| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Atak, Kivanc, et al.
(författare)
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Protest Policing alla Turca : Threat, Insurgency, and the Repression of Pro-Kurdish Protests in Turkey
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 95:4, s. 1667-1694
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do certain protests prompt more intervention from the police? And why does the intensity of intervention vary over time? Drawing on analytical approaches in the protest policing literature, and on studies investigating the relationship between civil conflict, public opinion, and state repression, this study examines whether pro-Kurdish events in Turkey are treated more severely than others, and how the policing of these protests changes over time. Based on an original dataset, we analyze more than 10,000 protest events that took place in Turkey between 2000 and 2009. Our findings suggest that compared to others, pro-Kurdish events are more likely to encounter police action, one that particularly involves repressive strategies. We further show that repressive policing in pro-Kurdish events is more pronounced when the Kurdish armed insurgency against the state intensifies. Given that this is the first systematic quantitative study on protest policing in Turkey, it not only tests previously confirmed theories of protest policing, but also makes a theoretical contribution by providing a dynamic notion of threat beyond its situational forms, which builds on the conflict between the Turkish state and the PKK.
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| 3. |
- Barclay, Kieron, et al.
(författare)
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Birth Order and College Major in Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 96:2, s. 629-660
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research on birth order has consistently shown that later-borns have lower educational attainment than first-borns; however, it is not known whether there are birth order patterns in college major. Given evidence that parents disproportionately invest in first-born children, there are likely to be birth order patterns attributable to differences in both opportunities and preferences, related to ability, human capital specialization through parent-child transfers of knowledge, and personality. Birth order patterns in college major specialization may shed light on these explanatory mechanisms and may also account for long-term birth order differences in educational and labour market outcomes. Using Swedish population register data and sibling fixed effects, we find large birth order differences in university applications. First-borns are more likely to apply to, and graduate from, medicine and engineering programs at university, while later-borns are more likely to study journalism and business programs, and to attend art school. We also find that these birth order patterns are stronger in high-socioeconomic status families and that differences in college major explain approximately half of the within-family birth order differences in long-term earnings. These results indicate that early life experiences and parental investment shape sibling differences in ability, preferences, and ambitions even within the shared environment of the family.
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| 4. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Ethnic Environment During Childhood and the Educational Attainment of Immigrant Children in Sweden
- 2010
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:3, s. 1305-1329
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We ask whether ethnic residential segregation influences the future educational careers of children of immigrants in Sweden. We use a dataset comprising a cohort of children who finished compulsory school in 1995 (n = 6,560). We follow these children retrospectively to 1990 to measure neighborhood characteristics during late childhood, and prospectively through 2003 to measure the number of years of education attained thus far. The largest immigrant groups came from Finland, Turkey, former Yugoslavia, Iran and Chile. Our empirical analysis reveals that immigrant children who grow up in neighborhoods with many young coethnics who have limited educational resources, obtain relatively low average grades from compulsory school, and on average, do not attain the same levels of education as do immigrant children who grow up elsewhere. For a minority of immigrant children who lived in neighborhoods with educationally successful young coethnics, we find a positive effect of growing up in an ethnic enclave. Also in this case, the effect of the ethnic environment on future educational attainment is mediated by school results in compulsory school.
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| 5. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Family Formation and Men's and Women's Attainment of Workplace Authority
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 90:3, s. 795-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using Swedish panel data, we assess whether the gender gap in supervisory authority has changed during the period 1968-2000, and investigate to what extent the gap can be attributed to gender-specific consequences of family formation. The results indicate that the gap has narrowed modestly during the period, and that the life-event of parenthood is a major cause. As long as women and men are childless and single, the gender gap in supervisory authority is marginal, even reversed. When men become fathers, however, they strongly increase their chances for supervisory authority whereas women's chances remain unaffected when they become mothers. We also find a male "marriage premium" on workplace authority, but this premium is generated by selection.
