet W than diet D. The SID for Lys (75.7 vs. 51.8%) and Met (75.8 vs. 70.1%) was higher (P < 0.01) in WDGS than DDGS. In conclusion, drying of wheat distillers grain products can markedly lower ileal digestibility of Lys and Met whereas negative effects on energy value are small.
7.	Chalkias, Helena, et al. (författare) Inverted teats (Mammillae invertitae) in gilts - Effect on piglet survival and growth rate 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 2587-2594 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the modern pig industry, the increasing number of piglets born per litter augments the importance of the number of functional teats in the sow. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function and importance of inverted teats during nursing and to analyze structural and functional differences between the mammary glands of inverted teats versus normal teats. Nine farrowing gilts (8 purebred Swedish Yorkshire gilts and 1 cross between Swedish Yorkshire and Norwegian Landrace) and 94 piglets (59 piglets suckling normal teats, 32 piglets suckling protruded teats [i.e., previously inverted], 2 piglets suckling inverted teats, and 3 piglets suckling considerably smaller teats) were included in the study. Teat fidelity (keeping the same teat between the nursings) was registered, excluding the first 48 h postpartum. Piglet weight was recorded daily during the first week of life and thereafter once a week until weaning at 4 wk of age. Weight and growth rate were analyzed using repeated observation mixedmodel analysis of variance. The 2 piglets that suckled the inverted teats were not able to emerge the teats and they were euthanized 4 and 8 d after birth, respectively, due to loss of BW. The average weight at weaning (28 d of age) was 8.1 kg (range 3.2-13.8 kg). In the normal teats (n = 53), the weight of the corresponding mammary gland tissue at necropsy was positively correlated to the piglet average daily weight gain during wk 2 (r = 0.33, P < 0.05), 3 (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), and 4 (r = 0.47, P < 0.001). In the protruded teats (n = 32), the weight of the corresponding mammary gland tissue was positively correlated to the piglet average daily weight gain during wk 2 (r = 0.63, P < 0.001) and 3 (r = 0.43, P < 0.05). Among the piglets nursing normal teats, 82% kept fidelity to its teat and the corresponding percent for the protruded teats was 26%. In 7 of the 9 sows, the weaning weight of the piglets suckling protruded teats was numerically lower compared to the piglets suckling normal teats, although the difference was not statistically significant. Piglets nursing small teats had lower weaning weight (4.8 kg) and the corresponding mammary tissue also had lower weight (335 g). This study indicates the importance of an adequate number of well-developed and well-functioning teats in healthy sows for the growth and development of the piglets but also emphasizes the complexity of the interaction between the nursing sow and her piglets.
8.	Connysson, Malin, et al. (författare) Road transport and diet affect metabolic response to exercise in horses 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 95, s. 4869-4879 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigated the effects of transport and diet on metabolic response during a subsequent race-like test in Standardbred horses in training fed a forage-only diet and a 50: 50 forage: oats diet. Six trained and raced Standardbred trotter mares were used. Two diets, 1 forage-only diet (FONLY) and 1 diet with 50% of DM intake from forage and 50% from oats (FOATS), were fed for two 29-d periods in a crossover design. At Day 21, the horses were subjected to transport for 100 km before and after they performed an exercise test (transport test [TT]). At Day 26, the horses performed a control test (CT), in which they were kept in their stall before and after the exercise test. Blood samples were collected throughout the study, and heart rate and water intake were recorded. Heart rate and plasma cortisol, glucose, and NEFA concentrations were greater for the TT than for the CT (P = 0.008, P = 0.020, P = 0.010, and P = 0.0002, respectively) but were not affected by diet. Plasma acetate concentration was lower during the TT than during the CT (P = 0.034) and greater for the FONLY than for the FOATS (P = 0.003). There were no overall effects of the TT compared with the CT on total plasma protein concentration (TPP), but TPP was lower with the FONLY than with the FOATS (P = 0.016). There was no overall effect of the TT compared with the CT on water intake, but water intake was greater with the FONLY than the FOATS (P = 0.011). There were no overall effects of transport or diet on BW, plasma lactate, or plasma urea concentration. It was concluded that both transport and diet affect metabolic response during exercise in horses. Aerobic energy supply was most likely elevated by transportation and by the FONLY. The FONLY also decreased exercise-induced effects on extracellular fluid regulation. These results highlight the importance of experimental design in nutrition studies. If the aim is to examine how a diet affects exercise response in competition horses, transport should preferably be included in the experimental design, because horses are likely to be transported before a competition.
9.	De Koning, Dirk-Jan (författare) The Saga of Just One QTL; From Laying Hen Bone Strength to One Carbon Metabolism 2021 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 99, s. 32-32 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract Skeletal damage is a challenge for laying hens, as the adaptations for egg laying make them susceptible to osteoporosis. We know that activity, growth and puberty influence skeletal quality genetics. However, in this story, we follow the process of resolving a QTL for skeletal quality to a single gene. Providing both a nutritional and a genetic solution and illustrating another level of complexity. Using divergently selected populations in an F2 cross, a QTL for skeletal quality was described. Utilising a series of experiments in the commercial founder line the QTL was fine mapped on chromosome 1 and the differences in physiology of hens that segregated for markers at the locus defined e.g. tibia breaking strength 200.4 vs 218.1 Newton (p< 0.002). Transcriptome profiling of tibia from the high and low bone strength genotype revealed a highly differentially expressed gene co localising to the QTL, the enzyme cystathionine beta synthase (CBS). CBS is a component of one carbon metabolism. Plasma homocysteine, the substrate of CBS had a higher concentration in the genotype associated with poor bone quality. Homocysteine interferes with crosslinking of the collagen matrix, critical to bone formation. Homocysteine can be re-methylated into methionine, a limiting amino acid in laying hens, using betaine as a methyl donor. Testing the hypothesis that reducing plasma homocysteine by feeding betaine, a widely available feed additive, would improve bone quality in laying hens proved successful.This is just one component of a complex trait and its elucidation took us along unexpected routes. However, I am optimistic that with modern tools and an open mind we can progress more quickly. Alongside understanding the factors that determine skeletal quality genetics, the discovery of the mechanisms behind complex traits, although rarely easy, offer the potential for novel interventions to improve animal health and production.
10.	Evans, N. P., et al. (författare) Does grazing on biosolids-treated pasture pose a pathophysiological risk associated with increased exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds? 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92:8, s. 3185-3198 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Biosolids (processed human sewage sludge), which contain low individual concentrations of an array of contaminants including heavy metals and organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans known to cause physiological disturbances, are increasingly being used as an agricultural fertilizer. This could pose a health threat to both humans and domestic and wild animal species. This review summarizes results of a unique model, used to determine the effects of exposure to mixtures of environmentally relevant concentrations of pollutants, in sheep grazed on biosolids-treated pastures. Pasture treatment results in nonsignificant increases in environmental chemical (EC) concentrations in soil. Whereas EC concentrations were increased in some tissues of both ewes and their fetuses, concentrations were low and variable and deemed to pose little risk to consumer health. Investigation of the effects of gestational EC exposure on fetal development has highlighted a number of issues. The results indicate that gestational EC exposure can adversely affect gonadal development (males and females) and that these effects can impact testicular morphology, ovarian follicle numbers and health, and the transcriptome and proteome in adult animals. In addition, EC exposure can be associated with altered expression of GnRH, GnRH receptors, galanin receptors, and kisspeptin mRNA within the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, gonadotroph populations within the pituitary gland, and regional aberrations in thyroid morphology. In most cases, these anatomical and functional differences do not result in altered peripheral hormone concentrations or reproductive function (e.g., lambing rate), indicating physiological compensation under the conditions tested. Physiological compensation is also suggested from studies that indicate that EC effects may be greater when exposure occurs either before or during gestation compared with EC exposure throughout life. With regard to human and animal health, this body of work questions the concept of safe individual concentration of EC when EC exposure typically occurs as complex mixtures. It suggests that developmental EC exposure may affect many different physiological systems, with some sex-specific differences in EC sensitivity, and that EC effects may be masked under favorable physiological conditions.
