| 1. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Absence behaviour as traffic crash predictor in bus drivers
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 40:3, s. 197-201
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem Various indicators of health have been shown to be associated with traffic crash involvement. As general health is also related to absence from work, the latter variable may be more strongly related to crashes, especially for professional drivers. Method Bus driver absence from work was analyzed in association with their crash records. Two British samples and one Swedish sample were used. Results One of the British samples yielded fair correlations between crash record and absence, while for the other the effect was restricted to the first three months of driving. The Swedish data had effects in the expected direction but these were not significant. Discussion The use of an indirect, overall measurement of health, may be a viable method for predicting the traffic crash involvement for professional drivers, although replications are needed in larger samples and other populations. Impact on industry The use of absence records for the identification of at risk drivers would seem to be a simple and useful method for companies with major fleets, and it also shows the importance of promoting employee health and well being at work as a potential method of reducing the cost, not only of absenteeism, but also of crashes in company vehicles.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
-
Culpable versus non-culpable traffic accidents; what is wrong with this picture?
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 38:4, s. 453-459
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: It is often implicitly or explicitly assumed in traffic accident research that drivers with accidents designated as non-culpable are a random sample from the population. However, this assumption is dependent upon differences in the criterion used for culpability. If drivers are erroneously categorized by assuming randomness, results could be grossly misleading. Method: The assumption of randomness leads to two predictions: first, no correlation should exist between culpable and non-culpable crashes; and second, the accident groups should differ on the variables known to be associated with accidents, such as amount of driving experience. These predictions were tested in two samples of bus drivers. Results: It was found that in a sample with a harsh criterion (70% culpable accidents) for crash responsibility, the drivers with non-culpable accidents had the features expected, namely, they were more experienced for example, while in a sample with a lenient criterion (50 % culpable), this was not so. Discussion: It was concluded that similar studies to the present one would need to be undertaken to establish exactly what percentage of drivers in a given population should be assigned culpable accidents, and construct a criterion that yields this ratio. Otherwise, the theoretical assumptions of randomness and non-responsibility will probably be violated to some degree. Impact on Industry: Many estimates of risk of crash involvement may have been wrong. Given the potential for erroneous criteria, a number of studies may make invalid assumptions from their data.
|
|
| 4. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders E.
(författare)
-
A reporting guide for studies on individual differences in traffic safety
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 41:4, s. 381-383
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: Studies on individual differences in traffic safety report differently on their methodologies, and use different statistics, and these are therefore difficult to compare and meta-analyze. Method: Based upon a previous, extensive review and meta-analysis of the traffic safety literature, several recommendations are made about what features of the methodology of studies on individual differences (including evaluations) in safety need to be reported to facilitate interpretation and meta-analysis. Similarly, some basic types of statistical values are recommended. Impact on Industry: The accumulation of knowledge about individual differences in traffic safety would be facilitated if scientific authors and journals adhered to these guidelines.
|
|
| 5. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders E.
(författare)
-
Effects of passengers on bus driver celeration behavior and incident prediction
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 38:1, s. 9-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: Driver celeration (speed change) behavior of bus drivers has previously been found to predict their traffic incident involvement, but it has also been ascertained that the level of celeration is influenced by the number of passengers carried as well as other traffic density variables. This means that the individual level of celeration is not as well estimated as could be the case. Another hypothesized influence of the number of passengers is that of differential quality of measurements, where high passenger density cirrcumstances are supposed to yield better estimates of the individual driver component of celeration behavior. Method: Comparisons were made between different variants of the celeration as predictor of traffic incidents of bus drivers. The number of bus passengers was held constant, and cases identified by their number of passengers per kilometer during measurement were excluded (in 12 samples of repeated measurements). Results: After holding passengers constant, the correlations between celeration behavior and incident record increased very slightly. Also, the selective prediction of incident record of those drivers who had had many passengers when measured increased the correlations even more. Conclusions: The influence of traffic density variables like the number of passengers have little direct influence on the predictive power of celeration behavior, despite the impact upon absolute celeration level. Selective prediction on the other hand increased correlations substantially. This unusual effect was probably due to how the individual propensity for high or low celeration driving was affected by the number of stops made and general traffic density; differences between drivers in this respect were probably enhanced by the denser traffic, thus creating a better estimate of the theoretical celeration behavior parameter C. The new concept of selective prediction was discussed in terms of making estimates of the systematic differences in quality of the individual driver data.
|
|
| 6. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders E.
(författare)
-
Re-education of young driving offenders : Effects on self-reports of driver behavior
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 41:4, s. 331-338
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Offending drivers are often re-educated, but these courses have seldom been shown to have any safety effects. Method: An on-line improvement course for offending drivers below the age of 25 was evaluated with several driver inventories. Results: The drivers reported higher levels of aggression, stress, sensation seeking, drunk driving, and driving violations, six months after the course than before. However, these levels were lower than those of controls, indicating that the initially low levels for the education group were due to socially desirable responding, as measured by a lie scale, an effect that waned after the course. Discussion: The results can be interpreted as a positive effect of the education, although this conclusion is tentative and not in agreement with all effects in the data. Impact on industry: The results are in disagreement with previous evaluation studies using the same or similar instruments, and show the need to include controls for social desirability in self-report studies.
|
|
| 7. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders E.
(författare)
-
The accident-exposure association : self-reported versus recorded collisions
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 42:2, s. 143-146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: It has been claimed that exposure to risk of road traffic accidents (usually conceptualized as mileage) is curvilinearly associated with crashes (i.e., the increase in number of crashes decreases with increased mileage). However, this effect has been criticized as mainly an artifact of self-reported data. Method: To test the proposition that self-reported accidents create part of the curvilinearity in data by under-reporting by high-accident drivers, self-reported and recorded collisions were plotted against hours of driving for bus drivers. Results: It was found that the recorded data differed from self-reported information at the high end of exposure, and had a more linear association with the exposure measure as compared to the self-reported data, thus supporting the hypothesis. Discussion: Part of the previously reported curvilinearity between accidents and exposure is apparently due to biased methods. Also, the interpretation of curvilinearity as an effect of exposure upon accidents was criticized as unfounded, as the causality may just as well go the other way. Impact on industry: The question of how exposure associates with crash involvement is far from resolved, and everyone who uses an exposure metric (mileage, time, induced) should be careful to investigate the exact properties of their variable before using it.
