| 1. |
- Batson, C. Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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An additional antecedent of empathic concern : Valuing the welfare of the person in need
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 93:1, s. 65-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments examined the role of valuing the welfare of a person in need as an antecedent of empathic concern. Specifically, these experiments explored the relation of such valuing to a well-known antecedent - perspective taking. In Experiment 1, both perspective taking and valuing were manipulated, and each independently increased empathic concern, which, in turn, increased helping behavior. In Experiment 2, only valuing was manipulated. Manipulated valuing increased measured perspective taking and, in part as a result, increased empathic concern, which, in turn, increased helping. Valuing appears to be an important, largely overlooked, situational antecedent of feeling empathy for a person in need.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Sohlberg, Staffan, et al.
(författare)
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Persistent complex subliminal activation effects : First experimental observations
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 85:2, s. 302-316
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A strong recent focus on unconscious processes has increased interest in subliminal stimulation and other experimental activation technologies. Five experiments using male and female university students (N = 365) were carried out to compare 5-ms exposures of "mommy and I" stimuli with 5-ms control stimulation. Measures of self-mother similarity and other variables taken 7-14 days after exposure were more strongly correlated among experimental participants. Such complex, persistent effects may follow when powerfully activating stimuli administered under wholly unconscious conditions provokes schematic processing of social information and behavioral confirmation. These scientifically exciting and ethically problematic findings imply a need for further reduction of the role accorded to conscious volition and control in psychology.
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| 6. |
- Öhman, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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The face in the crowd revisited : A threat advantage with schematic stimuli
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 80, s. 381-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Schematic threatening, friendly, and neutral faces were used to test the hypothesis that humans preferentially orient their attention toward threat. Using a visual search paradigm, participants searched for discrepant faces in matrices of otherwise identical faces. Across 5 experiments, results consistently showed faster and more accurate detection of threatening than friendly targets. The threat advantage was obvious regardless of whether the conditions favored parallel or serial search (i.e., involved neutral or emotional distractors), and it was valid for inverted faces. Threatening angry faces were more quickly and accurately detected than were other negative faces (sad or "scheming"), which suggests that the threat advantage can be attributed to threat rather than to the negative valence or the uniqueness of the target display.
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| 7. |
- Bergh, Robin, et al.
(författare)
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Is Group Membership Necessary for Understanding Generalized Prejudice? : A Re-Evaluation of Why Prejudices Are Interrelated
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 111:3, s. 367-395
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many scholars have proposed that people who reject one outgroup tend to reject other outgroups. Studies examining a latent factor behind different prejudices (e.g., toward ethnic and sexual minorities) have referred to this as generalized prejudice. Such research has also documented robust relations between latent prejudice factors and basic personality traits. However, targets of generalized prejudice tend to be lower in power and status and thus it remains an open question as to whether generalized prejudice, as traditionally studied, is about devaluing outgroups or devaluing marginalized groups. We present 7 studies, including experiments and national probability samples (N = 9,907 and 4,037) assessing the importance of outgroup devaluation, versus status- or power based devaluations, for understanding the nature of generalized prejudice, and its links to personality. Results show that (a) personality variables do not predict ingroup/outgroup biases in settings where power and status differences are absent, (b) women and overweight people who score high on generalized prejudice devalue their own groups, and (c) personality variables are far more predictive of prejudice toward low-compared with high-status targets. Together, these findings suggest that the personality explanation of prejudice including the generalized prejudice concept is not about ingroups versus outgroups per se, but rather about devaluing marginalized groups.
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| 8. |
- Bergh, Robin, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping principal dimensions of prejudice in the United States
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 123:1, s. 154-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research is often guided by maps of elementary dimensions, such as core traits, foundations of morality, and principal stereotype dimensions. Yet, there is no comprehensive map of prejudice dimensions. A major limiter of developing a prejudice map is the ad hoc sampling of target groups. We used a broad and largely theory-agnostic selection of groups to derive a map of principal dimensions of expressed prejudice in contemporary American society. Across a series of exploratory and confirmatory studies, we found three principal factors: Prejudice against marginalized groups, prejudice against privileged/conservative groups, and prejudice against unconventional groups (with some inverse loadings for conservative groups). We documented distinct correlates for each factor, in terms of social identifications, perceived threats, personality, and behavioral manifestations. We discuss how the current map integrates several lines of research, and point to novel and underexplored insights about prejudice.
