| 1. |
- Akay, Alpaslan, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Home Sweet Home? Macroeconomic Conditions in Home Countries and the Well-Being of Migrants
- 2017
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 52:2, s. 351-373
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines whether the subjective well-being of migrants is responsive to fluctuations in macroeconomic conditions in their country of origin. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel for the years 1984 to 2009 and macroeconomic variables for 24 countries of origin, we exploit country year variation for identification of the effect and panel data to control for migrants' observed and unobserved characteristics. We find strong evidence that migrants' well-being responds negatively to an increase in the GDP of their home country. That is, migrants seem to regard home countries as natural comparators, which grounds the idea of relative deprivation underlying the decision to migrate. The effect declines with years-since-migration and with the degree of assimilation in Germany.
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| 2. |
- Almås, Ingvild, et al.
(author)
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The Economics of Hypergamy
- 2023
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:1, s. 260-281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Partner selection is a vital feature of human behavior with important consequences for individuals, families, and society. We use the term hypergamy to describe a phenomenon whereby there is a tendency for husbands to be of higher rank within the male earnings capacity distribution than their wives are within the female distribution. Such patterns are difficult to verify empirically because earnings are both a cause and an effect of the mating process. Using parental earnings rank as a predetermined measure of earnings capacity to solve the simultaneity problem, we show that hypergamy is an important feature of today’s mating patterns in one of the most gender-equal societies in the world, namely Norway. Through its influence on household specialization, we argue that hypergamy may explain parts of the remaining gender wage gap.
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| 3. |
- Bharadwaj, Prashant, et al.
(author)
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Birth Weight in the Long Run
- 2018
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 53:1, s. 189-231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the effect of birth weight on long-run outcomes using data on Swedish twins born between 1926 and 1958 linked to administrative records spanning entire life-time labor market histories. We find that birth weight positively affects permanent income and income across large parts of the lifecycle. The timing of the birth weight–income relationship is in line with the role of birth weight in determining takeup of sickness benefits and morbidity. The effect of birth weight on labor market outcomes even for cohorts born 30 years apart are similar; for short run health outcomes, birth weight plays a decreasing role over time.
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| 4. |
- Bietenbeck, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Africa's Skill Tragedy : Does Teachers' Lack of Knowledge Lead to Low Student Performance?
- 2018
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 53:3, s. 553-578
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the importance of teacher subject knowledge for student performance in Sub-Saharan Africa using unique international assessment data for sixth-grade students and their teachers. To circumvent bias due to unobserved student heterogeneity, we exploit variation within students across math and reading. Teacher subject knowledge has a modest impact on student performance. Exploiting vast cross-country differences in economic development, we find that teacher knowledge is effective only in more developed African countries. Results are robust to adding teacher fixed effects and accounting for potential sorting based on subject-specific factors.
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| 5. |
- Bingley, Paul, et al.
(author)
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Brothers in Arms Spillovers from a Draft Lottery
- 2021
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 56:1, s. 225-268
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While family members tend to have similar labor market outcomes, measuring the contribution of behavioral spillovers is difficult. To identify spillovers between brothers, we exploit Denmark's largest random assignment of young men—to eight months of military service, where service status of brothers is correlated, but draft lottery numbers are not. We find average spillovers of elder brother service on younger brother service of 7 percent, and as high as 55 percent for closely spaced brothers without sisters. Elder brother's military service affects his own occupational choice and his younger brother's service by discouraging any refusal to serve.
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| 6. |
- Björkegren, Evelina, et al.
(author)
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Pre- and Post-Birth Components of Intergenerational Persistence in Health and Longevity: Lessons from a Large Sample of Adoptees
- 2022
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:1, s. 112-142
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use a large sample of Swedish-born adoptees and their biological and adopting parents to decompose the persistence in health inequality across generations into pre-birth and post-birth components. We use three sets of measures for health outcomes in the second generation: mortality, measures based on data on hospitalization and, finally, measures using birth outcomes for the third generation. The results show that all of the persistence in mortality is transmitted solely via pre-birth factors, while the results for the hospitalization measures suggest that at least three quarters of the intergenerational persistence in health is attributable to the biological parents.
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| 7. |
- Chen, Yvonne Jie, et al.
(author)
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Early-Life Exposure to Tap Water and the Development of Cognitive Skills
- 2022
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:6, s. 2113-2149
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We examine the impact of early-life exposure to tap water on children’s cognitive skills in later life. We exploit the variation in the timing of tap water connections across communities imposed by a major drinking water safety program in rural China. Using data extracted from the China Family Panel Studies, we find that one additional year of exposure to tap water in early life increases the cognitive test score at ages 10–15 by 0.132 standard deviations. The event study estimates confirm that the beneficial impacts of tap water exposure are concentrated in early life.