|
|
| 8. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders, 1965-
(författare)
-
Social desirability effects in driver behavior inventories
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 41:2, s. 99-106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: The use of lie scales to control for common method variance in driver behavior inventories has been very limited. Given that such questionnaires often use self-reported safety variables as criteria, and have social implications, the risk of artefactual associations is high. Method: A questionnaire containing scales from several well known driver inventories that have been claimed to predict traffic accident involvement was distributed three times to a group of young drivers in a driver education program, as well as a random group twice. The Driver Impression Management scale (DIM) was used to control for socially desirable responding. Results: For all behavior scales, the correlation with the DIM scale was substantial. If a scale correlated with self-reported crashes, the amount of predictive power was more than halved when social desirability was controlled for. Results were similar for both samples and all waves. The predictive power of the behavior scales was not increased when values were averaged over questionnaire waves, as should have been the case if the measurement and predictive power were valid. Results were similar for self-reported penalty points. The present results indicate that even the most well-known and accepted psychometric scales used in driver research are susceptible to social desirability bias. Discussion: As social desirability is only one of a number of common method variance mechanisms that can create artefactual associations, and the great popularity of the self-report methodology, the problem for traffic research is grave. Impact on industry: Organizations that fund traffic safety research need to re-evaluate their policies regarding what methods are acceptable. The use of self-reported independent and dependent variables can lead to directly misleading results, with negative effects on traffic safety.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- af Wåhlberg, Anders
(författare)
-
The relation of non-culpable traffic incidents to bus drivers' celeration behavior
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 39:1, s. 41-46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: The driver celeration behavior theory predicts that celerations are associated with incidents for which the driver has some responsibility in causing, but not other incidents. Method: The hypothesis was tested in 25 samples of repeated measurements of bus drivers' celeration behavior against their incidents for two years. Results: The results confirmed the prediction; in 18 samples, the correlation for culpable incidents only was higher than for all incidents, despite the higher means of the latter. Non-culpable incidents had correlations close to zero with celeration. Discussion: It was pointed out that most individual crash prediction studies have not made this differentiation, and thus probably yielded underestimates of the associations sought, although the effect is not strong, due to non-culpable accident involvements being few (less than a third of the total). The methods for correct identification of culpable incident involvements were discussed.
|
|
| 11. |
- Amin, Khabat, et al.
(författare)
-
Fall- and collision-related injuries among pedestrians in road traffic environment : A Swedish national register-based study
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 81, s. 153-165
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To investigate the burden of pedestrian injuries, including pedestrian fall injuries (PFI), compared to other transport-related injuries in Sweden and document their characteristics in terms of demographics, causes, type of injuries, and severity level with a focus on long-term consequences. Methods: Data were retrieved from the national Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition register. A total of 361,531 fatalities and injuries were reported by emergency hospitals during 2010–2019, of which 127,804 were pedestrians (35%). We assessed the magnitude of PFIs and conducted comparative analyses to assess differences compared to other types of road users regarding sex, age, severity level, injury circumstances, hospital care, causes of accidents, and type of injuries. Results: Pedestrians were the second largest group of traffic-related deaths in Sweden after car occupants and accounted for just over a quarter of all fatal accidents in the road traffic environment. Of the total number of pedestrian fatalities, three out of four have been in collision accidents and the others in fall-related accidents. In terms of injuries, pedestrians were the largest group among all road users, regardless of the type of accident. PFIs accounted for a third of all injuries in the road traffic environment and nearly half of all injuries resulting in permanent medical impairment (i.e., 2.2 times more long-term consequences among PFIs compared to injured car occupants). Females (particularly middle-aged and older) and older adults were overrepresented, and most PFIs occurred on urban and municipal roads. The causes were often related to maintenance (e.g., slippery surfaces such as ice, snow, leaves or gravel together with uneven pavements and roads are the cause three out of four of PFIs). Among collision injuries, the representation was almost equal for sex and age. Conclusions: Injuries and fatalities among pedestrians are a considerable issue in the road traffic environment in Sweden. Contrary to other traffic groups, the incidence has not decreased over time, meaning that this issue must be met with specific measures and address the specific risk factors they are associated with. Practical Application: Including fall accidents in the definition of traffic accidents increases the chances of getting better information about the accidents and taking preventive measures.
|
|
| 12. |
- Andersson, Anna-Lena, 1959, et al.
(författare)
-
Accident or suicide? Improvement in the classification of suicides among road traffic fatalities in Sweden by extended psychosocial investigations, during the years 2010–2019
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 80, s. 39-45
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Suicide is the second leading cause of death in the ages 15–29 worldwide, exceeded only by road injury. However, fatalities in road traffic may be either accidents or suicides. In 2010 Sweden began efforts to separately report deaths in road traffic as either accidents or suicides. Method: Three alternative criteria defining what constitutes a fatality by suicide were introduced. After exclusion of natural deaths, fatalities were also classified on a five-level graded scale, which distinguished between accident, undetermined, and suicide. The investigations of fatalities were complemented by extended psychosocial investigations in 2012. The improvement in the classification of suicide deaths was evaluated by an intra-year 2012 comparison, as well as using the 2010–2012 period as a control to evaluate the continued use of extended psychosocial investigations during the 2013–2019 period. Results: The 2012 intra-year comparison showed a 63% increase in the number of identified suicides when using extended psychosocial investigations. The additional 14 suicides identified in 2012 were mainly attributed to a resolution of 12 “undetermined” causes of deaths. Suicides of all road fatalities increased from 5.7-6.8% in 2010–2011, to 11.2% in 2012. Over the subsequent period 2013–2019 with extended psychosocial investigations, suicides of all road fatalities averaged 10%, a 60% increase over prior years. An average of ∼9 additional suicides was identified each year during 2013–2019, which was accompanied by an annual reduction of ∼6 “undetermined” fatalities. Conclusion: The use of extended psychosocial investigations is of major importance for our knowledge about the occurrence of suicides in road traffic. Practical applications: A standardized and in-depth classification of suicide deaths is a basic prerequisite needed for the cooperation, implementation, and effect-evaluations of suicide intervention and prevention efforts, with potential to include the entire Swedish transportation system. © 2021 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd
|
|
| 13. |
- Bergsten, Eva L., 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fall and collision related injuries among pedestrians, sickness absence and associations with accident type and occupation
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 86, s. 357-363
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: This study explores pedestrian fall accidents and collisions with other road users in the Swedish road transport system, and sickness absence (SA) in relation to accident type, injury, and occupation. Further, it studies the associations between accident type, occupation, and duration of SA. Methods: Data from several national registers were used that included 15,359 working age pedestrians (20–64 years) receiving healthcare after a fall or collision throughout 2014–2016. Individual characteristics, accident type, injury, and occupation were presented and related to SA. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals, for associations between accident type, occupation, and SA duration. Results: About 11,000 pedestrians (72%) were involved in fall accidents in the road traffic environment and well over 4,000 in collisions with another road user; 22% of all injured pedestrians had a new SA. The population had a higher proportion of women and individuals in older age groups (≥45). Of the falls, 31% were due to snow or ice, and these were associated with a higher OR for both short SA (<90 days) 1.76 (95% CI 1.56–1.98) and long SA (≥90 days) 1.81 (95% CI 1.51–2.18), compared to the group slipping, tripping, and stumbling. The working sectors health & social care, and construction had the highest ORs for SA. A higher OR was found for health & social care, short SA 1.58 (95% CI 1.38–1.81), long SA 1.79 (95% CI 1.45–2.20) and for construction, short SA 1.56 (95% CI 1.24–1.96), long SA 1.75 (95% CI 1.26–2.44), compared to the sector finance, communication, & cultural service. Conclusions: The OR for having short and long SA was higher in falls due to snow or ice and differed between occupational sectors. Practical implications: This information contributes to the knowledge base for planning a safe road transport system for pedestrians.