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| 6. |
- Bygren, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The Constant Gap : Parenthood Premiums in Sweden 1968–2010
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 100:1, s. 137-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We know that parenthood has different consequences for men’s and women’s careers. Still, the research remains inconclusive on the question of whether this is mainly a consequence of a fatherhood premium, a motherhood penalty, or both. A common assumption is that women fall behind in terms of pay when they become mothers.Based on longitudinal data from the Swedish Level of Living Survey (LNU), and individual fixed-effects models, we examine the support for this assumption by mapping the size of parenthood effects on wages during the years 1968–2010. During this period, Swedish women’s labor supply increased dramatically, dual-earner family policies were institutionalized, and society’s norms on the gendered division of labor changed. We describe the development of parenthood effects on wages during this transformative period.Our results indicate that both genders benefit from a gross parenthood premium, both at the beginning of the period and in recent years, but the size of this premium is larger for men. Individual fixed-effects models indicate that the wage premium is mainly the result of parents’ increased labor market investments. Controlling for these, women suffer from a small motherhood penalty early in the period under study whereas parenthood is unrelated to women’s wages in later years and to men’s wages throughout the period. Neither for men nor for women do we find a statistically significant period change in the parenthood effects. Instead, patterns are remarkably stable over time given the radical changes in family policies and norms that took place during the period examined.
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| 7. |
- Cheng, SW, et al.
(författare)
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Precarious Childhoods: Childhood Family Income Volatility and Mental Health in Early Adulthood
- 2020
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Ingår i: SOCIAL FORCES. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 99:2, s. 672-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The rise of income volatility in western countries has been extensively documented in the literature, but empirical research has just started to examine how childhood exposure to family income volatility affects subsequent wellbeing. This study takes advantage of several nation-wide, population registers from Sweden with linkages within and across generations to examine the intergenerational impact of childhood family income volatility on psychiatric disorders in early adulthood. In addition to the population-average effects, we also examine the heterogeneity in the impact of family income volatility for families at the top, bottom, and middle of the family income distribution. Our results suggest that after controlling for a set of family- and child-level characteristics, childhood family income volatility has a negative effect on mental wellbeing, and this finding is consistent across a range of psychiatric outcomes. Furthermore, we show that while children from low-income families exhibit the greatest likelihood of psychiatric disorder, children from families in the middle of the income distribution experience the greatest negative impact of income volatility.
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| 8. |
- Dribe, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Age Homogamy, Gender, and Earnings : Sweden 1990-2009
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 96:1, s. 239-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has shown considerable marriage premiums in earnings for men, but often penalties for women of being in a union. In this study we extend this research by analyzing how the age difference between spouses affects the earnings profiles by gender. As we follow people over time in advance as well as within their marriage, we can separate premarital from postmarital earnings movements. The data consist of information on annual earnings 1990-2009 for all Swedes born 1960-1974 (N = 926,219). The results indicate that age homogamy is related to higher earnings for both men and women, and that larger age differences are generally associated with lower union premiums, quite independently of which spouse is older. However, most of these results are explained by assortative mating, in which men and women with greater earnings potentials find partners of a similar age. Overall, the age difference between spouses seems to have a limited causal effect, if any, on individual earnings.
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| 9. |
- Ekstam, David, 1988-
(författare)
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The Liberalization of American Attitudes to Homosexuality and the Impact of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 100:2, s. 905-929
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior analyses of age, period, and cohort effects in American attitudes to homosexuality have resulted in conflicting findings. I show that this is due to insufficient attention to the statistical identification problem facing such analyses. By means of more than four decades worth of survey data and two attitudinal measures taping social tolerance of homosexuality, I demonstrate that the conflicting results of prior research can be explained by differences in the implicit and unsubstantiated assumptions made to ensure model identification. To make up for the lack of attention to these assumptions in prior work, I discuss which age, period, and cohort effects we might expect to see based on prior knowledge about the case at hand, socialization theory, and research on how aging affects outgroup attitudes. On that basis, I also discuss which conclusions about age, period, and cohort effects we can actually draw in the case at hand. On a more general level, this article joins a growing literature that cautions against age-period- cohort analysis that does not give sufficient attention to theoretical expectations and side information when making the identifying assumptions on which the analysis must unavoidably rest.