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| 8. |
- Costa-Ramón, Ana María, et al.
(author)
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The Long-Run Effects of Cesarean Sections
- 2022
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 57:6, s. 2048-2085
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyzes the long-term effects of potentially avoidable cesarean sections on children’s health. Using Finnish administrative data, we document that physicians perform more unplanned C-sections during their regular working hours on days that precede a weekend or public holiday and use this exogenous variation as an instrument for C-sections. We supplement our instrumental variables results with a differences-in-differences estimation strategy that exploits variation in birth mode within sibling pairs and across families. Our results suggest that avoidable unplanned C-sections increase the risk of asthma, but do not affect other immune-mediated disorders previously associated with C-sections.
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| 9. |
- Eliason, Marcus, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Does Job Loss Shorten Life?
- 2009
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In: The Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 44:2, s. 277-302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 10. |
- Eliason, Marcus, et al.
(author)
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Does Job Loss Shorten Life?
- 2009
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 44:2, s. 277-302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines the impact of job loss on overall and cause-specific mortality. Using linked employer-employee data, we identified the workers displaced due to all establishment closures in Sweden in 1987 and 1988. Hence, we have extended the case study approach, which has dominated the plant closure literature. The overall mortality risk among men increased by 44 percent during the first four years following job loss, while there was no impact on either female overall mortality or in the longer run. For both sexes, however, there was an about twofold short-run increase in suicides and alcohol-related mortality.
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| 11. |
- Engdahl, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Early Labor Market Prospects and Family Formation
- 2022
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using quasi-random variation in graduation years of Swedish vocational high-school females at the sudden onset of a deep national recession, we study how deteriorated early labor-market prospects affected economic and family outcomes during the following decades. Labor-market consequences were severe but not permanent. In contrast, family outcomes were permanently altered, in particular for low-GPA women. These women married and had children earlier, and they partnered with lower-performing spouses. Divorce and single-motherhood rates rose, and welfare-claims remained elevated for decades. This suggests that temporary shocks to female labor market prospects can propagate into long-run poverty through endogenous adjustments of marriage-quality thresholds.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Fogelgren, Mattias, et al.
(author)
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Is Supported Employment Effective for Young Adults with Disability Pension? : Evidence from a Swedish Randomized Evaluation
- 2023
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:2, s. 452-487
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper reports results from a large-scale randomized experiment evaluating whether a supported employment rehabilitation intervention strategy can improve labor market opportunities for young adults on disability pension better than regular vocational rehabilitation. The supported employment intervention utilizes a caseworker as back-up for the individual during training to reduce employers’ risks when hiring an individual with unclear productivity. In total, 1,062 individuals were randomly assigned between interventions. The main results show that 18 months after the start of the project, participants with supported employment have work rates that are approximately 10 percentage points higher than participants who received regular rehabilitation.
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| 14. |
- Fredriksson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Parental Responses to Public Investments in Children : Evidence from a Maximum Class Size Rule
- 2016
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 51:4, s. 832-868
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study differential parental responses to variation in class size induced by a maximum class size rule in Swedish schools. In response to an increase in class size: (i) only high-income parents help their children more with homework; (ii) all parents are more likely to move their child to another school; and (iii) only low-income children find their teachers harder to follow when taught in a larger class. These findings indicate that public and private investments in children are substitutes, and help explain why the negative effect of class size on achievement in our data is concentrated among low-income children.
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| 15. |
- Gerdtham, Ulf, et al.
(author)
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Absolute income, relative income, income inequality, and mortality
- 2004
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 39:1, s. 228-247
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We test whether mortality is related to individual income, mean community income, and community income inequality, controlling for initial health status and personal characteristics. The analysis is based on a random sample from the adult Swedish population of more than 40, 000 individuals who were followed up for 10-17 years. We find that mortality decreases significantly as individual income increases. For mean community income and community income inequality we cannot, however, reject the null hypothesis of no effect on mortality. This result is stable with respect to a number of measurement and specification issues explored in an extensive sensitivity analysis.