|
|
| 14. |
- Bergsten, Eva L., 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fall and collision related injuries among pedestrians, sickness absence and associations with accident type and occupation
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 86, s. 357-363
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: This study explores pedestrian fall accidents and collisions with other road users in the Swedish road transport system, and sickness absence (SA) in relation to accident type, injury, and occupation. Further, it studies the associations between accident type, occupation, and duration of SA.METHODS: Data from several national registers were used that included 15,359 working age pedestrians (20-64 years) receiving healthcare after a fall or collision throughout 2014-2016. Individual characteristics, accident type, injury, and occupation were presented and related to SA. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals, for associations between accident type, occupation, and SA duration.RESULTS: About 11,000 pedestrians (72%) were involved in fall accidents in the road traffic environment and well over 4,000 in collisions with another road user; 22% of all injured pedestrians had a new SA. The population had a higher proportion of women and individuals in older age groups (≥45). Of the falls, 31% were due to snow or ice, and these were associated with a higher OR for both short SA (<90 days) 1.76 (95% CI 1.56-1.98) and long SA (≥90 days) 1.81 (95% CI 1.51-2.18), compared to the group slipping, tripping, and stumbling. The working sectors health & social care, and construction had the highest ORs for SA. A higher OR was found for health & social care, short SA 1.58 (95% CI 1.38-1.81), long SA 1.79 (95% CI 1.45-2.20) and for construction, short SA 1.56 (95% CI 1.24-1.96), long SA 1.75 (95% CI 1.26-2.44), compared to the sector finance, communication, & cultural service.CONCLUSIONS: The OR for having short and long SA was higher in falls due to snow or ice and differed between occupational sectors.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: This information contributes to the knowledge base for planning a safe road transport system for pedestrians.
|
|
| 15. |
- Bonander, Carl, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
-
Injury risks in schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity or autismspectrumdisorder : Results from two school-based health surveys of 6- to 17-year-old children in Sweden
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 58, s. 49-56
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Injuries are one of the leading causes of death and disability among children in Sweden and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has previously been associated with an increased risk of injury in pediatric populations elsewhere in the world. Current evidence regarding the possible link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and injury risk appears limited, even though some potentially risk-increasing symptoms overlap. The purpose of this study was thus to study the association between both ADHD and ASD concerning the risk of injury among Swedish schoolchildren. Methods: Two samples were used: a population based register study containing data from 18,416 children ranging from the ages of 6-17 years collected by school nurses during 2012/2014 (Survey A), and a national cross-sectional study of 3202 ninth-grade children (similar to 15 years old) collected from 92 schools in 2011 (Survey B). The data were analyzed using chi(2)-tests and log binomial generalized linear models to obtain risk ratios (RR), comparing cases reportedly affected by ADHD or ASD to unaffected controls. Results: After adjusting for confounders, ADHD was associated with a 65% increased risk of injury (RR 1.65 [95% CI: 132-2.05] in Survey A, and a 57% increased risk of injury (RR 1.57 [95% CI: 1.27-1.95]) in Survey B. ASD was not significantly associated with any differences in injury risk (RR 0.81 [95% CI: 0.57-1.14]). Conclusions: The results indicate that there is an elevated injury risk among Swedish schoolchildren with ADHD but not for children with ASD. Future studies should focus on causal mechanisms mediating the association between ADHD and injuries in order to facilitate injury prevention strategies. Practical applications: Parents and teachers of schoolchildren with ADHD should be made aware of the elevated injury risks associated with the diagnosis. Safety experts and injury control professionals should consider the development of specialized prevention strategies in order to reduce these risks.
|
|
| 16. |
- Bonander, Carl, et al.
(författare)
-
The effect of the Swedish bicycle helmet law for children : An interrupted time series study
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 51, s. 15-22
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous population-based research has shown that bicycle helmet laws can reduce head injury rates among cyclists. According to deterrence theory, such laws are mainly effective if there is a high likelihood of being apprehended. In this study, we investigated the effect of the Swedish helmet law for children under the age of 15, a population that cannot be fined. Method An interrupted time series design was used. Monthly inpatient data on injured cyclists from 1998–2012, stratified by age (0–14, 15 +), sex, and injury diagnosis, was obtained from the National Patient Register. The main outcome measure was the proportion of head injury admissions per month. Intervention effect estimates were obtained using generalized autoregressive moving average (GARMA) models. Pre-legislation trend and seasonality was adjusted for, and differences-in-differences estimation was obtained using adults as a non-equivalent control group. Results There was a statistically significant intervention effect among male children, where the proportion of head injuries dropped by 7.8 percentage points. There was no evidence of an intervention effect on the proportion of head injuries among female children. Conclusion According to hospital admission data, the bicycle helmet law appears to have had an effect only on male children.
|
|
| 17. |
- Dekker, Sidney
(författare)
-
Reconstructing human contributions to accidents : the new view on error and performance
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 33:3, s. 371-385
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: How can human contributions to accidents be reconstructed? Investigators can easily take the position a of retrospective outsider, looking back on a sequence of events that seems to lead to an inevitable outcome, and pointing out where people went wrong. This does not explain much, however, and may not help prevent recurrence. Method and results: This paper examines how investigators can reconstruct the role that people contribute to accidents in light of what has recently become known as the new view of human error. The commitment of the new view is to move controversial human assessments and actions back into the flow of events of which they were part and which helped bring them forth, to see why assessments and actions made sense to people at the time. The second half of the paper addresses one way in which investigators can begin to reconstruct people's unfolding mindsets. Impact on industry: In an era where a large portion of accidents are attributed to human error, it is critical to understand why people did what they did, rather than judging them for not doing what we now know they should have done. This paper helps investigators avoid the traps of hindsight by presenting a method with which investigators can begin to see how people's actions and assessments actually made sense at the time. (C) 2002 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 18. |
- Donati, C., et al.