11.	Ferneborg, Sabine, et al. (författare) Milking efficiency in AMS using quarter level milking can be improved by applying a high take off level. 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 95, s. 247-247 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
12.	Forabosco, Flavio (författare) Genetic structure of the European Charolais and Limousin cattle metapopulations using pedigree analyses 2011 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 89, s. 1719-1730 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pedigree collected by the Interbeef service allowed genetic diversity to be assessed by using pedigree analyses for the European Charolais (CHA) and Limousin (LIM) cattle populations registered in national herdbooks in Denmark (DNK), France (FRA), Ireland (IRL), Sweden (SWE), and, solely for the LIM breed, the United Kingdom (UK). The CHA data set included 2,563,189 calves with weaning performance, of which 96.1% were recorded in FRA, 3.0% in SWE, 0.5% in IRL, and 0.4% in DNK. The LIM data set included 1,652,734 calves with weaning performance, of which 91.9% were recorded in FRA, 4.9% in UK, 1.8% in DNK, 0.9% SWE, and 0.5% in IRL. Pedigree files included 3,191,132 CHA and 2,409,659 LIM animals. Gene flows were rather limited between populations, except from FRA toward other countries. Pedigree completeness was good in all subpopulations for both breeds and allowed the pedigree to be traced back to the French population. A relatively high level of genetic diversity was assessed in each CHA and LIM subpopulation by estimating either effective population sizes (N(e) >244 and N(e) >345 in the CHA and LIM subpopulations, respectively), relationship coefficients within subpopulations (<1.3% in both breeds), or probability of gene origins. However, in each subpopulation, it was shown that founders and also ancestors had unbalanced genetic contributions, leading to a moderate but continuous reduction in genetic diversity. Analyses between populations suggested that all European CHA and LIM populations were differentiated very little. The Swedish CHA population was assessed as genetically more distant from the other CHA populations because of fewer gene flows from other countries and because of the use of North American sires to introgress the polled phenotype. In each European subpopulation, most of the main ancestors, which explained 50% of gene origin, were born in FRA. However, those main ancestors were different between countries. Moreover, in both breeds, the main ancestors, which explained 50% of the gene origin in DNK, IRL, SWE, and UK for the LIM breed, were found to be infrequently used in FRA. Those results were consistent with the low relationship coefficients estimated between subpopulations (<0.6% in both the CHA and LIM breeds). Therefore, in both breeds, each subpopulation may constitute a reservoir of genetic diversity for the other ones.
13.	Gonzalez-Ramiro, Henar, et al. (författare) Combined synchronization and superovulation treatments negatively impact embryo viability possibly by the downregulation of WNT/beta-catenin and Notch signaling genes in the porcine endometrium 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 100:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The combination of estrus synchronization and superovulation treatments introduces molecular modifications whose effects are yet to be disclosed. Here, reproductive parameters and gene expression changes in ovaries and endometrium were explored on day 6 after artificial insemination (AI), when synthetic progestin altrenogest (ALT) was combined with gonadotropins. Sows were administered ALT for 7 d beginning on the day of weaning and superovulated with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) 24 h later and human chorionic gonadotropins (hCG) at the onset of estrus (SS-7 group; n = 6). The controls were either superovulated sows with eCG 24 h postweaning and hCG at the onset of estrus (SC group; n = 6) or sows with postweaning spontaneous estrus (NC group; n = 6). Ovary examination and embryo and tissue collection were performed in all sows via laparotomy on day 6 post-AI. RNA-Seq was conducted to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between groups. Statistical analysis of the reproductive parameters was conducted with ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. DEGs were analyzed with an ANOVA (fold changes >= 2 or <= 2, P value <0.05). Hormonal treatments almost doubled (P < 0.03) the number of corpora lutea (39.8 +/- 10.2 and 38.3 +/- 11.1 in SS-7 and SC sows, respectively) compared with that in the NC group (23.1 +/- 3.8). In contrast, embryo viability significantly decreased (P < 0.003) in response to SS-7 treatment (75.1% +/- 15.2%) compared to SC and NC groups (93.8 +/- 7.6% and 91.8 +/- 6.9%, respectively). RNA-Seq analyses revealed 675 and 1,583 DEGs in the SS-7 group compared to both SC and NC groups in endometrial and ovarian samples, respectively. Interestingly, many genes with key roles in the Wnt/beta-catenin and Notch signaling pathways were differentially expressed in SS-7 sows relative to SC and NC groups (e.g., Ctnnb1, Myc, Gli3, Scyl2, Ccny, Daam1, Ppm1n, Rbpj, and Usp8). A key finding in this study was the downregulation of beta-catenin (Ctnnb1) gene expression in the SS-7 endometrium, suggesting that this treatment influences embryo-uterine dialogue by triggering a cascade of events leading to embryo maldevelopment. These data explain the proliferative defects in SS-7 embryos and suggest a novel mechanism of a porcine embryo-maternal crosstalk. Lay Summary Methods for porcine superovulation (increasing the number of ovulated oocytes per cycle) and estrus synchronization (grouping estrus sows on the same day) are available for assisted reproductive technologies, using hormonal treatments. The main goal of the present study was to understand how hormones used for these purposes influence gene expression patterns in the female reproductive tract (ovaries and endometrium). We observed that hormonal treatments (synchronization combined with superovulation) have the potential to alter ovarian and endometrial gene expression patterns, triggering improper follicle development and oocyte growth, and leading to abnormal embryonic development before implantation. Genes involved in two key metabolic pathways for embryo development (Wnt/beta-catenin and Notch signaling pathways) were dysregulated in reproductive tissues.
14.	Hartmann, Elke, et al. (författare) A Nordic survey of management practices and owners' attitudes towards keeping horses in groups 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 4564-4574 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Keeping horses in groups is widely recommended but limited information is available about how this is implemented in practice. The aim of this survey was to describe how horses are kept in the Nordic countries in relation to sex, age, breed, and equestrian discipline and to assess owners' attitudes toward keeping horses in groups. Horse owners in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden were approached using a web-based questionnaire, which was translated into 4 languages and distributed online via equestrian forums, organizations, and social media. The number of respondents was 3,229, taking care of 17,248 horses. Only 8% of horses were never kept in groups, 47% were permanently grouped for 24 h/d, and 45% were stabled singly but grouped during turnout. Yearlings were most often permanently kept in groups (75%), mares and geldings more commonly during parts of the day (50 and 51%, respectively), and stallions were often kept alone (38%). Icelandic horses were more likely to be permanently kept in groups (36%) than warmbloods (16%) and ponies (15%). Twice as many competition horses (51%) were never grouped compared with horses used for breeding (20%) or leisure purposes (15%). The majority of respondents (86%) strongly agreed that group housing benefits horse welfare and that it is important for horses to have the company of conspecifics (92%). Nevertheless, not all horses were kept in groups, showing that attitudes toward group housing may not necessarily reflect current management. The risk of injury was a concern of many respondents (45%), as was introducing unfamiliar horses into already established groups (40%) and challenges in relation to feeding in groups (44%). Safety of people (23%) and difficulties handling groupkept horses (19%) were regarded as less problematic. Results suggest that the majority of horses have the possibility to freely interact with other horses, either as fulltime members of a group during 24 h/d or during turnout. Future research should address the extent to which being a part-time member of a group affects horse welfare. For permanent group housing to become more widespread, such as it is the case for most farm animals, future research could focus on solving some of the reoccurring problems perceived with keeping horses in groups. The dissemination of evidence-based information on all aspects around keeping horses in groups can ultimately stimulate further positive changes in the management of group-kept horses.
15.	Hartmann, Elke, et al. (författare) Daytime shelter use of individually kept horses during Swedish summer 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 802-810 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In Sweden, no provision for summer shelter to protect horses from heat and insects is required, although access to shelter for horses kept outdoors 24 h during winter is a requirement. This study investigated horses' daytime shelter-seeking behavior in relation to weather conditions and insect activity during a 2-wk period in summer. Eight Warmblood riding horses had access to 2 shelters of different design to test which shelter design is preferred by horses. Furthermore, rectal and skin temperatures and insect-defensive behavior were measured to test whether horses would benefit from the provision of shade. The horses were kept alone in paddocks for 4 d. During 2 d, horses had access to 2 shelters: 1) open shelter with roof and uncovered sides and 2) closed shelter with roof, wind nets on 2 sides, and opaque plastic opposite the entrance. Weather conditions (ambient temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed) were recorded every 10 min. The number of insects (flies, mosquitos) was counted from insect traps placed in each shelter and outside. Behavior (shelter use, insect-defensive behavior, locomotion, grazing) was recorded at 5-min intervals between 0900 to 1200 h and 1300 to 1600 h and rectal and skin temperatures were measured at 0800 h, 1200 h, and 1600 h. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED and GLIMMIX procedure for Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Ambient temperature ranged from 16 to 25 degrees C (average temperature humidity index 65.7 +/- 1.4). Five horses preferred the closed shelter and were observed inside up to 2.5 h continuously. Greater wind speed decreased the likelihood of observing horses inside the shelter (P < 0.001), as did lower numbers of flies (P < 0.001). The insect-defensive behaviors, skin shiver and ear flick, were performed less frequently when horses were using the closed shelter (P < 0.001), indicating that they were less disturbed by insects. Thirty-minute shelter use had no effect on rectal and skin temperatures (P > 0.05). Results showed that horses made use of shelters during the summer even when weather conditions were moderate. A shelter with roof and covers on 3 sides was preferred over a shelter with roof only and can reduce insect-defensive behavior.