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| 16. |
- Groneck, Max
(author)
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Bequests and informal long-term care: Evidence from HRS exit interviews
- 2017
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X. ; 52:2, s. 531-572
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Informal long-term caregiving for frail elderly individuals by their children may induce parents to compensate their children for their help. To test this hypothesis, I use the exit interview from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). My results show that the decision to care for one's parents has a significant positive impact on the incidence and amount of bequests received. In addition, increasing the amount of care relative to one's siblings significantly increases the proportion of bequest within a family. Furthermore, I find that the positive nexus of caregiving and bequest requires a written will as a contract between the parent and the helping child. © 2017 by the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.
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| 17. |
- Grönqvist, Erik, et al.
(author)
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The Intergenerational Transmission of Cognitive and Noncognitive Abilities
- 2017
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : UNIV WISCONSIN PRESS. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 52:4, s. 887-918
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the intergenerational transmission of cognitive and noncognitive abilities using population data and correct for measurement error in abilities using two sets of instruments. The results show that previous estimates are biased downward and that once measurement error is corrected for, the correlation in noncognitive ability is close to that of cognitive ability. By considering both parents, intergenerational ability correlations account for a substantial portion of the sibling correlation. Using adoptees, we find that the social impact of maternal abilities is more important than paternal abilities. Children's educational attainment and labor market outcomes are strongly related to parents' cognitive and noncognitive abilities.
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| 18. |
- Hall, Caroline
(author)
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The Effects of Reducing Tracking in Upper Secondary School Evidence from a Large-Scale Pilot Scheme
- 2012
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 47:1, s. 237-269
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By exploiting an extensive pilot scheme that preceded an educational reform, this paper evaluates the effects of introducing a more comprehensive upper secondary school system in Sweden. The reform reduced the differences between academic and vocational tracks through prolonging and increasing the academic content of the latter As a result, all vocational students became eligible for university studies. The results suggest that the policy change increased the amount of upper secondary schooling obtained among vocational students, but did not affect enrollment in university studies or students earnings later in life.
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| 19. |
- Ham, John C., et al.
(author)
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Estimating Heterogeneous Takeup and Crowd-Out Responses to Existing Medicaid Income Limits and their Nonmarginal Expansions
- 2014
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 49:4, s. 872-905
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use a switching pro bit model and the income-limit-based structure of Medicaid eligibility for children to estimate treatment effects of nonmarginal Medicaid expansions on Medicaid takeup, private insurance coverage, and crowd-out, as well as crowd-out for those eligible for Medicaid under rules already in place. Many of these estimates are not found in existing work on public insurance and cannot be calculated with the linear probability model used by previous work in this literature. We provide an estimation approach that is straightforward to implement yet yields precise treatment effects.
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| 20. |
- Hensvik, Lena, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Keeping the Production Line Running : Internal Substitution and Employee Absence
- 2019
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 54:1, s. 200-224
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We postulate that the production losses from absence depend on firms' ability to internally substitute for absent workers, incentivizing firms to keep absence low in jobs with few substitutes. Using Swedish employer-employee data we show that absence is substantially lower in such positions conditional on establishment and occupation fixed effects. The result is driven by employee adjustments of absence to substitutability, and sorting of low (high) absence workers into (out of) positions with few substitutes. These findings highlight that internal substitution insures firms against production disruptions and that absence costs are important aspects of firms' hiring and separation decisions.
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| 21. |
- Hjalmarsson, Randi, et al.
(author)
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Like Godfather, Like Son : Exploring the Intergenerational Nature of Crime
- 2012
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 47:2, s. 550-582.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sons (daughters) with criminal fathers have 2.06 (2.66) times higher odds of having a criminal conviction than those with noncriminal fathers. One additional paternal sentence increases sons' (daughters') convictions by 32 (53) percent. Compared to traditional labor market measures, the intergenerational transmission of crime is lower than that for high school completion but higher than that for poverty At the intensive margin, the intergenerational crime relationship is as strong as those for earnings and years of schooling. Parental human capital and parental behaviors can account for 60-80 percent of the intergenerational crime relationship. Paternal role-modeling also matters.
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| 22. |
- Holmlund, Helena
(author)
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How Much Does Marital Sorting Contribute to Intergenerational Socioeconomic Persistence?
- 2022
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:2, s. 372-399
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This work investigates to what extent assortative mating contributes to intergenerational earnings persistence. I use an errors-in-variables model to demonstrate how pooling of partners' "potential" earnings affects intergenerational earnings persistence, and I simulate persistence under different assumptions about assortative mating and women's earnings distribution. Using Swedish data on cohorts born 1945-1965 and rank-based measures, I show that a substantial decline in marital sorting has contributed little to lowering intergenerational persistence. The intergenerational elasticity (IGE) is, however, more sensitive to sorting, in particular for women. Overall, variations in marital sorting must be large to affect intergenerational mobility to a great extent. Instead, the relative earnings distributions of men and women, in combination with sorting, are important for intergenerational persistence.