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| 10. |
- Engeman, Cassandra
(författare)
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When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 99:4, s. 1745-1771
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trade union institutions are historically and comparatively weak in the United States, and union membership has been in steady decline over several decades. Scholars thus question the contemporary relevance of organized labor to social policy. Yet, there is considerable state-level variation in social policy and union institutional strength that remains underexamined. Focusing on variability across US states, this paper uses mixed-methods analysis to examine relationships between organized labor and parental and family leave legislation under varying political conditions. Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy adoption. These findings are robust to the inclusion of other factors, including Democratic control of state houses, which is also shown to facilitate leave policy adoption. Comparative case studies support event history findings and illustrate how state house partisanship informs the level of government that leave advocates target for policy change. The paper concludes by suggesting further attention to subnational policies and investigation into the social movement practice of target-shifting and its effects. Ultimately, the paper demonstrates the operation of power resources at the subnational level within a liberal market national context.
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| 11. |
- Eriksson, Helen, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Parental union dissolution and the gender revolution
- 2024
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates two concurrent trends across Europe and North America: the increasing instability of parental unions and men’s rising contributions to household work. Because children have almost universally resided with their mothers and it is difficult for non-residential fathers to maintain any levels of care work, union dissolutions have potentially slowed societal increases in gender equality. A new family form—50/50 living arrangements—has begun to challenge our understanding of the consequences of union dissolution. Since 50/50 residence requires fathers to take full care responsibility for the child half of the time—something few partnered fathers do—it may even push parents into a more egalitarian division of care work. We have studied care work using Swedish administrative data on parents’ leave from work to care for a sick child. We have created a panel of leave-sharing for children aged 2–11, and use an event-study design to estimate the causal effect of dissolution on the sharing of sick-child leave. The results show that in parental unions dissolving today, the dissolution leads to an increase in fathers’ share of sick-child leave. Whereas union dissolutions have for decades been slowing the gender revolution in Sweden, they are now accelerating it.
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| 12. |
- Erola, Jani, et al.
(författare)
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More careful or less marriageable? Parental divorce, spouse selection, and entry into marriage
- 2012
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 90:4, s. 1323-1345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the large literature on the long-term effects of parental divorce, few studies have analyzed the effects of parental divorce on spouse selection behavior. However, the characteristics of one's spouse can have important effects on economic well-being and on marital success. We use discrete-time, event-history data from Finnish population registers to study the effects of parental divorce on entry into marriage with spouses who have different educational qualifications (both absolute and relative to one's own education), using conditional multinomial logistic regression models. The results show that Finnish children of divorce have lower rates of marriage than those from intact families. In particular, children of divorce have a lower likelihood of marrying spouses with secondary education or more, and especially low rates of marrying someone with a tertiary degree. The latter gap is smaller among those with tertiary education, as a result of the higher rates of homogamous marriage among the children of divorce with high education. Our findings suggest that children of divorce carry with them traits and behaviors that make them less marriageable candidates in the marriage market. We discuss the possible implications of these findings.
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| 13. |
- Evertsson, Marie, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Is There a Career Penalty for Mothers' Time Out? A Comparison of Germany, Sweden and the United States
- 2009
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:2, s. 573-606
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article focuses on three countries with distinct policies toward motherhood and work: Germany, Sweden and the United States. We analyze the length of mothers’ time out of paid work after childbirth and the short-term career consequences for mothers. In the United States, we identify a career punishment even for short time-out periods; long time-out periods increase the risk of a downward move and reduce the chances of an upward move. In Germany, long time-out periods destabilize the career and, the longer the leave, the greater the risk of either an upward or downward move. In Sweden, we find a negative effect of time out on upward moves. Hence, even in “woman-friendly” Sweden, women’s career prospects are better if they return to paid work sooner rather than later.