16.	Hartmann, Elke, et al. (författare) Management of horses with focus on blanketing and clipping practices reported by members of the Swedish and Norwegian equestrian community 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 95, s. 1104-1117 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Limited information is available on the extent to which blankets are used on horses and the owners' reasoning behind clipping the horse's coat. Research on the effects of those practices on horse welfare is scarce but results indicate that blanketing and clipping may not be necessary from the horse's perspective and can interfere with the horse's thermoregulatory capacities. Therefore, this survey collected robust, quantitative data on the housing routines and management of horses with focus on blanketing and clipping practices as reported by members of the Swedish and Norwegian equestrian community. Horse owners were approached via an online survey, which was distributed to equestrian organizations and social media. Data from 4,122 Swedish and 2,075 Norwegian respondents were collected, of which 91 and 84% of respondents, respectively, reported using blankets on horses during turnout. Almost all respondents owning warmblood riding horses used blankets outdoors (97% in Sweden and 96% in Norway) whereas owners with Icelandic horses and coldblood riding horses used blankets significantly less (P < 0.05). Blankets were mainly used during rainy, cold, or windy weather conditions and in ambient temperatures of 10 degrees C and below. The horse's coat was clipped by 67% of respondents in Sweden and 35% of Norwegian respondents whereby owners with warmblood horses and horses primarily used for dressage and competition reported clipping the coat most frequently. In contrast to scientific results indicating that recovery time after exercise increases with blankets and that clipped horses have a greater heat loss capacity, only around 50% of respondents agreed to these statements. This indicates that evidence-based information on all aspects of blanketing and clipping has not yet been widely distributed in practice. More research is encouraged, specifically looking at the effect of blankets on sweaty horses being turned out after intense physical exercise and the effect of blankets on social interactions such as mutual grooming. Future efforts should be tailored to disseminate knowledge more efficiently, which can ultimately stimulate thoughtful decision-making by horse owners concerning the use of blankets and clipping the horse's coat.
17.	Hidalgo, André (författare) Accuracy of genome-enabled prediction exploring purebred and crossbred pig populations 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 4684-4691 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pig breeding companies keep relatively small populations of pure sire and dam lines that are selected to improve the performance of crossbred animals. This design of the pig breeding industry presents challenges to the implementation of genomic selection, which requires large data sets to obtain highly accurate genomic breeding values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different reference sets (across population and multipopulation) on the accuracy of genomic breeding values in 3 purebred pig populations and to assess the potential of using crossbreed performance in genomic prediction. Data consisted of phenotypes and genotypes on animals from 3 purebred populations (sire line [SL] 1, n = 1,146; SL2, n = 682; and SL3, n = 1,264) and 3 crossbred pig populations (Terminal cross [TER] 1, n = 183; TER2, n = 106; and TER3, n = 177). Animals were genotyped using the Illumina Porcine SNP60 Beadchip. For each purebred population, within-, across-, and multipopulation predictions were considered. In addition, data from the paternal purebred populations were used as a reference set to predict the performance of crossbred animals. Backfat thickness phenotypes were precorrected for fixed effects and subsequently included in the genomic BLUP model. A genomic relationship matrix that accounted for the differences in allele frequencies between lines was implemented. Accuracies of genomic EBV obtained within the 3 different sire lines varied considerably. For within-population prediction, SL1 showed higher values (0.80) than SL2 (0.61) and SL3 (0.67). Multipopulation predictions had accuracies similar to within-population accuracies for the validation in SL1. For SL2 and SL3, the accuracies of multipopulation prediction were similar to the within-population prediction when the reference set was composed by 900 animals (600 of the target line plus 300 of another line). For across-population predictions, the accuracy was mostly close to zero. The accuracies of predicting crossbreed performance were similar for the 3 different crossbred populations (ranging from 0.25 to 0.29). In summary, the differences in accuracy of the within-population scenarios may be due to line divergences in heritability and genetic architecture of the trait. Within- and multipopulation predictions yield similar accuracies. Across-population prediction accuracy was negligible. The moderate accuracy of prediction of crossbreed performance appears to be a result of the relationship between the crossbreed and its parental lines.
18.	Hidalgo, André, et al. (författare) Accuracy of genomic prediction using deregressed breeding values estimated from purebred and crossbred offspring phenotypes in pigs 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 3313-3321 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Genomic selection is applied to dairy cattle breeding to improve the genetic progress of purebred (PB) animals, whereas in pigs and poultry the target is a crossbred (CB) animal for which a different strategy appears to be needed. The source of information used to estimate the breeding values, i.e., using phenotypes of CB or PB animals, may affect the accuracy of prediction. The objective of our study was to assess the direct genomic value (DGV) accuracy of CB and PB pigs using different sources of phenotypic information. Data used were from 3 populations: 2,078 Dutch Landrace-based, 2,301 Large White-based, and 497 crossbreds from an F1 cross between the 2 lines. Two female reproduction traits were analyzed: gestation length (GLE) and total number of piglets born (TNB). Phenotypes used in the analyses originated from offspring of genotyped individuals. Phenotypes collected on CB and PB animals were analyzed as separate traits using a single-trait model. Breeding values were estimated separately for each trait in a pedigree BLUP analysis and subsequently deregressed. Deregressed EBV for each trait originating from different sources (CB or PB offspring) were used to study the accuracy of genomic prediction. Accuracy of prediction was computed as the correlation between DGV and the DEBV of the validation population. Accuracy of prediction within PB populations ranged from 0.43 to 0.62 across GLE and TNB. Accuracies to predict genetic merit of CB animals with one PB population in the training set ranged from 0.12 to 0.28, with the exception of using the CB offspring phenotype of the Dutch Landrace that resulted in an accuracy estimate around 0 for both traits. Accuracies to predict genetic merit of CB animals with both parental PB populations in the training set ranged from 0.17 to 0.30. We conclude that prediction within population and trait had good predictive ability regardless of the trait being the PB or CB performance, whereas using PB population(s) to predict genetic merit of CB animals had zero to moderate predictive ability. We observed that the DGV accuracy of CB animals when training on PB data was greater than or equal to training on CB data. However, when results are corrected for the different levels of reliabilities in the PB and CB training data, we showed that training on CB data does outperform PB data for the prediction of CB genetic merit, indicating that more CB animals should be phenotyped to increase the reliability and, consequently, accuracy of DGV for CB genetic merit.
19.	Huhtanen, Pekka (författare) A meta-analytical evaluation of the regulation of voluntary intake in cattle fed tropical forage-based diets 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 4632-4641 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this work was to use a meta-analytical approach to evaluate the regulation of voluntary intake in cattle fed tropical forage-based diets using dietary digestibility and bulkiness. Treatment mean values were collected from 53 studies with lactating dairy cows and 126 studies with feed-lot growing and finishing cattle that were published in Brazil from 1990 to 2012. In all studies animals were fed ad libitum with diets based on tropical forages. The dataset was analyzed according to meta-analysis techniques, using linear and nonlinear mixed models. The main independent variables were the D-value and the B-value of the diets. The D-value corresponds to the dietary content of digested OM and is associated with energy content of the diet. The B-value is defined as the undigested fraction of NDF and indicates bulkiness of the diet. The DMI presented significant associations with both D-value and B-value. In the first case, DMI intake responded quadratically to the D-value (P = 0.042). On the other hand, DMI decreased linearly as the B-value of the diet increased (P = 0.004). Two new variables called Di and Bi were created to express the intake in terms of D-value and B-value units. A conceptual explicative model was developed from Di and Bi. This model showed that DMI is simultaneously regulated by both physical constraints and metabolic feedbacks. There were differences in the intake pattern of lactating cows and growing cattle.
20.	Huhtanen, Pekka, et al. (författare) Validation of the GreenFeed system against model-predicted methane emissions 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 94, s. 738-739 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
21.	Ivarsson, Emma, et al. (författare) Molecular weight distribution of soluble fiber fractions and short chain fatty acids in ileal digesta of growing pigs 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 65-67 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The effect of dietary fiber source on molecular weight (MW) distribution of soluble fiber fractions and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in ileal digesta of 7 post valve T-cecum (PVTC) cannulated growing pigs was studied. Pigs were fed semisynthetic diets with sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pulp (SBP) or chicory (Cichorium intybus) forage (CFO) as fiber sources of which the soluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) fraction originated mainly from pectin. Three MW intervals were selected-large MW (MWL): 10,000,000 to 1,000,000 g/mol, medium MW (MWM): 1,000,000 to 200,000 g/mol, and small MW (MWS): 200,000 to 10,000 g/mol-and the relative distribution (% of total) of molecules in each interval was calculated. The MWM fraction was higher (P < 0.05) in ileal digesta of pigs fed diet SBP and the MWS fraction was higher (P < 0.05) in ileal digesta of pigs fed diet CFO. The mole/100 mole of propionic acid (HPr) was higher (P < 0.010) in pigs fed diet SBP whereas pigs fed diet CFO had higher (P < 0.010) mole/100 mole of acetic acid (HAc). The proportion of the MWL and MWM fractions in ileal digesta were negatively correlated to HAc (r = -0.52, P = 0.05, and r = -0.62, P = 0.02, respectively). The proportion of MWM in ileal digesta was positively correlated to HPr (r = 0.83; P = 0.001) whereas MWS and HPr were negatively correlated (r = -0.76; P = 0.002). In conclusion, the bacterial degradation of the soluble NSP fraction is selective and MW distribution may explain differences in SCFA production.