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| 23. |
- Håkanson, Christina, et al.
(author)
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Firms and Skills The Evolution of Worker Sorting
- 2021
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 56:2, s. 512-538
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We document a significant increase in the sorting of workers by cognitive and noncognitive skills across Swedish firms during 1986–2008. During this period, worker skill differences between firms increased, while within-firm skill differences fell. A significant fraction of the increase in the between-firm differences in cognitive skill is due to high-skilled workers moving into the information and communications technology (ICT) sector. Within-firm skill differences fell in all major industries, but particularly in the manufacturing sector. Combined with steeper firm-level skill gradients, the increase in sorting can account for 45 percent of the increase in between-firm wage dispersion during our period of study.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Lazuka, Volha
(author)
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Infant Health and Later-Life Labour Market Outcomes: Evidence from the Introduction of Sulpha Antibiotics in Sweden
- 2020
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X. ; 55:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of improvements in infant health produced by the introduction of sulphapyridine in the late-1930s as treatment against pneumonia on outcomes in adulthood. Based on longitudinal individual data for the whole population of Sweden 1968–2012 and archival data on the availability of sulphapyridine and applying a difference-in-differences approach, it finds that mitigation of pneumonia infection in infancy increased labour income in late adulthood by 2.8–5.3 percent. The beneficial effects are strong for health, measured by length of stay in hospital, and weaker for years of schooling. These effects are similar between men and women.
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| 27. |
- Lindahl, Mikael, et al.
(author)
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Long-Term Intergenerational Persistence of Human Capital : An Empirical Analysis of Four Generations
- 2015
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 50:1, s. 1-33
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most previous studies of intergenerational transmission of human capital are restricted to two generations: how parents influence their children. In this study, we use a Swedish data set that links individual measures of lifetime earnings for three generations and data on educational attainment for four generations. We find that estimates obtained from data on two generations severely underestimate long-run intergenerational persistence in both labor earnings and educational attainments. Long-run social mobility is hence much lower than previously thought. We attribute this additional persistence to dynastic human capital-the influence on human capital of more distant family members than parents.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Lundborg, Petter, et al.
(author)
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Height and Earnings: The Role of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills
- 2014
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 49:1, s. 141-166
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use large-scale register data on 450,000 Swedish males who underwent mandatory military enlistment at age 18, and a subsample of 150,000 siblings, to examine why tall people earn more. We show the importance of both cognitive and noncognitive skills, as well as family background and muscular strength for the height-earnings relationship. In addition, we show that a substantial height premium remains after these factors have been accounted for, which originates from very short people having low earnings. This is mostly explained by the sorting of short people into low-paid occupations, which may indicate discrimination by stature.
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| 31. |
- Lundin, Martin, 1975-, et al.
(author)
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Leadership Experiences, Labor Market Entry, and Early Career Trajectories
- 2021
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 56:2, s. 480-511
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Matching archive data on election discontinuities to register data on labor market trajectories, we estimate the causal effects of being elected into Swedish student union councils on subsequent labor market careers. Marginally elected students are much more likely to have a rapid transition into employment. Effects are not confined to establishments, organizations, or industries where previous candidates are employed, suggesting that the benefits are general in nature. Elected representatives have higher labor earnings within three years, but not thereafter. Overall, leadership experiences before labor market entry boost individuals' early careers, whereas mid-term outcomes are unaffected.
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| 32. |
- Malamud, O., et al.
(author)
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The Effect of Education on Mortality and Health: Evidence from a Schooling Expansion in Romania
- 2023
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 58:2, s. 561-592
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines a schooling expansion in Romania that increased educational attainment for successive cohorts born between 1945 and 1950. We use a difference-in-regression discontinuities (D-RD) design based on school entry cutoff dates to estimate impacts on mortality using 1994-2016 Vital Statistics data, self-reported health in the 2011 Romanian Census, and hospitalizations from 1997-2017 in-patient registers. We find that the schooling reform led to significant increases in years of schooling but did not affect mortality, hospitalizations, or self-reported health. These estimates provide new evidence for the causal effect of education on mortality and health outside of high-income countries and at lower margins of educational attainment. © 2021, Journal of Human Resources All Rights Reserved.
