| 1. |
- Barclay, Kieron J.
(author)
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SEX COMPOSITION OF THE WORKPLACE AND MORTALITY RISK
- 2013
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 45:6, s. 807-821
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study uses Swedish occupational register data to examine whether the proportion of men in administrative workplaces in the Swedish public service affects all-cause mortality risks amongst both males and females of working age. Using piecewise constant survival models to analyse occupational data from the Swedish administrative registers from 1995 to 2007, it was found that for males, a 1% increase in the proportion of males was associated with a 1.3% increase in mortality risk (hazard ratio, HR 1.013, 95% CI 1.007-1.020, p < 0.001), but no association was found for females (HR 1.004, 95% CI 0.996-1.012, p = 0.297). Adjustments were made for age, family status, education, occupational status, occupational segregation by sex, the total number of individuals in the workplace, level of government, region, period and variables reflecting the workplace structure by age, age by sex, occupation and education. A higher proportion of males may be related to (i) an increased exposure to risky health behaviours such as alcohol consumption and unhealthy dietary patterns, (ii) a tendency towards sickness presenteeism, and (iii) an increase in the levels of several well-established emotional stressors in the workplace, leading to an increased level of psychosocial stress. The findings and potential extensions of this research are discussed.
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| 2. |
- Chikovore, Jeremiah, et al.
(author)
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The hide and seek game : men’s perspectives on abortion and contraceptive use within marriage in a rural community in Zimbabwe
- 2002
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 34:3, s. 317-332
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper is based on a study aimed at understanding the perceptions of men to induced abortion and contraceptive use within marriage in rural Zimbabwe. Two qualitative methods were combined. Men were found to view abortion not as a reproductive health problem for women. Instead, they described abortion as a sign of illicit sexual activity and contraceptive use as a strategy married women use to conceal their involvement in extramarital sexual activity. Men felt anxious and vulnerable for lack of control over women. In the absence of verbal communication on sexual matters, women and men resort to what are called here 'hide-and-seek' strategies, where women acquire and use contraceptives secretly while men search for evidence of such use. It is concluded that promoting women's sexual and reproductive health requires both short- and long-term strategies. The short-term strategy would entail providing women with reproductive technology they can use without risking violence. The long-term strategy would entail understanding men's concerns and the way these are manifested. In turn this requires the use of methodologies that encourage dialogue with research participants, in order to capture their deep meanings and experiences.
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| 3. |
- Chudnovskaya, Margarita, 1990-, et al.
(author)
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Understanding the sex inequality in childlessness : an approach using Swedish register data
- 2023
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 55:1, s. 99-115
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In most countries, men are more likely to be childless than women. Understanding how this inequality arises is important given the significance of parenthood for individuals' lives. The objective of this study was to explore how three prominent explanations for sex inequalities in childlessness relate to the Sex Gap in Childlessness (SGC) in Sweden. The three explanations examined were sex ratio imbalance (more men than women), mismeasurement of fatherhood (inequalities in registration) and partnership differences (inequality in multi-partner fertility). Administrative register data for cohorts born in 1945-1974 were used. The population was restricted to men and women who were born in Sweden or arrived prior to the age of 15, and all registered childbearing partnerships were examined. To explore the possible significance of the three explanations, counter-factual standardization was used. Of the three explanations examined, the population sex ratio had the largest positive impact on the SGC, while multi-partner fertility had a negative impact. The results show that inequalities in the sex ratio can explain about 20-34% of the SGC depending on cohort. Inequalities in registration of fathers explain about 9-24% of the SGC depending on cohort. Finally, results show that women are slightly more likely to have multiple partners, and that this behaviour has a substantial minimizing effect on the SGC (minimizing it by 6-65%). To the authors' knowledge this was the first paper to estimate the scope of the impacts of these three mechanisms on the SGC. Differences in multi-partner fertility have in many instances been used as an explanation for men's higher childlessness. This study shows that women have slightly more childbearing partners than men, and that this actually leads to a smaller SGC in the studied population.