22.	Ivarsson, Emma, et al. (författare) Whole-grain rye, refined wheat, and whole-grain wheat breads influence metabolic fingerprints differently in pigs 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 94, s. 161-163 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this study was to compare the influence of whole-grain rye bread (WGRB), whole-grain wheat bread (WGWB), and refined wheat bread (WB) on the gut metabolic fingerprint to increase the understanding of the mechanism behind health aspects related to whole-grain products. Five pigs with an initial weight of 46 kg were used in a changeover design, with 3 diets and 3 periods. The experimental diets consisted of WGRB, WGWB, and WB and were balanced with similar content of dietary fiber (adjusted with cellulose), protein, and fat. Each diet period lasted for 7 d. Fecal samples were collected during Days 4 through 7 in each experimental period. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to analyze metabolic profiles from the fecal samples. Principal component analysis of metabolic fingerprints showed that the type of bread influenced the metabolic profile and that WGRB influenced metabolic profiles differently compared with WGWB (P = 0.03) and WB (P = 0.04). Quantification of the shortchain fatty acids in the NMR data revealed differences with higher concentrations of lactate (P = 0.04) and lower molar proportions of acetate (P = 0.03) in rye bread compared with wheat breads.
23.	Jardstedt, Mikaela, et al. (författare) Intake and feed utilization in two breeds of pregnant beef cows fed forages with high-fiber concentrations 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 96, s. 3398-3411 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hereford and Charolais beef cows (n = 24 per breed) were used to study the effect of breed and to evaluate late-cut reed canarygrass (RC) and whole-crop oats plus urea (WCO) compared with late-cut timothy (TG) with respect to feed intake and digestibility, rumination time, fecal particle size (PS) distribution, N excretion, and ruminal microbial CP production (MCP). The TG and RC were cut at flowering and WCO at hard dough stage of maturity. Cows were group-housed, 6 groups per breed, and fed 3 diets ad libitum in 3 periods. The study was designed as two 3 x 3 Latin squares amalgamated to form a 3 x 6 rectangle for each breed. All data were statistically analyzed on group level. Indigestible NDF (iNDF) and urinary creatinine excretion were used as markers to estimate apparent diet digestibility and daily urine volume, respectively. Fecal PS distribution was determined by dry sieving, and ruminal MCP synthesis was estimated based on urinary output of purine derivatives. The TG diet had a higher apparent digestibility of OM and NDF (P < 0.001) than RC and WCO, which did not differ. The TG diet resulted in the greatest daily DMI, followed by WCO and RC (P < 0.001). Intake of NDF (NDFI, kg/d and % of BW) was greatest for TG, followed by RC and WCO (P < 0.001). Rumination time per kg DMI was longest for RC (P < 0.001), and RC and WCO resulted in longest rumination time per kg NDFI (P < 0.001). The WCO diet resulted in the largest geometric mean fecal PS and proportion of large particles and in the smallest proportion of small particles, whereas the opposite was found for RC, with TG being intermediate (P < 0.001). Intakes in kg per day were higher for Charolais than for Hereford (P = 0.002), but no breed effect was detected when intake was expressed in relation to BW. Charolais ruminated longer per kg NDFI corrected for BW (P = 0.02) and had smaller mean fecal PS (P = 0.049) than Hereford. Total N excretion was highest for RC and lowest for WCO (P < 0.001). The TG diet stimulated MCP production to a greater extent than RC and WCO (P < 0.001). The results indicate that late-cut RC and WCO could be suitable alternatives to late-cut TG for ad libitum feeding of early pregnant beef cows, and that intake was associated with cow BW, but not with breed. The variations in NDF and iNDF concentrations between forage diets were reflected in their effects on intake, rumination, apparent digestibility, and fecal PS.
24.	Johnsson, Martin (författare) Problematizing Selection Mapping from an Animal Science Perspective 2022 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 100, s. 15-16 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Selection mapping is a family of methods that use genome-wide genetic data to detect signatures of selection in the genome. The methods used to quantify these signatures range from relatively simple diversity statistics to complicated population genetic models or machine learning classifiers. Selection mapping of domestic and feral animals have identified signatures of selection in regions of the genome known to be associated with simple traits, large-effect alleles for complex traits, but also many regions of unknown significance. Selection mapping can be thought of as part of a broader move towards "natural history of the genome". As large amounts of genomic data are becoming available, there is a space for descriptive accounts of genome-wide data that aid hypothesis-generation and draw attention to striking features of the genome. However, selection mapping gives a particular, biased view of selection, and has methodological issues including dependence on population genetic parameters that are often unknown, and a bewildering array of analysis options. Therefore, we would do well to think hard about how and why we apply it.
25.	Jäderkvist Fegraeus, Kim, et al. (författare) The DMRT3 'Gait keeper' mutation affects performance of Nordic and Standardbred trotters 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92:10, s. 4279-4286 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In a previous study it was shown that a nonsense mutation in the DMRT3 gene alters the pattern of locomotion in horses and that this mutation has a strong positive impact on trotting performance of Standardbreds. One aim of this study was to test if racing performance and trotting technique in the Nordic (Coldblood) trotters are also influenced by the DMRT3 genotype. Another aim was to further investigate the effect of the mutation on performance in Standardbreds, by using a within-family analysis and genotype-phenotype correlations in a larger horse material than in the previous study. We genotyped 427 Nordic trotters and 621 Standardbreds for the DMRT3 nonsense mutation and a SNP in strong linkage disequilibrium with it. In Nordic trotters, we show that horses homozygous for the DMRT3 mutation (A) had significantly higher EBV for trotting performance traits than heterozygous (CA) or homozygous wild-type (CC) horses (P = 0.001). Furthermore, AA homozygotes had a higher proportion of victories and top 3 placings than horses heterozygous or homozygous wild-type, when analyzing performance data for the period 3 to 6 yr of age (P = 0.06 and P = 0.05, respectively). Another finding in the Nordic trotters was that the DMRT3 mutation influenced trotting technique (P = 2.1 x 10(-8)). Standardbred horses homozygous AA had significantly higher EBV for all traits than horses with at least 1 wild-type allele (CA and CC; P = 1.6 x 10(-16)). In a within-family analysis of Standardbreds, we found significant differences in several traits (e. g., earnings, P = 0.002; number of entered races, P = 0.004; and fraction of offspring that entered races, P = 0.002) among paternal half-sibs with genotype AA or CA sired by a CA stallion. For most traits, we found significant differences at young ages. For Nordic trotters, most of the results were significant at 3 yr of age but not for the older ages, and for the Standardbreds most of the results for the ages 3 to 5 were significant. For Nordic trotters, the proportion of victories and placings were the only traits that were significant for other ages than 3 yr.
26.	Karlsson, Anders, et al. (författare) Electrical stimulation affects metabolic enzyme phosphorylation, protease activation, and meat tenderization in beef 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 1638-1649 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the response of sarcoplasmic proteins in bovine LM to low-voltage electrical stimulation (ES; 80 V, 35 s) after dressing and its contribution to meat tenderization at an early postmortem time. Proteome analysis showed that ES resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) phosphorylation of creatine kinase M chain, fructose bisphosphate aldolase C-A, beta-enolase, and pyruvate kinase at 3 h postmortem. Zymography indicated an earlier (P < 0.05) activation of mu-calpain in ES muscles. Free lysosomal cathepsin B and L activity increased faster (P < 0.05) in ES muscles up to 24 h. Immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy further indicated that lysosomal enzymes were released at an early postmortem time. Electrical stimulation also induced ultrastructural disruption of sarcomeres. In addition, ES accelerated (P < 0.05) the depletion of ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen, as well as a pH decline and the more preferred pH/temperature decline mode. Finally, ES accelerated meat tenderization, resulting in lesser (P < 0.05) shear force values than the control over the testing time. A possible relationship was suggested between a change in the phosphorylation of energy metabolic enzymes and the postmortem tenderization of beef. Our results suggested the possible importance of the activation of mu-calpain, phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic proteins, and release of lysosomal enzymes for ES-induced tenderization of beef muscle.