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| 14. |
- Gregg, Paul, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Education for Intergenerational Income Mobility : A comparison of the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 96:1, s. 121-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous studies have found that intergenerational income persistence is relatively high in the United States and Britain, especially as compared to Nordic countries. We compare the association between family income and sons' earnings in the United States (National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979), Britain (British Cohort Study 1970), and Sweden (Population Register Data, 1965 cohort), and find that both income elasticities and rank-order correlations are highest in the United States, followed by Britain, with Sweden being clearly more equal. We ask whether differences in educational inequality and in return to qualifications can explain these cross-country differences. Surprisingly, we find that this is not the case, even though returns to education are higher in the United States. Instead, the low income mobility in the United States and Britain is almost entirely due to the part of the parent-son association that is not mediated by educational attainment. In the United States and especially Britain, parental income is far more important for earnings at a given level of education than in Sweden, a result that holds also when controlling for cognitive ability. This goes against widespread ideas of the United States as a country where the role of ascription is limited and meritocratic stratification prevails.
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| 15. |
- Gurzo, Klara, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Privileged Classroom Friends on Adult Income and Income Mobility : A Study of a Swedish Cohort Born in 1953
- 2023
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 102:3, s. 1068-1088
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social relationships across and within generations are associated with intergenerational income mobility. Parents affect their children’s future opportunities through socialization and by conveying various resources to the child during upbringing. However, self-acquired social contacts of children, such as friendships in school, might also affect long-term outcomes. Children from less privileged homes may gain access to additional resources through contact with privileged friends and their parents. This study examines whether having a classroom friend with high parental income (privileged friend) is associated with upward income mobility. Furthermore, it explores where in the parental income distribution a privileged friend matters most. We use data from the Stockholm Birth Cohort Multigenerational Study (n = 10,641), which is a prospective study of individuals born in 1953 who lived in the greater Stockholm area in 1963. We fit classroom fixed-effects models to estimate the association between having a privileged childhood friend and adult income as well as parental income and adult income along with the interaction of privileged friend and parental income. Results show that cohort members who had a privileged classroom friend had higher adult income, and that this income gain was greater among those whose parents belonged to the lowest income quartile, compared with those whose parents had higher incomes. These results are robust to adjustments for childhood socioeconomic background, personal attributes, and adult educational attainment. Our findings indicate that having an economically privileged friend in the school class bolsters adult income and upward income mobility of children from families with low income.
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| 16. |
- Halleröd, Björn, 1960
(författare)
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What Do Children Know About Their Futures: Do Children's Expectations Predict Outcomes in Middle Age?
- 2011
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1534-7605 .- 0037-7732. ; 90:1, s. 65-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Are children's statements about their futures related to outcomes in middle age? In 1966 almost 13,500 children ages 12–13 were asked whether they thought their futures would be worse, similar or better as compared to others of their own age. It was shown that children with low, and surprisingly high, expectations did suffer from increased mortality, economic hardship and weak labor market attachment risks in middle age. Although it cannot be ruled out that expectations worked as self-fulfilling prophesies, the analyses showed that expectations essentially reflected facts known to the children (i.e., upbringing conditions and their own abilities and achievements).
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Hedström, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction domains and suicides : A population-based panel study of suicides in the Stockholm metropolitan area, 1991-1999
- 2008
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 87:2, s. 713-740
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines how suicides influence suicide risks of others within two interaction domains: the family and the workplace. A distinction is made between dyad-based social-interaction effects and degree-based exposure effects. A unique database including all individuals who ever lived in Stockholm during the 1990s is analyzed. For about 5.6 years on average, 1.2 million individuals are observed, and 1,116 of them commit suicide. Controlling for other risk factors, men exposed to a suicide in the family (at work) are 8.3 (3.5) times more likely to commit suicide than non-exposed men. The social-interaction effect thus is larger within the family domain; yet work-domain exposure is more important for the suicide rate because individuals are more often exposed to suicides of coworkers than family members.