(författare)
-
Are FPCIs a source of increased risk for children? Results of a multicenter, experimental study comparing children´s behaviour with FPCIs and toys
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 38, s. 589-596
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Food Products Containing Inedibles (FPCIs) are believed to represent a source of higher choking risk in children. The aim of this study was to set up a controlled study, conducted on children aged 3-6 in a laboratory setting, in order to understand their behavior when interacting with FPCIs (with reference to mouthing activities, double nature recognition, and toy assembling ability). METHOD: The experimental phase was divided into two sessions: a FPCI session and a Toy session, to which 247 children were randomly assigned. During these sessions children were observed in order to catch their mouthing activity according to the two types of objects available to them (FPCIs and Toys). RESULTS: This study shows that: (a) children's behavior with respect to toys contained in FPCIs and toys presented alone is not significantly different; (b) children's ability to distinguish between the edible and non-edible part of the FPCI was very high; and (c) mouthing episodes of the inedible parts were negligible and comparable between FPCIs and toys presented alone. This strongly suggests that, with respect to choking risk, FPCIs are not per se distinguishable from toys containing small parts. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Restrictions on the sale of FPCIs with small toys exist in the U.S. market. In Europe, FPCIs are allowed to be on sale, under the condition that, in case, they will follow the general regulatory requirements of small toys packaged and sold alone. In this case, they must provide age warnings and labels. Our findings do not justify the different attention that toys in FPCIs are at times afforded by regulators when compared to "stand alone" toys.
|
|
| 19. |
- Dong, Yidan, et al.
(författare)
-
Derived patterns of musculoskeletal symptoms and their relationships with ergonomic factors among electronic assembly workers : A latent class analysis
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 82, s. 293-300
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Multi-site musculoskeletal symptoms (MSS) are considered to be more common and have more serious consequences than single-site MSS. This study aimed to determine whether derived patterns of MSS may be identified in electronic assembly workers and if extracted MSS classes are associated with personal and work-related factors. Method: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was performed with 700 participating electronic assembly workers. The questionnaire included individual factors, psychosocial and physical exposures, and MSS. The derived patterns of MSS and their relationships with ergonomic factors were analyzed using latent class analysis (LCA) and multinomial logistic regression models (MLRM). Results: The 1-year prevalence of MSS affecting only one body site or two or more body sites was 14.9% and 32.7%, respectively. The results of LCA showed three distinct classes of MSS patterns, which were labelled 'MSS in most sites' (5.0%), 'MSS in neck and shoulder' (27.0%), and 'MSS in one or no site' (68.0%). The results of MLRM showed that the 'MSS in neck and shoulder' was associated with job tenure (OR 5.579, 95% CI 2.488-12.511), excessive dynamic and static loads (OR 3.868, 95% CI 1.702- 8.793 and OR 5.270, 95% CI 2.020-13.747, respectively); while the 'MSS in most sites' was associated with high job demands (OR 4.528, 95% CI 1.647-12.445) and excessive dynamic loads (OR 111.554, 95% CI 4.996-2490.793). Conclusions: The results showed unique patterns of MSS among electronic assembly workers that were associated with personal and work-related factors. Practical applications: The findings highlight that the high prevalence of multi-site MSS in this group should be a focus. It also provides further evidence that LCA considering the number and location of anatomical sites involving MSS can be used to determine distinct classes of MSS patterns, which is of great significance for the epidemiological study and management of MSS in the future.
|
|
| 20. |
- Engström, Inger
(författare)
-
Group dynamics and cohesiveness among young drivers and their passengers
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this investigation was to analyse the relationship between group cohesiveness and performance among young drivers and their passengers. Furthermore, interactions in the vehicle were studied to classify the scope of interventions that might change driving performance. The relationship between within-vehicle interactions, cohesiveness, and driver behaviour was also investigated, and that was achieved by practical driving exercises performed by twelve young male drivers in a specially instrumented car in real traffic and with passengers. The exercises were recorded using cameras and microphones hidden in the vehicle, and the driving behaviour was measured by different instruments. The drivers also answered a cohesiveness questionnaire. The results show that high cohesiveness led to safer driving and fewer negative interactions in the vehicle. Also, the group interactions exerted both positive and negative pressure aimed at changing the actions of the drivers.
|
|
| 21. |
- Fredin-Knutzén, J., et al.
(författare)
-
A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of preventing railway suicides by mid-track fencing, which restrict easy access to high-speed train tracks
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 83, s. 232-237
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Suicides in the railway system is a serious health, societal, and transportation concern. Restriction of the access to suicide methods in the form of different physical barriers is a promising approach for suicide prevention. Method: Mid-track fencing, which is fencing placed in-between the high-speed and commuter train tracks, was installed at one out of seven stations along a train line outside of Stockholm in the years 2013/2014. The number of suicides at the intervention station was compared to six other stations used as controls, over a total period of 20 years (2002–2021). Results: Suicides at high-speed tracks occurring at stations was the major cause of death on the investigated railway line. Prior to the year 2014, the intervention and control stations displayed similar time trends in the number of suicides. After installation of the mid-track fencing in 2014, there was a 62.5% reduction in the rate of suicides occurring at the intervention station. Compared to the six other control stations, the intervention station displayed a significant reduction in the number of suicides during the years 2014–2021 (OR = 0.14, 95%CI 0.013–0.95). Suicides at the railway lines in-between stations were not increased post-intervention. However, nearby control stations showed a 162% increase in suicides after the intervention, suggesting the induction of transfer effects. Conclusion: Mid-track fences restricting access to high-speed train tracks may have a large effect on reducing the number of railway suicides at intervention stations, but may also induce an increase in suicides at nearby stations without mid-track fences. Practical applications: Partial physical barriers such as mid-track fencing is deemed to be relatively easy and cheap to install (as compared to full barriers; e.g., full height platform screen doors) and should be considered at all stations on railway lines that have high-speed trains passing by. © 2022 The Author(s)
|
|
| 22. |
- Hanberger, Anders, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Intentions and knowledge shaping local safety policy : A comparison of two Swedish cities
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 55, s. 31-39
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: This article explores how intentions and knowledge shape two Swedish cities' local safety policy (LSP). Method: The applied framework is derived from the integration of governance and implementation research and the theory of knowledge and its use. Results: The study shows that LSPs are shaped by amix of intentions and different kinds of knowledge, and intentions and knowledge interplay and intertwine in many ways. Key-persons construct LSPs when they work out solutions to urgent safety problems and take departure in the local context, its pre-conditions, and their experience-based and professional knowledge. The state governs LSP softly through management by objectives in the background, butmore often key-actor intentions and commitments, local safety problems, and events initiated and influenced LSPs. Conclusions: The article contributes to a better understanding of conditions for LSPs in multi-level governance. Practical applications: The article can be used to improve governance, identify implementation problems and knowledge needs that will improve LSPs and the overall safety situation in the community. The study has implications for how LSPs should be evaluated; many different evaluation criteria can be appropriate, such as relevance, legitimacy, achievement of key actors' objectives, sustainability of policy solutions, and creation of a local safety culture.