27.	Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al. (författare) Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 3162-3173 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38 degrees C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all for-ages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P >= 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
28.	Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al. (författare) Comparison of some aspects of the in situ and in vitro methods in evaluation of neutral detergent fiber digestion 2013 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 91, s. 838-847 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of the present study was to compare digestion rates (k(d)) of NDF for different feeds estimated with the in situ method or derived from an automated gas in vitro system. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate how in situ derived k(d) of NDF related to in vivo digestibility of NDF. Furthermore, in vitro true digestibility of the feed samples incubated within filter bags or dispersed in the medium was compared, and k(d) for insoluble and soluble components of those feeds were estimated. Four different concentrates and 4 forages were used in this study. Two lactating Swedish Red cows fed a diet of 60% grass silage and 40% concentrate on DM basis were used for in situ incubations and for collection of rumen fluid. The feed samples were ground through a 2.0-mm screen before the in situ incubations and a 1.0-mm screen before the in vitro gas incubations. In situ nylon bags were introduced into the rumen for determination of k(d) of NDF. Additional kinetic data were produced from isolated NDF and intact samples subjected to in vitro incubations in which gas production was recorded for 72 h. Samples were weighed in the bottles or within filter bags (for fiber and in vitro studies) that were placed in the bottles. The interaction between feed and method was significant (P < 0.01); k(d) of NDF for grass hay tended (P = 0.06) to be less whereas k(d) of NDF for alfalfa, barley grain, canola meal, and dried sugar beet pulp were greater (P < 0.01) when estimated with the in situ method than from gas production recordings. The meta-analysis suggested that in situ derived k(d) of NDF were biased and underestimated in vivo digestibility of NDF. Digestion rates of the intact samples were lower for all feeds, except for the hay, when incubated within the bags compared with dispersed in the medium (P < 0.01). Less OM and NDF were digested for all feeds when incubated within bags than dispersed in the medium (P < 0.01). It is concluded from the in vitro study that microbial activity within the bags is less than in the medium. Significant interactions between method (in situ vs. in vitro) and feed suggest that one or both methods result in biased estimates of digestion kinetics.
29.	Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al. (författare) Contribution of different segments of the gastrointestinal tract to digestion in growing Saanen goats 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 1802-1814 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examined mean retention time (MRT) of particulate and liquid matter in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of growing Saanen goats of different sexes and subjected to different levels of feed restriction. In addition, feeding behavior and total tract digestibility were determined for all animals ahead of slaughter. In total, 54 Saanen goats (18 each of females, castrated males, and intact males) with initial BW 15.3 +/- 0.4 kg were used in a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement comprising the 3 sexes and 3 levels of feed restriction (unrestricted/ad libitum, moderate, and severe restriction). Six blocks per sex group, each consisting of 3 goats, were randomly formed and the goats within each block were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 different feed restrictions. The daily amounts of feed offered to animals subjected to moderate and severe feed restriction (approximately 75% and 50% of ad libitum rate, respectively) were determined within block based on the DMI by ad libitum fed goats on the previous day. The MRT of particulate matter was determined either using Yb-labeled diet or indigestible NDF (iNDF) determined in situ as markers. Mean retention time of the liquid phase was determined by Cr-EDTA. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effect of feed restriction, while the effect of sex was compared by Tukey test. The effects of sex and the interaction between sex and feed restriction were not significant on most of variables evaluated. Eating, ruminating, and total chewing time per g DM and NDF intake increased linearly as feed restriction increased (P <= 0.03). Diet digestibility increased quadratically for DM and OM, and linearly for NDF as feed intake decreased (P <= 0.03). The MRT of iNDF in the reticulorumen, omasum, abomasum, colon, and total GIT increased linearly with increased feed restriction (P <= 0.01). Mean retention time in the cecum varied quadratically, being greatest for animals with moderate feed restriction. The MRT of liquid was quadratically (P <= 0.04) affected by feed restriction in the reticulorumen, cecum, and total GIT, with the greatest MRT observed for animals subjected to moderate feed restriction. In conclusion, the level of feed restriction increased the MRT of particulate and liquid matter. The MRT was an important mechanism to increase nutrient supply when animals were subjected to feed restriction, as indicated by increased total tract digestibility.
30.	Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al. (författare) Effect of forage type on passage rate estimated from rumen evacuation studies 2010 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 88, s. 514-514 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
31.	Krizsan, Sophie Julie, et al. (författare) Retention time of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of growing Saanen goats 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 3969-3978 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examined the effect of increased BW on mean retention time (MRT) of both particulate and solute marker, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, and fiber digestion in the whole tract of growing Saanen goats using the slaughter technique. A total of 58 Saanen goats with initial BW of 15.7 +/- 0.9 kg were allocated into 9 treatments with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement consisting of 3 sexes (female, castrated males, and intact males) and 3 slaughter weights (initial, intermediate, and final; target BW of 16, 23, and 30 kg at slaughter, respectively). They were fed twice daily (0700 and 1600 h) with the identical diets for ad libitum intake. Mean retention time of particulate matter was estimated by in situ determination of indigestible NDF (iNDF), and the MRT of solute marker was determined by Cr-EDTA. Treatment effects were evaluated in a split-plot design, with sex as the main plot and slaughter weight as the subplot. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of slaughter weight, whereas the effect of sex was compared using the Tukey test. The effects of sex and sex x slaugh-ter weight were not significant for most of variables evaluated. The results showed that DMI (% BW) linearly decreased as slaughter weight increased (P < 0.01). Generally wet weight of the total GIT tissues (% BW) decreased and digesta pool sizes (g) linearly increased with increasing slaughter weight (P = 0.05). The ratio of iNDF: NDF for both ingested diet and reticulorumen digesta linearly increased as slaughter weight increased (P = 0.05). The MRT of particles did not change with increasing slaughter weight (P = 0.94). Mean retention time of particulate matter linearly increased in the omasum but linearly decreased in the abomasum with increasing slaughter weight (P < 0.01). Mean retention time of solute marker in the forestomachs linearly increased with increasing slaughter weight (P < 0.01). The results revealed a decreased selectivity with increasing BW, as supported by a greater ratio of iNDF: NDF for ingested diet. Increasing BW led to neither a longer particle MRT in the reticulorumen nor a digestive advantage. The results also indicated that, on average, 91% of fiber digestion occurred in the forestomachs of the goats.
32.	Lillie, Mette (författare) Wide genome involvement in response to long-term selection for antibody response in an experimental population of White Leghorn chickens. 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 94, s. 139-139 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
33.	Lindholm, Caroline, et al. (författare) Growth heterogeneity in broiler breeder pullets is settled before the onset of feed restriction but is not predicted by size at hatch 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - Champaign, IL, United States : American Society of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 95:1, s. 182-193 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Uniform growth is a desirable trait in all large-scale animal production systems because it simplifies animal management and increases profitability. In parental broiler flocks, so-called broiler breeders, low growth uniformity is largely attributed to the feed competition that arises from quantitatively restricted feeding. As feed restriction is crucial to maintaining healthy and fertile breeders, several practices for reducing feed competition and the associated growth heterogeneity have been suggested and range from nutrient dilution by increasing fiber content in feed to intermittent fasting with increased portion size (“skip a day”), but no practice appears to be entirely effective. The fact that a large part of the heterogeneity remains even when feed competition is minimized suggests that some growth variation is caused by other factors. We investigated whether this variation arises during embryonic development (as measured by size at hatch) or during posthatch development by following the growth and body composition of birds of varying hatch sizes. Our results support the posthatch alternative, with animals that later grow to be small or large (here defined as >1 SD lighter or heavier than mean BW of the flock) being significantly different in size as early as 1 d after gaining access to feed (P < 0.05). We then investigated 2 possible causes for different postnatal growth: that high growth performance is linked 1) to interindividual variations in metabolism (as measured by cloacal temperature and verified by respirometry) or 2) to higher levels of social motivation (as measured in a social reinstatement T-maze), which should reduce the stress of being reared in large-scale commercial flocks. Neither of these follow-up hypotheses could account for the observed heterogeneity in growth. We suggest that the basis of growth heterogeneity in broiler breeder pullets may already be determined at the time of hatch in the form of qualitatively different maternal investments or immediately thereafter as an indirect result of differences in incubation conditions, hatching time, and resulting fasting time. Although this potential difference in maternal investment is not seen in body mass, tarsometatarsal length, or full body length of day-old chicks arriving at the farm, it may influence the development of differential feed and water intake during the first day of feeding, which in turn has direct effects on growth heterogeneity.