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| 19. |
- Hällsten, Martin, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Wealth as One of the "Big Four" SES Dimensions in Intergenerational Transmissions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 100:4, s. 1533-1560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent scholarship on mobility has increasingly incorporated wealth. We ask if wealth brings anything new to mobility research or is just a standard socioeconomic status (SES) dimension in disguise. We exploit Swedish administrative registers, which contain rich SES measures over individuals' lives for both parents' and children's generations. Using sibling correlations to estimate a baseline of shared family background influence, we then perform a total decomposition for each SES dimension and their overlaps. We find that wealth is a distinct dimension of SES that is very different from education, occupation, and income. Parental wealth cannot be substituted for other SES dimensions in understanding child's wealth attainment. Moreover, parental wealth substantially moderates intergenerational reproduction in other dimensions: The wealthiest have higher reproduction rates in all child outcomes, but in particular for children's income and wealth. Excluding wealth leads to underestimating intergenerational inequality, aggravated by its qualitatively unique status as an SES resource. We conclude that-alongside the SES resources education, occupation, and income-wealth emerges as an integral and unique dimension of what we choose to call the big four of social stratification.
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| 20. |
- Keller, Tamás, et al.
(författare)
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Yes, You Can! Effects of Transparent Admission Standards on High School Track Choice : A Randomized Field Experiment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 101:1, s. 341-368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High school track choice determines college access in many countries. We hypothesize that some qualified students avoid the college-bound track in high school simply because they overestimate admission requirements. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized field experiment that communicated the admission standards of local secondary schools on the academic track to students in Hungary before the application deadline. We targeted the subset of students (“seeds”) who occupied the most central position in the classroom-social networks, aiming to detect both direct effects on the track choice of targeted seeds and spillover effects on their untreated peers. We found neither a direct effect nor a spillover effect on students’ applications or admissions on average. Further analyses, however, revealed theoretically plausible heterogeneity in the direct causal effect of the intervention on the track choice of targeted seeds. Providing information about admission standards increased applications and admissions to secondary schools on the academic track among seeds who had a pre-existing interest in the academic track but were unsure of their chances of admission. This demonstrates that publicizing admissions standards can set students on a more ambitious educational trajectory. We discuss the implications for theory and policy.
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| 21. |
- Keuschnigg, Marc, et al.
(författare)
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Is Category Spanning Truly Disadvantageous? New Evidence from Primary and Secondary Movie Markets
- 2017
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 96:1, s. 449-479
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genre assignments help audiences make sense of new releases. Studies from a wide range of market contexts have shown that generalists defying clear mapping to established categories suffer penalties in market legitimacy, perceived quality, or audience attention. We introduce an empirical strategy to disentangle two mechanisms, reduced niche fitness and audience confusion, causing devaluation or ignorance of boundary-crossing offers. Our data on 2,971 feature films released to US theaters and subsequently made available on DVD further reveal that consequences of category spanning are subject to strong moderating influences. Negative effects are far from universal, manifesting only if (a) combined genres are culturally distant, (b) products are released to a stable and highly institutionalized market context, and (c) offers lack familiarity as an alternative source of market recognition. Our study provides ramifications as to the scope conditions of categorization effects and modifies some widely acknowledged truisms regarding boundary crossing in cultural markets.