|
|
| 23. |
- Hansson, Sven Ove
(författare)
-
Improvement principles
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 69, s. 33-41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The improvement principles are a group of safety principles whose central message is that no risk level above zero is fully satisfactory, and that we should therefore always strive to improve safety. The major safety principles in this group are: as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), best available technology (BAT), the substitution principle, vision zero, and continuous improvement. Method: This article investigates their similarities and differences, the ways in which they can incorporate compromises with objectives other than safety, and the difficulties that may arise in their application. A particular emphasis is put on comparisons with two major competing groups of principles, namely acceptance principles, which draw a sharp line between acceptable and unacceptable states of affairs, and weighing principles such as CBA that search for an optimized compromise between safety and other objectives. Results: In comparison to their main competitors, the improvement principles have the important advantage of consistently encouraging safety enhancements. However, some of the problems in their application can probably best be tackled by including them in a combined approach that also makes use of acceptance and/or weighing principles. Two such combined approaches are proposed. The choice between them should be based on the underlying value structure of the decision problem. Practical applications: Guidance is given for the choice of safety principles and for the combined use of more than one such principle.
|
|
| 24. |
- Hedlund, Ann, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing motivation for work environment improvements : internal consistency, reliability and factorial structure
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 41:2, s. 145-151
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem. Workers’ motivation to actively take part in improvements to the work environment is assumed to be important for the efficiency of investments for that purpose. That gives rise to the need for a tool to measure this motivation.Metho.d A questionnaire to measure motivation for improvements to the work environment has been designed. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the domains of the questionnaire has been measured, and the factorial structure has been explored, from the answers of 113 employees. Results The internal consistency is high (0.94), as well as the correlation for the total score (0.84). Three factors are identified accounting for 61.6% of the total variance.Discussion. The questionnaire can be a useful tool in improving intervention methods. The expectation is that the tool thereby can be useful, particularly with the aim of improving efficiency of companies’ investments for work environment improvements.
|
|
| 25. |
- Jones, Alan Wayne, et al.
(författare)
-
What non-alcohol drugs are used by drinking drivers in Sweden? Toxicological results from ten years of forensic blood samples
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 43:3, s. 151-156
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction and Method: Using a forensic toxicology database (TOXBASE), the toxicological results from 10 years of forensic blood samples from people arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs were reviewed. Results: Alcohol was the only drug identified in blood in N = 35,704 cases at a median blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of 1.63 mg/g. The mean age (+/- SD) of these offenders was 40 +/- 15 years and 89% were male. The median BAC was lower (1.30 mg/g) in drivers who had consumed alcohol and used a prescription drug before driving (N = 1,251). The mean age of this group of traffic offenders was 38 +/- 13 years and 85% were male. Both the median BAC (0.97 mg/g) and the mean age were lowest (36 +/- 11 years, 92% male) in N = 3,153 drivers who had consumed alcohol and used illicit drugs before driving. Cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and morphine (metabolite of heroin) were the commonest illicit drugs identified in blood samples. Sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines) were the major prescription drugs co-ingested with alcohol. Poly-drug use was a common finding in these traffic delinquents, although individuals who only drank alcohol had a higher median BAC and were also several years older than drinking drivers combining alcohol with other drugs before driving. Impact on Industry: Zero-tolerance legislation did not deter hard-core offenders. In future there should be more focus on treatment for alcohol and substance abuse disorder rather than conventional punishments for this type of traffic crime.
|
|
| 26. |
- Jonsson, Anders, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing the number of fire fatalities in a defined population
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 55, s. 99-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Fire-related fatalities and injuries have become a growing governmental concern in Sweden, and a national vision zero strategy has been adopted stating that nobody should get killed or seriously injured from fires. There is considerable uncertainty, however, regarding the numbers of both deaths and injuries due to fires. Different national sources present different numbers, even on deaths, which obstructs reliable surveillance of the problem over time. We assume the situation is similar in other countries. This study seeks to assess the true number of fire-related deaths in Sweden by combining sources, and to verify the coverage of each individual source. By doing so, we also wish to demonstrate the possibilities of improved surveillance practices. Method: Data from three national sources were collected and matched; a special database on fatal fires held by The Swedish Contingencies Agency (nationally responsible for fire prevention), a database on forensic medical examinations held by the National Board of Forensic Medicine, and the cause of death register held by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Results: The results disclose considerable underreporting in the single sources. The national database on fatal fires, serving as the principal source for policymaking on fireprevention matters, underestimates the true situation by 20 %. Its coverage of residential fires appears to be better than other fires. Conclusions: Systematic safety work and informed policy-making presuppose access to correct and reliable numbers. By combining several different sources, as suggested in this study, the national database on fatal fires is now considerably improved and includes regular matching with complementary sources.
|
|
| 27. |
- Jonsson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Residential fire fatality typologies in Sweden : Results after 20 years of high-quality data
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 82, s. 68-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Despite a positive long-term trend in fire mortality rates, more knowledge is required concerning the causes and typologies of fatal residential fires in order to improve preventative efforts and further decrease fatality rates. A previous study suggested that fatal residential fires can be grouped into six categories, however, the analyses were performed on a limited dataset that is now more than a decade old. As such, there are some uncertainties regarding the current situation. Also, in the previous study, no subgroups were analyzed separately, despite fatal fires being renowned for being strongly age-dependent. Method: This study re-analyzes the typologies for fatal residential fires in Sweden using cluster analysis, based on data for a period of 20 years with a particular focus on older adults. Results: The results suggest that the original cluster analyses were relatively robust for both the total population and for the elderly population, thereby indicating that fatal fires seem to be consistently grouped into certain types. Conclusions: The results suggest that preventative efforts can be directed toward these types of events involving identified individuals. The results also suggest that the number of fatal residential fires with unknown causes has increased in relation to other fires during the 20-year study period. Practical Implications: Fatal residential fires with unknown causes are more often large night-time fires occurring in houses in rural locations. In order to prevent these, both prevention and reactive strategies need to be re-evaluated.