34.	Liu, Haoyu, et al. (författare) Expression of heat shock protein 27 in gut tissue of growing pigs fed diets without and with inclusion of chicory fiber 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 25-27 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
35.	Lundeheim, Nils, et al. (författare) Genetic associations between behavioral traits and direct-social effects of growth rate in pigs 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 90, s. 4706-4715 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examined the behavioral consequences of selecting pigs using a social genetic model for growth. Calculations enable each member of a group of pigs to be given a direct breeding value (DBV) and a social breeding value (SBV), which can be summarized into a total breeding value (TBV) for growth. Selection for growth TBV could affect animal behavior because social effects account for within- group interactions. Data were recorded from 96 groups of Yorkshire and Yorkshire x Landrace pigs in a nucleus herd. Each group contained 15 pigs fed ad libitum from 2 feeders; the space allowance was 0.85 m(2)/pig. Average daily gain was quantified from 35 to 100 kg of BW. Fighting and bullying activity at mixing (period 1), lying frequency 3 wk after mixing (period 2), and counts of skin lesions in periods 1 and 2 were recorded. The DBV for these traits were estimated with a classic animal model. We simulated different correlations between the direct genetic effect and the social genetic effect on growth rate ((DS)-D-r), 2 components that respectively determine a pig's genetic capacity to grow and its genetic influence on growth of group mates: rDS was successively assumed to be 0 and +/- 0.12, +/- 0.20, +/- 0.29, and +/- 0.58. Finally, the correlations between DBV, SBV, and TBV for ADG, as well as the DBV for behavior and skin lesions, were calculated and tested for a level of significance at P < 0.05. The gradient from negative to positive values of rDS refers to a progressive path running from genetic antagonism to genetic mutualism for growth. If rDS in the population truly ranged between -0.58 and -0.20, correlations for TBV for ADG with DBV for fighting and bullying progressively increased with rDS. Consequently, if rDS was low (between -0.12 and +0.12) or positive (>+0.12), pigs with high TBV for ADG had higher DBV for bullying other pigs in the group and for fighting than pigs with lower TBV for ADG. Pigs with high TBV for ADG did not differ from other pigs in their DBV for lesions to the anterior part of the body, but they had a lower DBV for posterior lesions, whereas in period 2, they had higher DBV for posterior lesions and lower DBV for lying. Under genetic mutualism for growth and in housing conditions similar to those in the present study, selection for growth TBV would promote the rapid establishment of the dominance relationships, with more aggressive contests among group mates at mixing. Pigs would subsequently be more active but, judging by skin lesions, less willing to fight in a more stable social situation.
36.	Lundeheim, Nils, et al. (författare) Genetic validation of postmixing skin injuries in pigs as an indicator of aggressiveness and the relationship with injuries under more stable social conditions 2009 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 87, s. 3076-3082 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of the study was to estimate genetic correlations between skin lesions and aggressive behavior postmixing and under more stable social conditions as a potential means of selecting against pig aggressiveness. Postmixing aggression in commercial pig production is common, compromises welfare and profitability, and cannot be significantly reduced by low-cost changes to the environment. A genetic component to individual aggressiveness has been described in pigs and other species. Selective breeding against aggressiveness ought to be possible if an easily measured indicator trait can be shown to be genetically associated with aggressive behavior. Aggressive behavior was recorded continuously for 24 h after mixing, and a count of skin lesions (lesion count, LC) was recorded at 24 h and 3 wk postmixing on 1,663 pigs. Two behavioral traits were found to have a moderate to high heritability similar to that of growth traits; duration of involvement in reciprocal fighting (0.43 +/- 0.04) and delivery of nonreciprocal aggression (NRA; 0.31 +/- 0.04), whereas receipt of NRA had a lower heritability (0.08 +/- 0.03). Genetic correlations (r(g)) suggested that lesions to the anterior region of the body 24 h after mixing were associated with reciprocal fighting (r(g) = 0.67 +/- 0.04), receipt of NRA (r(g) = 0.70 +/- 0.11), and to a lesser extent, delivery of NRA (r(g) = 0.31 +/- 0.06). Lesions to the center and rear were primarily genetically associated with receipt of NRA (r(g) = 0.80 +/- 0.05, 0.79 +/- 0.05). Genetic correlations indicated that pigs that engaged in reciprocal fighting delivered NRA to other animals (r(g) = 0.84 +/- 0.04) but were less likely to receive NRA themselves (r(g) = -0.41 +/- 0.14). A genetic merit index using lesions to the anterior region as one trait and those to the center or rear or both as a second trait should allow selection against animals involved in reciprocal fighting and the delivery of NRA. Positive correlations between LC 24 h and 3 wk after mixing were found, especially for lesions to the center and rear of the body, indicating that postmixing lesions are predictive of those received under more stable group conditions. As well as reducing immediate aggression at mixing, selection on postmixing LC is expected to have a long-term impact on injuries from aggression, even after dominance relationships are established.
37.	Lundgren, Helena, et al. (författare) Genetics of growth in piglets and the association with homogeneity of body weight within litters 2010 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 88, s. 1240-1247 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to examine the genetic basis of homogeneity in piglets and the genetic correlations with litter size and growth during lactation. Genetic parameters for variation in piglet BW within litters at birth and at 3 wk of age, and in the BW of individual piglets at 3 wk (BW3) were estimated from the Norwegian Landrace nucleus population. Data on BW3 were collected from 146,572 piglets from 14,045 litters in 58 herds. Body weight at birth and at 3 wk of age was recorded for 13,318 piglets from 5 nucleus herds. Litter data were evaluated using multivariate trait models. The heritability estimates for the SD of BW at birth and at 3 wk (SDBW3) were in agreement with the literature (0.10 and 0.08, respectively). The genetic correlation for the number of piglets born alive and the mean BW at 3 wk was negative (-0.40 +/- 0.07), and the correlation of number of piglets born alive with SDBW3 was close to zero (-0.03 +/- 0.11). The genetic correlation between the SD of BW at birth and SDBW3 was moderate (0.51 +/- 0.31). The mean BW at birth was genetically correlated with mean BW at 3 wk (0.59 +/- 0.16) but was independent of SDBW3 (0.08 +/- 0.27). The estimates of direct and maternal heritability for BW3 were 0.03 and 0.07, respectively, and the genetic correlation between the 2 components was negative (-0.43 +/- 0.10). The genetic correlation of SDBW3 with the maternal effect on BW3 was positive and strong (0.66 +/- 0.08), whereas a negative correlation was found with the direct effect on BW3 (-0.18 +/- 0.14). These results suggest that it is possible to select for mean BW at birth without an increase in within-litter heterogeneity at 3 wk of age. A more efficient strategy would be to consider both the direct and the maternal effects on BW3 in the genetic evaluation, together with SDBW3. Thus, it is possible to avoid the increase in within- litter heterogeneity that would occur as a result of selection performed at 3 wk on a litter trait such as mean BW.
38.	Löfstrand, Jenny (författare) Ultrasound teat wall diameter and cutimeter teat tissue thickness before, during, and after machine milking 2018 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 96, s. 263-263 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
39.	Magnusson, Ulf (författare) Prudent and effective antimicrobial use in a diverse livestock and consumer's world 2020 Ingår i: Journal of animal science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 98, s. S4-S8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
40.	Manaig, Yron Joseph Yabut, et al. (författare) Exon-intron split analysis reveals posttranscriptional regulatory signals induced by high and low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio diets in piglets 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 101, s. 1-12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3), play a vital role in nutrient metabolism, inflammatory response, and gene regulation. microRNAs (miRNA), which can potentially degrade targeted messenger RNAs (mRNA) and/or inhibit their translation, might play a relevant role in PUFA-related changes in gene expression. Although differential expression analyses can provide a comprehensive picture of gene expression variation, they are unable to disentangle when in the mRNA life cycle the regulation of expression is taking place, including any putative functional miRNA-driven repression. To capture this, we used an exon–intron split analysis (EISA) approach to account for posttranscriptional changes in response to extreme values of n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Longissimus dorsi muscle samples of male and female piglets from sows fed with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio of 13:1 (SOY) or 4:1 (LIN), were analyzed in a bidirectional contrast (LIN vs. SOY, SOY vs. LIN). Our results allowed the identification of genes showing strong posttranscriptional downregulation signals putatively targeted by significantly upregulated miRNA. Moreover, we identified genes primarily involved in the regulation of lipid-related metabolism and immune response, which may be associated with the pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of the n-6 and n-3 PUFA, respectively. EISA allowed us to uncover regulatory networks complementing canonical differential expression analyses, thus providing a more comprehensive view of muscle metabolic changes in response to PUFA concentration.
41.	Mao, Xiaowei, et al. (författare) Genome-wide association studies of growth traits in three dairy cattle breeds using whole-genome sequence data 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 94, s. 1426-1437 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Male calves and culled cows of dairy cattle are used for beef production. However, unlike beef breeds, the genetics of growth performance traits in dairy breeds have not been extensively studied. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on Holsteins (n = 5,519), Jerseys (n = 1,231), and Red Dairy Cattle (n = 4,410) to identify QTL for growth traits. First, a GWAS was performed within breeds using whole-genome sequence variants. Later, a meta-analysis was performed to combine information across the 3 breeds. We have identified several QTL that have large effects on growth traits in Holsteins and Red Dairy Cattle but with little overlap across breeds. Only 1 QTL located on chromosome 10 was shared between Holsteins and Red Dairy Cattle. The most significant variant (BTA10:59,164,533, rs43636323; P-value = 2.8 × 10-32) in this QTL explained 2.4% of the total additive genetic variance in Red Dairy Cattle. The gene CYP19A1 is a strong candidate for the underlying gene of this QTL. In Red Dairy Cattle, a QTL near 25 Mb on chromosome 14 was very significantly associated with growth traits, consistent with the previously reported gene PLAG1, which affects growth in beef cattle and humans. No QTL for growth performance was statistically significant in Jerseys, possibly due to the low power of detection with the small sample size. The meta-analysis of the 3 breeds increased the power to detect QTL.