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| 4. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(author)
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Contraception use and associations with intimate partner violence among women in Bangladesh
- 2012
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - New York, USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:1, s. 83-94
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examines the association between contraception use and intimate partner violence (IPV) among women of reproductive age in Bangladesh. The observational study of 10,996 women used the chi-squared test and logistic regressions to assess the associations. Almost 80% of all respondents had used contraceptives at some point in their lives. About half of the respondents (48%) were victims of physical violence, while 11% experienced sexual abuse from their husbands. Urban residents, higher educated women and women aged 20-44 were more likely to use contraceptives than their peers in rural areas, those with lower education and those in their late forties (45-49 years). Women exposed to physical violence were almost two times (OR 1.93, CI 1.55-2.41) more likely to use contraceptives compared with their non-abused peers. Sexual abuse had no significant association with contraceptive use. Physical violence is a predictor for higher levels of contraceptive use among women in Bangladesh. The findings emphasize the importance of screening for IPV at health care centres. The differences in urban and rural contraceptive use and IPV exposure identified by the study have policy implications for service delivery and planning.
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| 5. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(author)
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Fairness of utilizing health care facilities and out-of-pocket payment burden : Evidence from Cambodia
- 2013
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 45:3, s. 345-357
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Catastrophic spending on health care through out-of-pocket payment is a huge problem in most low-and middle-income countries all over the world. The collapse of health systems and poverty have resulted in the proliferation of the private health sector in Cambodia, but very few studies have examined the fairness in ease of utilization of these services based on mode of payment. This study examined the utilization of health services for sickness or injury and identified its relationship with people’s ability to pay for treatment seeking at various instances. Based on cross-sectional data from the Cambodian 2007 Demographic and Health Survey, the economic index estimated through principal component analysis and Lorenz curve was used to quantify the degree of fairness and equality in utilization and payment burden among the respondents. A distinct level of fairness was found in health care utilization and out-of-pocket payments. Specifically, use of private health care facilities and over-the-counter remedies dominate, and out-of-pocket payments cut across all socioeconomic strata. As many countries in low-and middle-income regions, and most importantly those in transition such as Cambodia, are repositioning their health systems, efforts should be made towards maintaining equitable access through adoption of finance mechanisms that make utilization of health care services fair and equitable. © 2012 Cambridge University Press.
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| 6. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(author)
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Wife abuse in rural Bangladesh
- 2009
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 41:5, s. 561-573
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health and gender problem, especially in low-income countries. The study focused on verbal abuse, physical abuse and abuse by restricting food provision to wives by their husbands by victim and perpetrator characteristics, emphasizing the socioeconomic context of rural Bangladesh. Using a cross-sectional household survey of 4411 randomly selected married women of reproductive age, the study found that a majority of the respondents are exposed to verbal abuse (79%), while 41% are exposed to physical abuse. A small proportion (5%) of the women had suffered food-related abuse. Risk factors observed were age of the wife, illiteracy (of both victims and perpetrators), alcohol misuse, dowry management, husband’s monetary greed involving parents-in-law, and wife’s suspicions concerning husband’s extramarital affairs. Well-established risk factors for wife abuse, along with dowry and husband’s monetary greed, have a relatively high prevalence in rural Bangladesh. © 2009 Cambridge University Press.
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| 7. |
- D'Ambruoso, Lucia, et al.
(author)
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'Maybe it was her fate and maybe she ran out of blood' : final caregivers' perspectives on access to care in obstetric emergencies in rural Indonesia.
- 2010
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 42:2, s. 213-241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Maternal mortality persists in low-income settings despite preventability with skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care. Poor access limits the effectiveness of life-saving interventions and is typical of maternal health care in low-income settings. This paper examines access to care in obstetric emergencies from the perspectives of service users, using established and contemporary theoretical frameworks of access and a routine health surveillance method. The implications for health planning are also considered. The final caregivers of 104 women who died during pregnancy or childbirth were interviewed in two rural districts in Indonesia using an adapted verbal autopsy. Qualitative analysis revealed social and economic barriers to access and barriers that arose from the health system itself. Health insurance for the poor was highly problematic. For providers, incomplete reimbursements, and low public pay, acted as disincentives to treat the poor. For users, the schemes were poorly socialized and understood, complicated to use and led to lower quality care. Services, staff, transport, equipment and supplies were also generally unavailable or unaffordable. The multiple barriers to access conferred a cumulative disadvantage that culminated in exclusion. This was reflected in expressions of powerlessness and fatalism regarding the deaths. The analysis suggests that conceiving of access as a structurally determined, complex and dynamic process, and as a reciprocally maintained phenomenon of disadvantaged groups, may provide useful explanatory concepts for health planning. Health planning from this perspective may help to avoid perpetuating exclusion on social and economic grounds, by health systems and services, and help foster a sense of control at the micro-level, among peoples' feelings and behaviours regarding their health. Verbal autopsy surveys provide an opportunity to routinely collect information on the exclusory mechanisms of health systems, important information for equitable health planning.