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| 33. |
- Nybom, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Biases in Standard Measures of Intergenerational Income Dependence
- 2017
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 52:3, s. 800-825
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. Using long Swedish income series, we provide such evidence for log-linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity, moderate in log-linear correlations, and small in rank-based measures. However; there are important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher and long-distance downward mobility lower than estimates from short-run income suggest.
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| 34. |
- Nybom, Martin, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Heterogeneous income profiles and life-cycle bias in intergenerational mobility estimation
- 2016
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 51:1, s. 239-268
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using short snapshots of income in intergenerational mobility estimation causes “lifecycle bias” if the snapshots cannot mimic lifetime outcomes. We use uniquely long series of Swedish income data to show that this bias is large and to examine current strategies to reduce it. We confirm that lifecycle bias is smallest when incomes are measured around midlife, a central implication from a widely adopted generalization of the classical errors-in-variables model. However, the model cannot predict the ideal age of measurement or eliminate lifecycle bias at other ages. We illustrate how extensions of this model can reduce the bias further.
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| 35. |
- Rooth, Dan-Olof
(author)
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Obesity, attractiveness and differential treatment in hiring : a field experiment
- 2009
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 44:3, s. 710-735
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study presents evidence of differential treatment in the hiring of obese individuals in the Swedish labor market. Fictitious applications were sent to real job openings. The applications were sent in pairs, where one facial photo of an otherwise identical applicant was manipulated to show the individual as obese. Applications sent with the weight-manipulated photo had a significantly lower callback response for an interview: Six percentage points lower for men and eight percentage points lower for women. This differential treatment occurs differently for men and women: The results for men are driven by attractiveness, while the results for women are driven by obesity.
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| 36. |
- Runeson, Caroline, et al.
(author)
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Screening through Activation? : Differential Effects of a Youth Activation Program
- 2022
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In: The Journal of human resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 57:3, s. 1033-1077
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study the dual role of active labor market policies. First, active labor market programs (ALMPs) may perform a screening role by increasing job-search incentives already before program participation, especially among individuals with good labor market prospects. Second, actual program participation may help individuals with poor labor market prospects. We examine whether this type of pattern can be found in individual responses to a nationwide youth activation program in Sweden using a regression discontinuity (RD) design. We find that individuals with a high predicted probability of finding work respond to the threat of activation, whereas there is no effect for individuals with weak labor market prospects.
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| 37. |
- Simeonova, Emilia, et al.
(author)
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Congestion Pricing, Air Pollution, and Children's Health
- 2021
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 56:4, s. 971-996
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examines the effects of a congestion tax in central Stockholm on ambient air pollution and the health of local children. We demonstrate that the tax reduced ambient air pollution by 5-15 percent and the rate of acute asthma attacks among young children. We do not see corresponding changes in accidents or hospitalizations for nonrespiratory conditions. As the change in health was more gradual than the change in pollution, it may take time for the full health effects of changes in pollution to materialize if the mechanism is pollution. Hence, short-run estimates of pollution reduction programs may understate long-run health benefits.
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| 38. |
- Singh, Abhijeet, et al.
(author)
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COVID-19 Learning loss and recovery : Panel data evidence from India
- 2024
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In: Journal of Human Resources. - : University of Wisconsin Press. - 1548-8004 .- 0022-166X.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We use a panel survey of ~ 19,000 primary-school-aged children in rural Tamil Nadu to study ‘learning loss’ after COVID-19-induced school closures, and the pace of recovery after schools reopened. Students tested in December 2021 (18 months after school closures) displayed learning deficits of ~0.73σ in math and 0.34σ in language compared to identically-aged students in the same villages in 2019. Two-thirds of this deficit was made up within 6 months after schools reopened. Further, while learning loss was regressive, recovery was progressive. A government-run after-school remediation program contributed ~24% of the cohort-level recovery, likely aiding the progressive recovery.
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| 39. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Peer Effects in Welfare Dependence : Quasi-experimental evidence
- 2009
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In: The Journal of human resources. - 0022-166X .- 1548-8004. ; 44:3, s. 798-825
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines peer effects in welfare use among refugees. We exploit a Swedish refugee placement policy, which generated exogenous variation in peer group composition. Our analysis distinguishes between the quantity of contacts - the number of individuals of the same ethnicity - and the quality of contacts - welfare use among members of the ethnic group. Long-term welfare dependence increases if the individual is placed in a welfare dependent community. The number of contacts is either irrelevant or negatively related to welfare receipt; not controlling for residential self-selection yields the opposite conclusion. The results are very similar across household types and in different parts of the predicted earnings distribution.
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