42.	Muhonen, Sara, et al. (författare) Effects on the equine colon ecosystem of grass silage and haylage diets after an abrupt change from hay 2009 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 87, s. 2291-2298 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of an abrupt change from grass hay (81% DM) to grass silage (36% DM) or grass haylage (55% DM), fed at similar DM intakes, and to compare the effects of silage and haylage on the composition and activities of the colon microflora. The forages were from the same swath harvested on the same day. Four adult colon-fistulated geldings were randomly assigned to diets in a crossover design. The study started with a preperiod when all 4 horses received the hay diet, followed by an abrupt feed change to the haylage diet for 2 horses and the silage diet for 2 horses. All 4 horses then had a new second preperiod of hay, followed by an abrupt feed change to the opposite haylage and silage diet. The periods were 21 d long, and the forage-only diets were supplemented with minerals and salt. The abrupt feed changes were made at 0800 h. Colon samples were taken before the abrupt feed change, 4 and 28 h after the feed change, and 8, 15, and 21 d after the feed change, all at 1200 h. Colon bacterial counts, VFA, pH, and DM concentrations were unchanged throughout the first 28 h after the abrupt feed change from hay to haylage and silage. Also, fecal pH and DM concentrations were unchanged during the first 28 h. During the weekly observations, colon lactobacilli counts increased (P = 0.023) in horses receiving the silage diet and were greater than on the haylage diet at 21 d. Streptococci counts decreased (P = 0.046) in horses receiving the haylage diet and were less than on the silage diet at 15 and 21 d. Total VFA concentrations and colon and fecal pH did not differ between diets and were unchanged throughout the weekly observations. The DM concentration of colon digesta and feces decreased (P = 0.030 and 0.049, respectively) on both diets during the weekly observations. The results suggest that in horses fed at the maintenance level of energy intake, an abrupt feed change from grass hay to grass silage or grass haylage from the same crop does not induce any major alterations in the colon ecosystem during the first 28 h. During the subsequent 3-wk period, colon and fecal DM decreased and there were alterations in the lactobacilli and streptococci bacterial counts. The changes in lactobacilli and streptococci counts need further investigation.
43.	Müller, Cecilia, et al. (författare) The effect of harvest time of forage on carbohydrate digestion in horses quantified by in vitro and mobile bag techniques 2023 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 101 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Grass species and harvesting time affect the nutrient content, in vitro and in vivo digestibility of forages measured with the mobile bag technique in horses. This study showed that harvesting time of forage had a larger effect on digestibility than grass species, and that fructans can potentially be digested precaecally.Lay Summary Feedstuffs contain different carbohydrate fractions that are digested in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract of horses. Grass for grazing or harvesting contains variable amounts of structural carbohydrates such as cellulose and hemi-cellulose (named fibres) and nonstructural carbohydrates which in temperate grass species include sugars and fructans (named water soluble carbohydrates (WSC)). This study quantified carbohydrate composition and digestion of six grass species (perennial ryegrass, timothy, smooth bromegrass, tall fescue, cocksfoot, and meadow fescue) harvested at three different times (early, medium, and late) and preserved as hay. In general, fiber content increased as the grasses matured, whereas WSC content varied to a large extent. In vitro fermentation using horse caecal fluid was used to quantify digestion of early and late cut grass samples of all species. Harvest time (early vs. late) had a larger effect on in vitro fermentation compared to the effect of grass species. Early and late harvested perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot were further selected for detailed studies of precaecal digestion in vivo as these species had highest and lowest WSC content. In general, cocksfoot was identified as grass species with low digestibility and low WSC concentration compared to the other species investigated.Carbohydrates in forages constitute an important part of the feed ration for all horses. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of harvest time on carbohydrate composition and digestion of various grass species. The experiment was divided into three parts 1) characterization of the chemical composition of experimental feeds (6 grass species: meadow fescue [MF], cocksfoot [CF], perennial ryegrass [PR], smooth bromegrass [SB], tall fescue [TF], and timothy [TI], and 3 harvest times: early, medium, and late first cut), 2) measurements of the in vitro digestion of selected experimental feeds (the 6 grass species, and 2 harvest times [early and late]) measured by in vitro gas production, and 3) in vivo digestion of selected experimental feeds (2 grass species: CF and PR, 2 harvest times [early and late]) measured by the mobile bag technique using caecum cannulated horses. An experimental field was established with plots containing each of the grass species in three replicate blocks. Grass samples were cut between 1200 and 1400 h at 4th of June (early first cut), 17th of June (medium first cut), and 1st of July (late first cut) and analyzed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber with heat stable amylase and free of residual ash (aNDFom) and water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). The in vitro fermentation was investigated using the ANKOM RF gas production technique, where feeds were incubated for 48 h using horse caecal fluid as an inoculum. Gas production was modeled, and maximum gas production (MGP) was used to evaluate the potential digestibility of the feeds. Based on the chemical analyses and the in vitro experiment, early and late harvested CF and PR were selected for the in vivo experiment, which was conducted as a randomized 4 x 4 Latin square design including four periods, four horses and four feeds. In general, the CP content decreased whereas the aNDFom content increased as the grasses matured. The content of WSC increased in SB and TI, but decreased in CF, and fructans increased in SB, TI, PR, and TF as they matured. The in vitro MGP showed a clearer difference between harvest times than between grass species. Harvest time had larger effect on digestibility than grass species, and a high precaecal disappearance of the WSC fraction was measured by the mobile bag technique. Cocksfoot was identified as a grass species with potentially low digestibility and low WSC content and could potentially be used more for horses.
44.	Nadeau, Elisabet, et al. (författare) Digestibility and protein utilization in wethers fed whole-crop barley or grass silages harvested at different maturity stages, with or without protein supplementation 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 97, s. 2188-2201 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Effects of whole-crop barley and grass silages harvested at different maturity stages, with or without protein supplementation, on intake, in vivo digestibility, feces characteristics, and protein utilization in wethers were evaluated. Whole-crop barley silage harvested at heading stage (BH) and at medium milk stage (BM), grass silage (GE) taken at the flag leaf-early heading stage, and grass silage (GL) taken at medium-late heading stage were fed to eight wethers in two 4 x 4 Latin squares. Wethers in one square were fed supplementary rapeseed meal. Experimental periods lasted for 4 wk and wethers were fed ad libitum during the first 3 wk, with intake recorded during the third week. During the fourth week, wethers were fed 80% of ad libitum, and feces and urine were collected during the last 4 d. The GE and BH diets had greater (P < 0.05) in vivo apparent digestibility of DM and its nutrients, lower proportion of fecal particle DM (PDM) with a greater proportion of small particles compared with GL and BM diets, respectively. The GE diet had greater (P < 0.001) in vitro OM digestibility and in vivo digestibility of OM and fibre, resulting in a smaller (P < 0.001) proportion of PDM with a greater (P < 0.001) proportion of small particles compared with the other diets. In vivo NDF digestibility was negatively related to fecal PDM across forage types (R-2 = 0.91, RMSE = 2.55). The GE silage had greater CP concentration, and animals fed the GE diet had greater intake of CP (P < 0.001) and sum of the degradable CP fractions A, B-1, and B-2 (P < 0.01), resulting in greater (P < 0.05) urinary nitrogen (N) excretion than when fed any of the other diets and a lower (P < 0.05) N retention compared with BH and BM diets. Microbial N supply tended to increase when animals were fed the BH diet (P = 0.10) and when rapeseed meal was added to the forages (P = 0.08). Increased N intake (P = 0.008) by rapeseed meal supplementation increased urinary N excretion in gram per day (P = 0.05). The strong relationship between in vivo NDF digestibility and fecal PDM indicates potentials for using PDM as a cheap method to predict NDF digestibility. Early harvest of the forages improved in vivo digestibility of nutrients, resulting in less fecal PDM with a greater proportion of small particles compared with late harvest within forage type. However, wethers fed the GE diet had greater urinary N losses compared with wethers fed the GL diet but this effect of maturity was absent when fed whole-crop barley silage.