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| 8. |
- Egerbladh, Inez, et al.
(author)
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Socioeconomic, demographic and legal influences on consanguinity and kinship in northern coastal Sweden 1780-1899
- 2011
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 43:4, s. 413-435
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most studies on consanguinity have been conducted on contemporary populations and have focused on the prevalence and types of preferred intra-familial marriage. With its comprehensive birth, marriage and deaths records dating back to the late 17th century, and the legal bar on first cousin marriage removed in the mid-19th century, Sweden offers unique opportunities to examine the factors that determine by whom, where and why consanguineous marriages were contracted. The present study covers the period 1780-1899 and presents a detailed portrait of cousin and sibling exchange marriages in the Skelleftea region of northern coastal Sweden. The combined prevalence of first, second and third cousin marriage increased from 2.3% in 1790-1810 to 8.8% in 1880-1899, and multi-generation consanguinity also increased significantly over the study period. The distribution and prevalence of first cousin marriages was strikingly non-random, with a significantly greater propensity for consanguinity among land-owning families, especially involving first-born sons, within specific pedigrees, and in a number of more remote inland communities. Additional factors associated with a greater likelihood of consanguineous marriage included physical or mental disability among males, and among females the prior birth of an illegitimate child. Besides the inherent interest in the social and demographic structure of this region of northern Sweden during the course of the 19th century, in future studies it will be important to determine the degree to which the observed patterns of consanguineous and sibling exchange marriages in these past generations could have influenced present-day genetic structure.
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| 9. |
- Gavrus-Ion, Alina, et al.
(author)
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Religion and fertility patterns : comparison of life history traits in Catholics and Protestants, Hallstatt (Austria) 1733-1908
- 2021
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 53:2, s. 305-318
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Catholicism and Protestantism have different ways of promoting the family unit that could influence survival and fertility at a population level. Parish records in the Austrian village of Hallstatt allowed the reconstruction of Catholic and Protestant genealogies over a period of 175 years (1733-1908) to evaluate how religion and social changes affected reproduction and survival. Life history traits such as lifespan beyond 15 years, number of offspring, reproductive span, children born out of wedlock and child mortality were estimated in 5678 Catholic and 3282 Protestant individuals. The interaction of sex, time and religion was checked through non-parametric factorial ANOVAs. Religion and time showed statistically significant interactions with lifespan >15 years, number of offspring and age at birth of first child. Protestants lived longer, had a larger reproductive span and an earlier age at birth of first child. Before the famine crisis of 1845-1850, Protestants showed lower values of childhood mortality than Catholics. Comparison of the number of children born out of wedlock revealed small differences between the two religions. Religion influenced reproduction and survival, as significant differences were found between Catholics and Protestants. This influence could be explained in part by differential socioeconomic characteristics, since Protestants may have enjoyed better living and sanitary conditions in Hallstatt.
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| 10. |
- Haandrikman, Karen, 1977-
(author)
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Effects of the fertility transition on birth seasonality in the Netherlands
- 2008
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 40:5, s. 655-672
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Synchronous with the decline in fertility that took place in the post-war period in the Netherlands, patterns of birth seasonality changed as well. In this paper seasonal fluctuations in fertility in the Netherlands are examined using population register data for the period 1952 to 2005. The peak in births has changed from spring to summer and subsequently to August/September, thereby shifting from the European to the American pattern. The seasonal shift can be attributed to parity-specific changes. Before the transition, birth seasonality did not differ much between the different parities. In the transition period from higher to low fertility, differences between parities increased which persist up to today. At present, the overall seasonality pattern is determined by first births. Moreover, birth seasonality varies by maternal age. The findings stimulate the discussion on the role of planning as a cause of birth seasonality.
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| 11. |
- Kolk, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Parental Status and Gender Preferences for Children : is Differential Fertility Stopping Consistent with the Trivers-Willard Hypothesis?