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| 22. |
- Manzoni, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Moving on? : a growth-curve analysis of occupational attainment and career progression patterns in West Germany
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 92:4, s. 1285-1312
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we use multilevel growth-curve analysis to model occupational stratification across West German careers for cohorts born between 1919 and 1971. We argue that a life-course approach gives a more appropriate perspective into social stratification by focusing on the permanence of inequalities across human lives. With data from the German Life History Study (GLHS), our primary interest is in the amount and timing of career progression and the ways in which educational attainment, class background, and cohort context shape them. We confirm previous findings of limited career progression and permanence in occupational inequality. Thus, career mobility can correct for initial disadvantages only to a limited degree. We also confirm the strong role played by the standardized and stratified German educational system, which channels workers into specific occupations with strict boundaries. We find a substantial gross effect of class background, which is strongly mediated by educational attainment for women but not for men. We do not find any general indications of a trend in change across cohorts, although there are some weak indications that men who entered the labor market in the problematic 1970s had weaker career growth. We conclude by discussing the advantages of a life-course approach to occupational stratification and the possibilities of growth-curve analysis to answer pertinent questions in research on careers and occupational mobility.
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| 23. |
- Mikkonen, Janne, et al.
(författare)
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Early Adolescent Health Problems, School Performance, and Upper Secondary Educational Pathways : A Counterfactual-Based Mediation Analysis
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 99:3, s. 1146-1175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early health problems predict lower educational attainment, but it remains unclear whether this is due to health problems weakening school performance or due to other mechanisms operating above and beyond school performance. We employed counterfactual-based mediation analysis on a register-based sample of Finnish adolescents born in 1988-1993 (n = 73,072) to longitudinally assess the direct (unexplained byschool performance, as measured by grade point average) and indirect (pure mediation and mediated interaction via school performance) effects of early adolescent somatic and mental health problems on the noncompletion of upper secondary education and track choice (vocational vs. general). Mental disorders were associated with the largest increases in both noncompletion and choosing the vocational track, but somatic conditions also showed small but robust associations. Weakened school performance mediated up to one-third of the differences in noncompletion and around half of the differences in track choice. When the same analyses were conducted within sibships, the total effects of health problems on educational pathways were weaker, but the contribution of school performance remained similar. In counterfactual simulations that assigned everyone an above-median school performance-that is, eradicating below-median school performance-about 20-40 percent of the effects of mental disorders on educational pathways remained. Our results suggest that while impaired school performance is an important component in health-related selection to education, it does not fully explain the shorter and less academically oriented educational careers of adolescents with health problems. These adolescents may benefit from additional educational support regardless of their formal school performance.
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| 24. |
- Mood, Carina, 1973-
(författare)
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Neighborhood Social Influence and Welfare Receipt in Sweden : A Panel Data Analysis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:3, s. 1331-1356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article places the choice to claim welfare benefits in a social context by studying how neighborhood welfare receipt affects welfare receipt among couples in Stockholm, Sweden. It is expected that the propensity to claim welfare should increase with welfare use in the neighborhood, primarily through stigma reduction and increasing availability of information. I use individual-level panel data (N = 1,595,843) for the Stockholm County population during the 1990s, data that contain a wide range of information and allow extensive controls for observed and unobserved confounding factors. The results from pooled and fixed-effects logistic regressions suggest that welfare receipt among people in the same neighborhood substantially increases the number of households entering the welfare system (inflow), but the effects on outflow are negligible.