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| 9. |
- Calderon, Sofia, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective likelihood and the construal level of future events: A replication study of Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, and Alony (2006)
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 119:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- C. J. Wakslak, Y. Trope, N. Liberman, and R. Alony (2006) examined the effect of manipulating the likelihood of future events on level of construal (i.e., mental abstraction). Over 7 experiments, they consistently found that subjectively unlikely (vs. likely) future events were more abstractly (vs. concretely) construed. This well-cited, but understudied finding has had a major influence on the construal level theory (CLT) literature: Likelihood is considered to be 1 of 4 psychological distances assumed to influence mental abstraction in similar ways (Trope & Liberman, 2010). Contrary to the original empirical findings, we present 2 close replication attempts (N = 115 and N = 120; the original studies had N = 20 and N = 34) that failed to find the effect of likelihood on construal level. Bayesian analyses provided diagnostic support for the absence of an effect. In light of the failed replications, we present a meta-analytic summary of the accumulated evidence on the effect. It suggests a strong trend of declining effect sizes as a function of larger samples. These results call into question the previous conclusion that likelihood has a reliable influence on construal level. We discuss the implications of these findings for CLT and advise against treating likelihood as a psychological distance until further tests have established the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
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| 10. |
- Eriksson, Kimmo, et al.
(författare)
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Generosity Pays : Selfish People Have Fewer Children and Earn Less Money
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 118:3, s. 532-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does selfishness pay in the long term? Previous research has indicated that being prosocial (or otherish) rather than selfish has positive consequences for psychological well-being, physical health, and relationships. Here we instead examine the consequences for individuals' incomes and number of children, as these are the currencies that matter most in theories that emphasize the power of self-interest, namely economics and evolutionary thinking. Drawing on both cross-sectional (Studies 1 and 2) and panel data (Studies 3 and 4), we find that prosocial individuals tend to have more children and higher income than selfish individuals. An additional survey (Study 5) of lay beliefs about how self-interest impacts income and fertility suggests one reason selfish people may persist in their behavior even though it leads to poorer outcomes: people generally expect selfish individuals to have higher incomes. Our findings have implications for lay decisions about the allocation of scarce resources, as well as for economic and evolutionary theories of human behavior.
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| 11. |
- Gilovich, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of temporal perspective on subjective confidence
- 1993
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 64:4, s. 552-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four studies examined whether people tend to lose confidence in their prospects for success the closer they are to the moment of truth. Study 1 found that students think they will do better on their midterm exams when asked on the 1st day of class than when asked on the day of the exam. Studies 2 and 4 replicated this finding under controlled conditions. Study 3 demonstrated that the same effect holds retrospectively: People are more confident that they would have performed well at a task long after the time to perform has passed. Data are presented indicating that these results stem from a tendency for people to feel more accountable for their assessments, and thus focus less on the causes of success and more on the causes of failure, as the time to perform approaches. Implications for the experience of regret are discussed.
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| 12. |
- Granqvist, Pehr, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental findings on God as an attachment figure : normative processes and moderating effects of internal working models
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 103:5, s. 804-818
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four studies examined implications of attachment theory for psychological aspects of religion among Israeli Jews. Study 1 replicated previous correlational findings indicating correspondence among interpersonal attachment orientations, attachment to God, and image of God. Studies 2-4 were subliminal priming experiments, which documented both normative and individual-difference effects. Regarding normative effects, findings indicated that threat priming heightened cognitive access to God-related concepts in a lexical decision task (Study 2); priming with God heightened cognitive access to positive, secure base-related concepts in the same task (Study 3); and priming with a religious symbol caused neutral material to be better liked (Study 4). Regarding individual differences, interpersonal attachment-related avoidance reduced the normative effects (i.e., avoidant participants had lower implicit access to God as a safe haven and secure base). Findings were mostly independent of level of religiousness. The present experiments considerably extend the psychological literature on connections between attachment constructs and aspects of religion.
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| 13. |
- Laukka, Petri, et al.