45.	Nadeau, Elisabet, et al. (författare) Protein quality of grass silage as affected by silage additives and its effects on dairy cow performance 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 93, s. 206- Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of improved protein quality of grass silage by additive use on dairy cow intake and performance. Grass from the first regrowth was wilted to 33% DM before being precision chopped and treated with the inoculant Kofasil Duo (Lactobacillus plantarum/Lactobacillus buchneri, 200,000 cfu/g) or with the chemical additive Kofasil Ultra K (sodium nitrite, hexamine, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate and sodium propionate, 2 L/T, Addcon Europe GmbH), which were compared with a control without additive. The forage was ensiled in hard-pressed round bales before being fed to 48 dairy cows (150 DIM) in a continuous trial for 9 wk using 8 cows per treatment. Cows were blocked according to breed, parity, DIM and milk yield. The silage contained 15% CP, 47% NDF, 3.3% WSC, 8.2% lactic acid, 2.1% acetic acid and 0.25% NH3-N of DM with minor differences between treatments. Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) of the silage at 5% passage rate was 22, 23 and 24% of CP for control (C), inoculant (I) and salt-based (S) additive, respectively. Diets were isonitrogenous (15.1% of DM) and isoenergetic (11.4 MJ/kg DM) varying in RUP (4.7% (high) and 2.5% (low) of DM). Concentrate UDP was 2.9 and 8.6% of DM. Dietary forage proportion of the TMR was 58% of DM. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with RUP, silage and week as fixed factors and block as a random factor. High RUP diet had higher milk yield than low RUP diet (29.4 vs. 27.9 kg; P < 0.05). The DM intake was not affected by RUP and silage treatment. Yields of milk and ECM were higher for the I and S diets than for the C diet at low RUP (28.9 vs. 26.0 kg milk, P < 0.01; 30.6 vs. 27.1 kg ECM, P < 0.001) whereas there was no effect of additive treatment in the high RUP diet. Milk fat and protein did not differ between silage treatments. Feed efficiency was higher for the I and S diets than for the C diet at the low RUP (1.6 vs. 1.3 kg of ECM/kg DM intake, P < 0.001) but not at the high RUP. The increased milk yield and feed efficiency when fed a diet with low RUP can partly be explained by increased RUP of the I and S silages.
46.	Pabiou, Thierry, et al. (författare) Genetic parameters for carcass cut weight in Irish beef cattle 2009 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 87, s. 3865-3876 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for the weights of different wholesale cuts, using an experimental and a commercial data set. The experimental and commercial data sets included 413 and 635 crossbred Belgian Blue, Charolais, Limousin, Angus, Holstein, and Simmental animals, respectively. Univariate analyses using a mixed linear animal model with relationships were undertaken to estimate the heritability of cold carcass weight, carcass conformation and fat, and the cut weights, whereas a series of bivariate analyses was used to estimate the phenotypic and genetic correlations between carcass weight, carcass conformation, carcass fat, and the major primal cuts. Heritability estimates for cold carcass weight in both data sets were moderate (>0.48), whereas heritability estimates for carcass conformation and fat grading were greater in the commercial data set (>0.63) than in the experimental study (>0.33). Across both data sets, heritability estimates for wholesale cut weight in the forequarter varied from 0.03 to 0.79, whereas heritability estimates of carcass cut weight in the hindquarter varied from 0.14 to 0.86. Heritability estimates for cut weights expressed as a proportion of the entire carcass weight varied from 0.04 to 0.91. Genetic correlations were strong among the different carcass cut weights within the experimental and the commercial studies. Genetic correlations between the weights of selected carcass cuts and carcass weight were moderate to high (minimum 0.45; maximum 0.88) in both data sets. Positive genetic correlations were observed in the commercial data set between the different wholesale cut weights and carcass conformation, whereas these were positive and negative in the experimental data set. Selection for increased carcass weight will, on average, increase the weight of each cut. However, the genetic correlations were less than unity, suggesting a benefit of more direct selection on high value cuts.
47.	Pierzynowski, Stefan, et al. (författare) Behavioral changes in response to feeding pancreatic-like enzymes to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs. 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 90:Suppl 4, s. 439-441 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Behavioral changes during pancreatic enzyme therapy have never been studied. The present study investigated behavioral changes in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) pigs when their feed was supplemented with pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin. A crossover design study was used to test the effect of enzyme supplementation in 2 × 4 EPI pigs that underwent pancreatic duct ligation (PDL). After 40 d of adaptation, the study commenced, comprising 2 control and 2 enzyme feeding periods of 10 d each in sequence. On days 7 and 10 of each experimental period, behavior was monitored for 24 h and feed consumption and BW were recorded. Behavioral observations focused on the pigs' activity- lying down or passive, or sitting, or standing or active-and were expressed as percentage activity for 24 h. During the adaptation period, BW gain was completely inhibited after PDL whereas for the entire study period, the body weight increased from 10.5 ± 1.1 to 14.0 ± 1.4 kg (P < 0.01). Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency pigs were more active when fed the enzymes (21 vs. 18% per 24 h; P < 0.01). Microbial enzyme supplementation not only improved the growth of the EPI pigs but it also increased their activity. This behavior change contradicts the generally accepted norm that satiety evokes by digestion and subsequent nutrients absorption reduces human or animal motility.
48.	Pierzynowski, Stefan, et al. (författare) Exogenous pancreatic-like enzymes are recovered in the gut and improve growth of exocrine pancreatic insufficient pigs 2012 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1525-3163 .- 0021-8812. ; 90, s. 324-326 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The exocrine pancreatic insufficient (EPI) pigs grow less due to different disturbances in feed digestion, absorption, and retention. Use of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin in pigs may improve feed use and performance in slow-growing pigs. The aim was to study gut recovery and effectiveness of pancreatic-like enzymes of microbial origin supplementation on pig performance. Six male pigs 10 to 12 kg BW underwent pancreatic duct ligation surgery to induce total exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Three cannulas to access the gastrointestinal tract content were installed in stomach, duodenum, and ileum in EPI pigs and in 3 control (healthy) pigs. One month after surgery, enzymes were given before feeding and digesta samples were collected for analyses. The BW of EPI pigs did not increase during 1 mo following surgery (11.7 vs. 11.6 kg BW); however, BW increased after 1 wk of enzyme supplementation (12.1 kg BW). Coefficient of fat and N absorption increased (P < 0.05) in EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation. Activity of amylase, lipase, and protease in chyme samples of EPI pigs was very low compared to controls. In EPI pigs after enzyme supplementation, amylase activity increased from 5.32 to 72.9 units/mL but remained lower than that of healthy pigs (162.7 units/mL). Lipase activity increased from 79.1 to 421.6 units/mL, which was similar to that of controls (507.3 units/mL). Proteolytic activity increased from 7.8 to 69.7 units/mL but still did not reach control pigs (164.3 units/mL). In conclusion, exogenous microbial enzymes mimic endogenous pancreatic enzymes being recovered along the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. These enzymes might be a useful tool to stimulate growth of slower-growing pigs after the weaning period.
49.	Prykhodko, O., et al. (författare) Early treatment with pancreatic-like microbial-derived enzymes during the preweaning period promotes growth in growing–finishing pigs 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 94:7, s. 150-152 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Treatment with pancreatic or pancreatic-like microbial enzymes during the suckling period has positive effects on the gut, resulting in a better fat absorption and improved barrier function in pigs. The present study investigated the effects of pancreaticlike enzyme treatment during the pre- or postweaning period on pig growth and nitrogen utilization. Suckling 7- to 14-d-old pigs were gavage fed with a microbial-derived enzyme preparation (amylase, protease, and lipase) in a split-litter mode (13 litters) once (n = 29), twice (n = 35), or untreated (controls; n = 66). All pigs were then raised under the same standard production conditions and received the same diets, and their BW and feed intake were monitored until slaughter. Another set of 35-d-old pigs, on the day of weaning, were placed in metabolic cages and fed a diet with or without enzyme supplementation for 2 wk (n = 4/group). Feed consumption was measured daily, and at the end of each week, BW was recorded and urine and feces were collected during 72 h for nitrogen analysis. Dietary enzyme supplementation after weaning in selected doses had no major effect on feed consumption, nitrogen retention, or growth compared with the control. In contrast, enzyme treatment during the suckling period gave improved growth, with increased BW at 6 mo of age, 105 ± 16 vs. 97 ± 15 kg for the controls (P < 0.05), and those pigs reached slaughter weight earlier than untreated controls. In addition, the feed conversion ratio was significantly decreased, thus lowering nitrogen excretion per kilogram BW gain in the enzymetreated group compared with the untreated controls (3.0 vs. 2.7, respectively). We conclude that enzyme supplementation during the suckling period was beneficial for both pig performance and environment protection, probably due to an induced improved maturation of the gut having a long-term impact on feed utilization and growth after weaning.
50.	Ramin, Mohammad, et al. (författare) Evaluation of the Nordic Dairy Cow Model Karoline in Predicting Methane Emissions 2014 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Science. - 0021-8812 .- 1525-3163. ; 92, s. 872-872 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)

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