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| 25. |
- Oláh, Livia Sz. 1963-, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Equality Perceptions, Division of Paid and Unpaid Work, and Partnership Dissolution in Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 93:2, s. 571-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increase in female employment and the decrease in gender labor specialization there has also been a marked change in gender role attitudes. An increasing proportion of women and men has come to prefer gender egalitarianism. Yet, a marked gender division of labor persists. Here we study the interplay between individual gender role attitudes and behavior in terms of sharing paid and unpaid work with one’s partner, and implications for partnership stability. We focus on Sweden, a country with long experience of the dual-earner model and policies supporting female labor-force participation while also promoting men’s active engagement in family tasks. We test two hypotheses: first, that gender egalitarianism in attitudes and behavior per se strengthens partnership stability (the gender egalitarian model) and, second, that consistency in individual attitudes and couple behavior, whether egalitarian or traditional, strengthens partnership stability (the attitude-behavior consistency model). We use data from the Swedish Young Adult Panel Study (YAPS) conducted in 1999, 2003 and 2009. We find no difference in dissolution risk between the consistent egalitarian and the consistent traditional individuals, and both categories exhibit lower dissolution risks than individuals holding gender egalitarian views but dividing workload with their spouse/partner in a gender traditional way. These results speak in favor of the attitude-behavior consistency model of marriage.
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| 26. |
- Pampel, F., et al.
(författare)
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How Institutions and Attitudes Shape Tax Compliance : A Cross-National Experiment and Survey
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 97:3, s. 1337-1364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tax evasion is a problem everywhere, but it is a much bigger policy problem in some countries than it is in others. The Italian government estimates that it loses more than 27 percent of total tax revenue to evasion, whereas the Swedish government estimates their "tax gap" to be less than 9 percent. What explains this variation? We test for the importance of culturally based attitudes and institutionally structured rules for taxes and benefits through a unique set of cross-national experiments and attitudinal surveys done in multiple locations across Italy, the UK, the United States, and Sweden. Participants in each location were presented with identical conditions based on institutional variations (tax rates, redistribution regimes, benefits) and asked to complete a survey afterward concerning their attitudes toward a number of social and political issues. A mixed-model analysis of the 2,537 subjects in our study reveals consistent influence of institutional scenarios and three attitude scales measuring pro-redistributive ideology, fiscal responsibility, and perceived government competence. Country effects, however, are more mixed and inconsistent.
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| 27. |
- Sjöberg, Ola, 1967-
(författare)
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Social Insurance as a Collective Resource : Unemployment Benefits, Job Insecurity and Subjective Well-being in a Comparative Perspective
- 2010
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 88:3, s. 1281-1304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article argues that unemployment benefits are providing a crucial but often overlooked function by reducing the insecurity associated with modern labor markets. Because job insecurity is associated with concerns about future financial security, economic support during unemployment may lessen the negative effects of job insecurity on employed individuals’ well-being. Using data from the European Social Survey, this article shows that the generosity of unemployment benefits makes a difference to the subjective well-being of employed individuals, especially those with limited economic resources and an insecure position in the labor market. These results indicate that unemployment benefits may be viewed as a collective resource with important external benefits, i.e., benefits to society over and above those to the unemployed who directly utilize such benefits.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Swader, Christopher
(författare)
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Loneliness in Europe: Personal and Societal Individualism-Collectivism and Their Connection to Social Isolation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1534-7605 .- 0037-7732. ; 97:3, s. 1307-1336
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explains perceived loneliness among people in Europe by accounting for cultural factors as well as social isolation. Culturally, it measures the impact of both personal and societal individualism-collectivism on loneliness. It accounts for social isolation by looking at the separate effects of living alone, emotional isolation, and relational isolation. Using a 2014 European Social Survey sample comprising 36,760 individuals in 21 countries, the study predicts loneliness using multilevel logistic regression modeling using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation procedures. Results indicate that societal individualism may strongly reduce loneliness, even after taking into account that social isolation partially mediates this relationship. Further, the effects of living alone and relational isolation depend upon whether one is personally an individualist or collectivist. Living alone and relational isolation greatly increase loneliness, and such negative effects are somewhat reduced for individualists. However, individualists are not protected from the negative impacts of emotional isolation at all, and the above moderation effects do not hold for the most severe forms of loneliness. Based on this analysis, the best case for reduced loneliness for individualists and collectivists alike is that they maintain a strong degree of multiple forms of social integration and live in an individualist society.
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| 30. |
- ter Bogt, Tom F. M., et al.