(författare)
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The expression and recognition of emotions in the voice across five nations : A lens model analysis based on acoustic features
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 111:5, s. 686-705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study extends previous work on emotion communication across cultures with a large-scale investigation of the physical expression cues in vocal tone. In doing so, it provides the first direct test of a key proposition of dialect theory, namely that greater accuracy of detecting emotions from one’s own cultural group—known as in-group advantage—results from a match between culturally specific schemas in emotional expression style and culturally specific schemas in emotion recognition. Study 1 used stimuli from 100 professional actors from five English-speaking nations vocally conveying 11 emotional states (anger, contempt, fear, happiness, interest, lust, neutral, pride, relief, sadness, and shame) using standard-content sentences. Detailed acoustic analyses showed many similarities across groups, and yet also systematic group differences. This provides evidence for cultural accents in expressive style at the level of acoustic cues. In Study 2, listeners evaluated these expressions in a 5 × 5 design balanced across groups. Cross-cultural accuracy was greater than expected by chance. However, there was also in-group advantage, which varied across emotions. A lens model analysis of fundamental acoustic properties examined patterns in emotional expression and perception within and across groups. Acoustic cues were used relatively similarly across groups both to produce and judge emotions, and yet there were also subtle cultural differences. Speakers appear to have a culturally nuanced schema for enacting vocal tones via acoustic cues, and perceivers have a culturally nuanced schema in judging them. Consistent with dialect theory’s prediction, in-group judgments showed a greater match between these schemas used for emotional expression and perception.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Peters, Ellen, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple Numeric Competencies: When a Number Is Not Just a Number
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 108-:5, s. 802-822
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A growing body of evidence demonstrates the practical and theoretical importance of numeracy in evaluations and choices involving numeric information, an importance that goes beyond simple accuracy in performing mathematical computations. Numeric competency, however, may be multiply determined, but little research has examined potentially separable influences in evaluations and choice. In the present article, we describe 3 numeric competencies and begin to disentangle their effects. Participants (N = 111) completed a series of tasks in 4 1-hr sessions. We first examined relations between objective numeracy, subjective numeracy, and symbolic-number mapping abilities (thought to tap into internal representations of numeric magnitude and the mapping of symbolic numbers onto those representations) using a structural equation model. We then explored their dissociations in numeric and nonnumeric tasks. Higher vs. lower scores in objective numeracy were associated with explicit number operations, including number comparisons and calculations. Those with more vs. less exact mapping had better numeric memory (but not nonnumeric) and produced valuations that were closer to (but did not equal) a risky gamble's expected value, indicating a link with superior number intuitions. Finally, individuals lower vs. higher in subjective numeracy had more negative emotional reactions to numbers and were less motivated and/or confident in numeric tasks. It was less clear whether subjective numeracy might also relate to more general motivations and metacognitions involving nonnumeric information. We conclude that numeric competencies should be used in a more targeted fashion to understand their multiple mechanisms in people's evaluations, choices, and life outcomes.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Selfhout, Maarten, et al.
(författare)
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In the eye of the beholder : perceived, actual, and peer-rated similarity in personality, communication, and friendship intensity during the acquaintanceship process
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 96:6, s. 1152-1165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors examined associations of perceived similarity, actual similarity, and peer-rated similarity in personality with friendship intensity during the acquaintanceship process in a naturalistic setting. Self- and peer-rated personality data were gathered from undergraduates (mean age = 18.9) at 5 time points during the first year of university using a round-robin design. Whereas perceived similarity and peer-rated similarity in personality were concurrently associated with more friendship intensity for just-acquainted individuals, actual similarity in personality was not. Further, bidirectional cross-lagged associations between perceived similarity and friendship intensity were found. Peer-rated similarity was also associated with increases in friendship intensity, and this association was mediated by communication frequency. These results indicate that specific types of similarity in personality are differentially associated with friendship intensity during early phases of acquaintanceship in a real-life setting. Further, insight was provided in the direction of causality between similarity and attraction: Perceived and peer-rated similarity seem to breed friendship intensity, whereas friendship intensity seems to breed perceived similarity only. Finally, peers' expectations seem to affect individuals' communicative behaviors, which in turn affect friendship formation.
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| 18. |
- Nash, Kirsty L., et al.
(författare)
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Discontinuities, cross-scale patterns, and the organization of ecosystems
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 95:3, s. 654-667
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecological structures and processes occur at specific spatiotemporal scales, and interactions that occur across multiple scales mediate scale-specific (e.g., individual, community, local, or regional) responses to disturbance. Despite the importance of scale, explicitly incorporating a multi-scale perspective into research and management actions remains a challenge. The discontinuity hypothesis provides a fertile avenue for addressing this problem by linking measureable proxies to inherent scales of structure within ecosystems. Here we outline the conceptual framework underlying discontinuities and review the evidence supporting the discontinuity hypothesis in ecological systems. Next we explore the utility of this approach for understanding cross-scale patterns and the organization of ecosystems by describing recent advances for examining nonlinear responses to disturbance and phenomena such as extinctions, invasions, and resilience. To stimulate new research, we present methods for performing discontinuity analysis, detail outstanding knowledge gaps, and discuss potential approaches for addressing these gaps.
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