|
|
| 28. |
- Jonsson, Anders, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
The state of the residential fire fatality problem in Sweden : Epidemiology, risk factors, and event typologies
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 62, s. 89-100
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- IntroductionResidential fires represent the largest category of fatal fires in Sweden. The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of fatal residential fires in Sweden and to identify clusters of events.MethodData was collected from a database that combines information on fatal fires with data from forensic examinations and the Swedish Cause of Death-register. Mortality rates were calculated for different strata using population statistics and rescue service turnout reports. Cluster analysis was performed using multiple correspondence analysis with agglomerative hierarchical clustering.ResultsMale sex, old age, smoking, and alcohol were identified as risk factors, and the most common primary injury diagnosis was exposure to toxic gases. Compared to non-fatal fires, fatal residential fires more often originated in the bedroom, were more often caused by smoking, and were more likely to occur at night. Six clusters were identified. The first two clusters were both smoking-related, but were separated into (1) fatalities that often involved elderly people, usually female, whose clothes were ignited (17% of the sample), (2) middle-aged (45–64 years old), (often) intoxicated men, where the fire usually originated in furniture (30%). Other clusters that were identified in the analysis were related to (3) fires caused by technical fault, started in electrical installations in single houses (13%), (4) cooking appliances left on (8%), (5) events with unknown cause, room and object of origin (25%), and (6) deliberately set fires (7%).ConclusionsFatal residential fires were unevenly distributed in the Swedish population. To further reduce the incidence of fire mortality, specialized prevention efforts that focus on the different needs of each cluster are required.Practical applicationsCooperation between various societal functions, e.g. rescue services, elderly care, psychiatric clinics and other social services, with an application of both human and technological interventions, should reduce residential fire mortality in Sweden.
|
|
| 29. |
- Krüger, Niclas A
(författare)
-
Fatal Connections : Socioeconomic Determinants of Road Accident Risk and Drunk Driving in Sweden
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 46, s. 49-65
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: In recent years a considerable number of papers have examined socioeconomic factors influencing the number and the outcome of traffic accidents. There is however more research needed to confirm the previous results in order to generalize them and a need to examine additional factors that might have an impact.Method: This paper uses both regional panel data and national time series data combined with filtering techniques to determine what factors influence the number of accidents, the accident outcome and detected drunk driving.Results: Using time series data, it is found that the number of traffic fatalities increases for both per capita and per person kilometer travelled during economic booms. This indicates that the death risk rises not only because of increased mileage or motorization during booms. Using panel data, it is found that traffic fatalities decrease with unemployment, whereas personal injuries increase on a per capita basis with youth and the number of cars. In contrast to property crimes and other types of crime, drunk driving in Sweden decreases during economic contractions. Discussion: The main policy conclusion from our results is that resources for safety measures should not be spend uniformly across time and space. Instead, safety measures should be concentrated to areas with a high share of young people and to periods with low unemployment. The results of the time series analysis suggest that factors other than increased mileage during booms contribute to the higher rate of fatalities during good times. Increased risk taking, such as drunk driving, might be an explanatory factor.Impact on Industry: The results might be interesting for safety-oriented car and truck producers as well for developers of traffic safety products, since the results indicate in what regional markets and under what market conditions their products are most needed.
|
|
| 30. |
- Lerche, Anders Fritz, et al.
(författare)
-
Effectiveness of a Goldilocks Work intervention to promote musculoskeletal health among industrial workers – A cluster randomized controlled trial
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Industrial workers with physically demanding work have increased risk of musculoskeletal pain. The present 12-week Goldilocks Work intervention aimed to organize work among industrial workers to comprise a ‘just right’ ergonomic balance of physical behaviors (i.e., sit, stand and active) intended to promote musculoskeletal health. The paper investigates the effectiveness of the intervention in reducing low back pain after work. Methods: 83 workers across 28 workteams in a biotech organization were recruited. Workteams were randomly allocated to receive the intervention or work as usual (control). Intervention workteams implemented the Goldilocks Work planning tool to organize their work tasks towards a predefined ‘just right’ ergonomic balance (i.e., composition of 60% sitting, 30% standing, 10% active work and hourly task alternation). The primary outcome was low back pain intensity. Secondary outcomes were bodily pain, fatigue, physical exertion, productivity and energy after work measured in the survey, and composition and alternations of physical behaviors measured using wearable sensors. Results: The intervention was delivered almost as planned, with good quality and high adherence among most workteams. However, the intervention did not change physical behaviors towards the intended ‘just right’ ergonomic balance. No significant reduction in low back pain (0.07, CI 95%: -0.68; 0.82), bodily pain (0.10, CI 95%: -0.57; 0.76), tiredness (-0.53, CI 95%: -1.24; 0.19), physical exertion (-0.18, CI 95%: -0.83; 0.48), or improvement in energy (0.39, CI 95%: -1.02; 0.23) or productivity (-0.03, CI 95%: -0.77; 0.72) were found. Conclusion: This Goldilocks Work intervention did not promote musculoskeletal health among industrial workers, and did not change physical behaviors as intended. Thus, more research is needed into implementation strategies to change physical behaviors during productive work towards an evidence-based ‘just right’ ergonomic balance.
|
|
| 31. |
- Maimaiti, Nazhakaiti, et al.
(författare)
-
Cervical musculoskeletal disorders and their relationships with personal and work-related factors among electronic assembly workers
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 71, s. 79-85
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Electronics assembly workers are reported to have a high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigated the prevalence of cervical MSDs and the complex relationships between cervical MSDs and individual, physical, psychosocial factors among electronics assembly workers. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, self-administered questionnaires from 700 workers in electronics manufacturing workshops were analysed. Information concerning musculoskeletal symptoms, personal and work-related factors was collected. Finally, the prevalence of cervical MSDs was computed for different subgroups, and the relationships with different factors were analyzed using logistic regression and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The total 12 month prevalence of cervical MSDs among the survey population was 29.4%. Variables of gender, job tenure, twisting head frequently, neck flexion/extension for long time and work required to be done quickly showed significant associations with MSDs in a multivariate logistic regression (P < 0.05). The SEM analysis showed moderate and significant correlations between postural load (gamma = 0.279), gender (gamma = 0.233) and cervical MSDs, while there were weak but significant correlations between vibration (gamma = 0.024), work stress (gamma = 0.126), job tenure (gamma = 0.024) and cervical MSDs. Both work stress and vibration affected the MSDs indirectly through postural load. Conclusions: The logistic regression results support previous general epidemiological MSD studies, and indicates that individual, physical, and psychosocial factors are related to cervical MSDs. The SEM provides a better approximation of the complexity of the relationship between risk factors and cervical MSDs. Improving awkward postures may be effective ways to control the influence of occupational stressors or vibration on MSDs. Practical Applications: The study is to improve prevention of MSDs among electronics assembly workers and promote their occupational health.
|
|
| 32. |
- Mattson, Malin, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Leader communication approaches and patient safety : an integrated model
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 53, s. 53-62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: Leader communication is known to influence a number of employee behaviors. When it comes to the relationship between leader communication and safety, the evidence is more scarce and ambiguous. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether and in what way leader communication relates to safety outcomes. The study examines two leader communication approaches: leader safety priority communication and feedback to subordinates. These approaches were assumed to affect safety outcomes via different employee behaviors. Method: Questionnaire data, collected from 221 employees at two hospital wards, were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The two examined communication approaches were both positively related to safety outcomes, although leader safety priority communication was mediated by employee compliance and feedback communication by organizational citizenship behaviors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that leader communication plays a vital role in improving organizational and patient safety and that different communication approaches seem to positively affect different but equally essential employee safety behaviors. Practical applications: The results highlights the necessity for leaders to engage in one-way communication of safety values as well as in more relational feedback communication with their subordinates in order to enhance patient safety.
|
|
| 33. |
- Motta, Karen, et al.