- 2013
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 45:5, s. 683-704
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Based on evolutionary reasoning, Trivers & Willard (1973) predicted status-biased sex composition and parental investment with son-preferencing effects in higher, and daughter-preferencing effects in lower status groups. Previous research shows mixed results. This study uses event-history methods and Swedish register data to study one possible mechanism in isolation: do parents in different status groups vary in their proclivities to continue fertility based on the sex composition of previous offspring? The results show no support for the Trivers-Willard hypothesis on a wide range of different status indicators. Future research on the stated hypothesis should focus on physiological rather than behavioural mechanisms.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
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GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
- 2012
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 44:2, s. 235-242
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Overweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms - biological, environmental and behavioural - behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborg et al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
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Getting ready for the marriage market? The association between divorce risks and investments in attractive body mass among married Europeans
- 2007
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 39:4, s. 531-544
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article explores to what extent married middle-aged individuals in Europe are governed by the risk of experiencing divorce, when shaping their physical appearance. The main result is that divorce risks, proxied by national divorce rates, are negatively connected to body mass index (BMI) among married individuals but unrelated to BMI among singles. Hence, it seems that married people in societies where divorce risks are high are more inclined to invest in their outer appearance. One interpretation is that high divorce rates make married people prepare for a potential divorce and future return to the marriage market. © 2006 Cambridge University Press.
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| 16. |
- Pemunta, Ngambouk Vitalis, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Socio-cultural determinants of infant malnutrition in Cameroon
- 2015
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 47:4, s. 423-448
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study seeks to explore and explain the socio-cultural factors responsible for the incidence of infant malnutrition in Cameroon with particular emphasis on northern Cameroon where it is most accentuated. It combines quantitative data drawn from the 1991, 1998, 2004 and 2011 Cameroon Demographic and Health Surveys, as well as a literature review of publications by the WHO and UNICEF. This is further complemented with qualitative data from various regions of Cameroon, partly from a national ethnographic study on the ethno-medical causes of infertility in Cameroon conducted between 1999 and 2000. Whereas socio-cultural factors related to child feeding and maternal health (breast-feeding, food taboos and representations of the colostrum as dangerous for infants) are widespread throughout Cameroon, poverty-related factors (lack of education for mothers, natural disaster, unprecedented influx of refugees, inaccessibility and inequity in the distribution of health care services) are pervasive in northern Cameroon. This conjunction of factors accounts for the higher incidence of infant malnutrition and mortality in northern Cameroon. The study suggests the need for women's empowerment and for health care personnel in transcultural situations to understand local cultural beliefs, practices and sentiments before initiating change efforts in infant feeding practices and maternal health. Biomedical services should be tailored to the social and cultural needs of the target population – particularly women – since beliefs and practices underpin therapeutic recourse. Whereas infant diarrhoea might be believed to be the result of sexual contact, in reality, it is caused by unhygienic conditions. Similarly, weaning foods aimed at transmitting ethnic identity might not meet a child's age-specific food needs and might instead give rise to malnutrition.
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| 17. |
- Zhu, Y., et al.
(author)
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Childhood exposure to domestic violence and attitude towards wife beating in adult life : A study of men in INDIA
- 2010
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - New York, USA : Cambridge University Press. - 0021-9320 .- 1469-7599. ; 42:2, s. 255-269
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined men’s justification of wife beating in relation to their perceived rights and autonomy using a nationally representative sample of 18,047 men in India with childhood exposure to parental violence. Five reasons for wife beating justification, four items of men’s perceived rights, and five items of household autonomy were analysed X using 2 test and logistic regression. Among 18,047 participants, 67% justified wife beating. Low education, economic stress and being unmarried were generally more associated with justifying wife beating for all five reasons. Wife’s refusal of sex and husband’s final say on household autonomy are risk factors. Joint autonomy on household decision making and wife’s autonomy on managing her own earnings are protective factors. Perceived relationship rights and autonomy are highly predictive of wife-beating justification for the men who have been exposed to parental violence during childhood. The study has significant implications for public health planners and education strategies. © 2009 Cambridge University Press.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Fransson, Göran, 1968-
(author)
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Mentors assessing mentees? : An overview and analyses of the mentorship role concerning newly qualified teachers
- 2010
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In: European Journal of Teacher Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0261-9768 .- 1469-5928. ; 33:4, s. 375-390
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden has no tradition of mentors participating in the formal summative assessment of newly qualified teachers. However, an Inquiry Committee Report proposed that mentors should have some involvement in this process. This article reports on the results of an examination of 108 official responses to the Inquiry Report submitted to the Ministry of Education and provides a research overview. The results show that only 23 of the 108 responses mention assessment, and none of these are positive to the proposed expansion of the mentor’s duties. Only four responses include an explicit discussion of the relationship between mentors and mentees. These results are discussed in the light of research into relations between mentors and mentees and whether or not mentors should participate in the assessment of their mentees. One conclusion is that answers to this question need to relate to the prerequisites, values and objectives of the educational context.