(författare)
-
Post-stroke driving : Examining the effect of executive dysfunction
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 49, s. 33-38
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION:Executive dysfunction can refer to both neurocognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms that include impaired judgment, slow decision making, disorganization, impulsiveness, and risk-taking behaviors. Executive dysfunction is relatively common in the post-stroke population but is often undetected. The impact of executive dysfunction on post-stroke driving is unclear but it may pose a risk to affected drivers and other road users.AIM:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive functioning following stroke and driving performance.METHODOLOGY:A case-control study design was used. Purposive sampling was used to recruit stroke participants (n=19) and healthy controls (n=22). Participants were screened using a battery of psychometric assessments including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Benton Judgment of Line Orientation. Driving performance was assessed using the STISIM driving simulator. Executive function was assessed using the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) and the Trail Making Test Part B.RESULTS:The control participants performed better than the stroke participants on the driving assessment and psychometric assessments. There was an association between the scores of the Trail Making Test Part B (Rho=0.34, p=0.034) and the Key Search Test of the BADS (Rho=-0.61, p=0.005), and the driving assessment scores. However, there was no association between the overall BADS scores and the driving assessment scores of the stroke participants.CONCLUSIONS:The stroke participants underperformed in the driving assessment and the psychometric assessments that detected neurocognitive deficits, which included executive function. The Trail Making Test Part B and Key Search Test of the BADS were related to identify participants' deterioration in driving performance. Practical Applications: In clinical practice, the latter could be used as an indication of a post-stroke driver's performance.
|
|
| 34. |
- Mynttinen, Sami, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-assessed driver competence among novice drivers : a comparison of driving test candidate assessments and examiner assessments in a Dutch and Finnish sample
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 40:4, s. 301-309
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem This study examined novice drivers’ overconfidence by comparing their self-assessed driver competence with the assessments made by driving examiners. Method A Finnish (n = 2,739) and a Dutch sample (n = 239) of drivers license candidates assessed their driver competence in six areas and took the driving test. Result and discussion In contrast to previous studies where drivers have assessed their skill in comparison to the average driver, a smaller proportion overestimated and a larger proportion made realistic self-assessments of their driver competence in the present study, where self-assessments were compared with examiner assessments. Between 40% and 50% of the candidates in both samples made realistic assessments and 30% to 40% overestimated their competence. The proportion of overestimation was greater in the Dutch than in the Finnish sample, which might be explained by greater possibilities for practicing self-assessment in the Finnish driver education system. Similar to other self-assessment studies that indicate that incompetence is related to overestimation, a larger proportion of candidates that failed the test overestimated their skill compared to those who passed. In contrast to other studies, males did not overestimate their skills more than females, and younger driver candidates were not more overconfident than older drivers. Impact on traffic safety Although a great proportion of the candidates made a realistic assessment of their own driver competence, overestimation is still a problem that needs to be dealt with. To improve the accuracy of novice drivers’ self-assessment, methods for self-assessment training should be developed and implemented in the driver licensing process.
|
|
| 35. |
- Nilson, Finn, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fall-related fracture trends among elderly in Sweden – exploring transitions among hospitalized cases
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; :45, s. 141-145
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ProblemFall-related injuries have been a cause of worry during the end of the 20th century with increasing trends among the elderly.MethodUsing data from the Swedish National Patient Register (NPR) based on hospital admissions, this study explores the trends in fall-related fractures between 1998 and 2010.ResultsThe data shows a decreasing trend in fall-related fractures in all age- and sex-specific groups apart from men 80 years and above. While hip fracture incidence rates decreased in all age- and sex-specific groups, both central fractures and upper extremity fractures have increased in all age- and sex-specific groups apart from women 65–79 years. Lower extremity fractures have increased in the older age groups and decreased in the younger. Discussion: The differences found between the groups of fractures and by age- and sex-specific groups indicate a possible transition where more serious fractures are decreasing while less serious fractures increase among hospitalized cases.SummaryPerhaps due to a focus on hip fracture prevention, this study shows that while the incidence rate of hospitalized hip fractures has decreased, other fall-related hospitalized fractures have increased.Impact on industryPotentially, this could be indicative of a healthier younger elderly, coupled with a frailer older elderly requiring more comprehensive healthcare also for less serious injuries. Further research is needed to confirm our results.
|
|
| 36. |
- Nyberg, Anders, et al.
(författare)
-
Practicing for and performance on driver’s license tests in relation to gender differences in crash involvement among novice drivers
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 38:1, s. 71-80
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Young male novice drivers are overrepresented in injury motor-vehicle crashes compared to females in the same category. This difference in crash involvement is often assumed to include factors such as overestimation, risk acceptance, and sensation seeking, but it can also be related to acquisition of knowledge, skills, insight, and driving experience. Therefore, this study explored possible gender differences among 18–24-year-olds in Sweden regarding practicing as learners, outcome of the driver's tests, and crash involvement during the first year after licensure.Method: Data for 2005 from different sources (e.g., questionnaires, license test, and crash statistics) were examined. It was not possible to follow individual subjects through all stages or in all analyses. Nevertheless, the study design did enable scrutinization and discussion of gender differences between younger inexperienced drivers with respect to education and training, license test results, and initial period of licensure.Results: Males and females assimilated tuition in different ways. Females studied more theory, pursued training in a more structured manner, practiced more elements of driving in several different environments, and participated more extensively in driving school instruction. National statistics showed that females did better on the written test but not on the driving test. Males were involved in 1.9 more injury crashes per 1,000 drivers than females during their first year of licensed driving. The proportional distribution of crash types was the same for both sexes during the first period as novice drivers, but the circumstances surrounding the accidents varied (e.g., males were involved in more night crashes).Impact on traffic safety: More structured training while learning appears to be one of the reasons why females initially do better than males as novice drivers. Therefore, in the future, driver education should focus not only on matters such as the amount of time spent on training and preconditioning, but also on the importance of the organization and content of the learning process.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Sund, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Do home fire and safety checks by on-duty firefighters decrease the number of fires? : Quasi-experimental evidence from Southern Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 70, s. 39-47
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Fire and rescue services Syd, in the south of Sweden, started to conduct home fire and safety checks on a large scale in 2010. The goal was to reduce the damages from residential fires. Method: We estimate the effects of the intervention on the incidence of residential fires and evaluate its economic effect. We use a difference-in-kinks design to analyze time-varying intervention effects and conduct a cost–benefit analysis for the economic evaluation. Results: The results demonstrate that fires and developed fires decrease by a maximum of approximately 6% and 8% per year (assuming 100% causality)and that the intervention has positive economic effects, with the benefits estimated to be maximum 8–11 times higher than the costs. Practical applications: The results should be valuable as input when deciding whether to implement home fire and safety checks elsewhere.
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
- Bianchi Piccinini, Giulio, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Driver's behavioral adaptation to Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC): The case of speed and time headway
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375. ; 49, s. 77-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Problem: The Adaptive Cruise Control is an Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that allows maintaining given headway and speed, according to settings pre-defined by the users. Despite the potential benefits associated to the utilization of ACC, previous studies warned against negative behavioral adaptations that might occur while driving with the system activated. Unfortunately, up to now, there are no unanimous results about the effects induced by the usage of ACC on speed and time headway to the vehicle in front. Also, few studies were performed including actual users of ACC among the subjects. Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the effect of the experience gained with ACC on speed and time headway for a group of users of the system. In addition, it explored the impact of ACC usage on speed and time headway for ACC users and regular drivers. Method: A matched sample driving simulator study was planned as a two-way (2 x 2) repeated measures mixed design, with the experience with ACC as between-subjects factor and the driving condition (with ACC and manually) as within-subjects factor. Results: The results show that the usage of ACC brought a small but not significant reduction of speed and, especially, the maintenance of safer time headways, being the latter result greater for ACC users, probably as a consequence of their experience in using the system. Summary: The usage of ACC did not cause any negative behavioral adaptations to the system regarding speed and time headway. Practical applications: Based on this research work, the Adaptive Cruise Control showed the potential to improve road safety for what concerns the speed and the time headway maintained by the drivers. The speed of the surrounding traffic and the minimum time headway settable through the ACC seem to have an important effect on the road safety improvement achievable with the system. (C) 2014 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
|
|
| 46. |
- Bianchi Piccinini, Giulio, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Factors contributing to commercial vehicle rear-end conflicts in China: A study using on-board event data recorders
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375. ; 62, s. 143-153
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: In the last 30 years, China has undergone a dramatic increase in vehicle ownership and a resulting escalation in the number of road crashes. Although crash figures are decreasing today, they remain high; it is therefore important to investigate crash causation mechanisms to further improve road safety in China. Method: To shed more light on the topic, naturalistic driving data was collected in Shanghai as part of the evaluation of a behavior-based safety service. The data collection included instrumenting 47 vehicles belonging to a commercial fleet with data acquisition systems. From the overall sample, 91 rear-end crash or near-crash (CNC) events, triggered by 24 drivers, were used in the analysis. The CNC were annotated by three researchers, through an expert assessment methodology based on videos and kinematic variables. Results: The results show that the main factor behind the rear-end CNC was the adoption of very small safety margins. In contrast to results from previous studies in the US, the following vehicles' drivers typically had their eyes on the road and reacted quickly in response to the evolving conflict in most events. When delayed reactions occurred, they were mainly due to driving-related visual scanning mismatches (e.g., mirror checks) rather than visual distraction. Finally, the study identified four main conflict scenarios that represent the typical development of rear-end conflicts in this data. Conclusions: The findings of this study have several practical applications, such as informing the specifications of in-vehicle safety measures and automated driving and providing input into the design of coaching/training procedures to improve the driving habits of drivers.
|
|
| 47. |
|
|
| 48. |
- Dozza, Marco, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
A data-driven framework for the safe integration of micro-mobility into the transport system: Comparing bicycles and e-scooters in field trials
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375. ; 81, s. 67-77
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction : Recent advances in technology create new opportunities for micro-mobility solutions even as they pose new challenges to transport safety. For instance, in the last few years, e-scooters have become increasingly popular in several cities worldwide; however, in many cases, the municipalities were simply unprepared for the new competition for urban space between traditional road users and e-scooters, so that bans became a necessary, albeit drastic, solution. In many countries, traditional vehicles (such as bicycles) may not be intrinsically safer than e-scooters but are considered less of a safety threat, possibly because—for cyclists—social norms, traffic regulations, and access to infrastructure are established, reducing the number of negative stakeholders. Understanding e-scooter kinematics and e-scooterist behavior may help resolve conflicts among road users, by favoring a data-driven integration of these new e-vehicles into the transport system. In fact, regulations and solutions supported by data are more likely to be acceptable and effective for all stakeholders. As new personal-mobility solutions enter the market, e-scooters may just be the beginning of a micro-mobility revolution. Method : This paper introduces a framework (including planning, execution, analysis, and modeling) for a data-driven evaluation of micro-mobility vehicles. The framework leverages our experience assessing bicycle dynamics in real traffic to make objective and subjective comparisons across different micro-mobility solutions. In this paper, we use the framework to compare bicycles and e-scooters in field tests. Results : The preliminary results show that e-scooters may be more maneuverable and comfortable than bicycles, although the former require longer braking distances. Practical Applications : Data collected from e-scooters may, in the short term, facilitate policy making, geo-fencing solutions, and education; in the long run, the same data will promote the integration of e-scooters into a cooperative transport system in which connected automated vehicles share the urban space with micro-mobility vehicles. Finally, the framework and the models presented in this paper may serve as a reference for the future assessment of new micro-mobility vehicles and their users’ behavior (although advances in technology and novel micro-mobility solutions will inevitably require some adjustments).
|
|
| 49. |
- Dozza, Marco, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Cycling safety
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375. ; 67:December, s. 125-125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 50. |
- Dozza, Marco, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
How do different micro-mobility vehicles affect longitudinal control? Results from a field experiment
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4375. ; 84, s. 24-32
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction : While micromobility vehicles offer new transport opportunities and may decrease fuel emissions, the extent to which these benefits outweigh the safety costs is still uncertain. For instance, e-scooterists have been reported to experience a tenfold crash risk compared to ordinary cyclists. Today, we still do not know whether the real safety problem is the vehicle, the human, or the infrastructure. In other words, the new vehicles may not necessarily be unsafe; the behavior of their riders, in combination with an infrastructure that was not designed to accommodate micromobility, may be the real issue. Method : In this paper, we compared e-scooters and Segways with bicycles in field trials to determine whether these new vehicles create different constraints for longitudinal control (e.g., in braking avoidance maneuvers). Results : The results show that acceleration and deceleration performance changes across vehicles; specifically, e-scooters and Segways that we tested cannot brake as efficiently as bicycles. Further, bicycles are experienced as more stable, maneuverable, and safe than Segways and e-scooters. We also derived kinematic models for acceleration and braking that can be used to predict rider trajectories in active safety systems. Practical Applications : The results from this study suggest that, while new micromobility solutions may not be intrinsically unsafe, they may require some behavior and/or infrastructure adaptations to improve their safety. We also discuss how policy making, safety system design, and traffic education may use our results to support the safe integration of micromobility into the transport system.
|
|