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| 20. |
- Ibáñez-Zamacona, María Eugenia, et al.
(author)
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Body image in relation to nutritional status in adults from the Basque Country, Spain
- 2020
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320. ; 52:2, s. 272-285
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this research was to analyse variation in body image perception and satisfaction by age, sex and nutritional status in an adult sample from the Basque Country, Spain. A case-control study was performed for 227 women and 178 men aged 18-70 years. Stunkard's silhouettes were used to evaluate Current Body Image (CBI) and Ideal Body Image (IBI), as well as dissatisfaction and inconsistency scores. Nutritional status was assessed following the WHO criteria for BMI in an adult population. The sample was divided into four groups based on sex and age (early adulthood <45 years, and middle/older adulthood ≥45 years). The Mann-Whitney U test was employed to evaluate sex and age differences, and the Gamma coefficient to assess the association between body image variables and nutritional status. Significant age differences in CBI (p<0.05) and sex differences in IBI (p<0.001) were detected. Both variables showed a positive association with BMI (p<0.01), which indicates that BMI is a biological characteristic related to body image satisfaction and influences participants' perception of themselves. Dissatisfaction scores showed that both sex and age differences (p<0.05) were negatively associated with BMI (p<0.001). Only participants ≥45 years presented sex differences in inconsistency scores (p<0.05); this variable was associated with BMI in women (p<0.01). Preferences in body image showed sexual dimorphism, with women preferring thinner bodies than men - a pattern observed in many Western populations - linked in part to sociocultural pressures. Women were more dissatisfied with their bodies than men; a higher dissatisfaction was observed in older relative to younger participants. The results confirm the association between nutritional status and body size perception and satisfaction, but also the relationship between nutritional status and the reliability with which women can classify themselves; in men, this relationship was not as clear.
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| 21. |
- Ibáñez-Zamacona, María Eugenia, et al.
(author)
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Ideal body image for the opposite sex and its association with body mass index
- 2023
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In: Journal of Biosocial Science. - 0021-9320. ; 55:1, s. 190-198
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This research studied the preferences reported by women and men about their Ideal Body Image for the Opposite Sex (IBIOS), and its association with body mass index (BMI). It also analysed the preferences of each sex for a woman's ideal body image (W-IBI) and a man's ideal body image (M-IBI). A total of 450 participants aged 18-70 years with different weights were studied. Their IBIOS was assessed using standard figural stimuli. The sample was divided in four groups by sex and age (<45 years; ≥45 years). Sex and age differences in IBIOS, as well as sex differences in the preferences for a woman's ideal body image (W-IBI) and a man's ideal body image (M-IBI), were tested using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The association between IBIOS and BMI was analysed using Spearman's correlation. In all groups, the most chosen silhouette as IBIOS was number 4. In the under-45 years group, women chose bigger silhouettes for the opposite sex than men did (p<0.05). In this age group women chose as ideal smaller silhouettes for the female body than men did (p<0.01). In addition, women and men in the younger age group and with normal weight chose smaller silhouettes, while those who were overweight or obese selected larger silhouettes (p<0.001). Age was found to be a relevant factor in IBIOS preferences, and in the association between IBIOS and nutritional status as measured by BMI, which was only observed to be significant in the younger age group.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Petersson, Martin, 1972, et al.
(author)
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Ozone promoted carbon monoxide oxidation on platinum/gamma-alumina catalyst
- 2006
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In: Journal of Catalysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9517 .- 1090-2694. ; 238:2, s. 321-329
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- CO oxidation with oxygen and ozone-oxygen mixtures was studied over a platinum/alumina monolith catalyst. Temperature ramp experiments were combined with mean-field Simulations to Study the reaction mechanisms. In the absence of ozone, a slow CO oxidation reaction was observed at low temperatures. The rate of this slow reaction was proportional to the square root of the oxygen pressure and independent of the CO concentration. At higher temperatures, the three-step Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism dominated the CO oxidations. When some of the oxygen was exchanged for ozone, rapid oxidation of CO by ozone was observed. The suggested explanation was an Eley-Rideal mechanism, in which colliding ozone reacts with adsorbed CO oil the platinum surface. When this additional reaction step was included in the model, the Simulation results indicated a reduction in the bulk CO pressure. The experimentally observed ozone promotion of CO oxidation was thus attributed to a decrease in CO Surface self-poisoning.
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