(författare)
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Intergenerational continuity of taste : parental and adolescent music preferences
- 2011
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 90:1, s. 297-319
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, the continuity in music taste from parents to their children is discussed via a multi-actor design. In our models music preferences of 325 adolescents and both their parents were linked, with parental and adolescent educational level as covariates. Parents’ preferences for different types of music that had been popular when they were young were subsumed under the general labels of Pop, Rock and Highbrow. Current adolescent music preferences resolved into Pop, Rock, Highbrow and Dance. Among partners in a couple, tastes were similar; for both generations, education was linked to taste; and parental preferences predicted adolescent music choices. More specifically, the preference of fathers and mothers for Pop was associated with adolescent preferences for Pop and Dance. Parents’ preferences for Rock seemed to indicate their daughters would also like Rock music, but not their sons. Parental passion for Highbrow music was associated with Highbrow preferences among their children. It is concluded that preferences for cultural artifacts such as (popular) music show continuity from generation to generation.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Törnqvist, Maria, 1975-
(författare)
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Communal Intimacy : Formalization, Egalitarianism, and Exchangeability in Collective Housing
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 100:1, s. 273-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article uses collective housing, a voluntary form of shared living positioned in between the conventional intimacy sphere and public life, to explore the relation between the organized and the intimate. Combining multisited observations and interviews, the study reveals collective housing to represent fairly depersonalized homes characterized by residential transition and formalization. Rather than addressing the dwellings in terms of detachment, however, the article demonstrates that they are exchange(st)able structures with existential bearing. It is through, not despite, the partially organized framework of daily chores and routines that closeness emerges. Grounded in these findings, the article calls for a reframing of intimacy outside of its traditional contexts and proposes the term “communal intimacy” to conceptualize a sociality of closeness that is bound not to exclusive dyads but to an inclusive relational infrastructure characterized by the strength of many weak ties.
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| 33. |
- Valdez, Sarah
(författare)
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Subsidizing the Costs of Collective Action : International Organizations and Protest among Polish Farmers during Democratic Transition
- 2011
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press. - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 90:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polish farmers became politically contentious after democratization in 1989, despite their minimal involvement in the Solidarity movement. I test the effectiveness of social movement theories in explaining this phenomenon by examining frequency and intensity of protest from 1980-1995. I find that grievance models have little explanatory power, political opportunity accounts for the frequency of protest, and resource mobilization offers insight into both frequency and intensity of protests. Supplementing existing theories, I offer qualitative evidence that development programs designed to restructure agricultural cooperatives created mobilizing structures. The reforms were intended to help family farmers adapt to the new market economy, but because most protests targeted liberalization policies, I conclude that in their short-term success, development agencies inadvertently subsidized the cost of collection action against their long-term goals.
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| 34. |
- Volker, Beate, et al.
(författare)
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Lost Letters in Dutch Neighborhoods : A Field Experiment on Collective Efficacy
- 2016
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 94:3, s. 953-974
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A lack of collective efficacy in neighborhoods is associated with social and physical disorder and related anti-social actions. It is less clear, however, whether collective efficacy in neighborhoods also enhances prosocial, other-regarding behavior. We studied this association by employing the Lost Letter Technique in a large-scale field experiment. Our data stem from 1,240 letters dropped in a representative sample of 110 Dutch neighborhoods, combined with neighborhood data based on a survey of residents (SSND2, n = 996) and information provided by Statistics Netherlands. We distinguish between two conditions: (1) location of the lost letter, that is, behind a car's windshield wiper or on the sidewalk; and (2) type of addressee, that is, a Dutch name or a Turkish/Moroccan name. When we decompose collective efficacy into social cohesion and shared expectations of social control, we find that shared control expectations clearly matter for the rate of posted letters. Social cohesion has no effect. Furthermore, a high percentage of non-Western residents, high residential mobility, and a relatively low local income level are negatively related to the rate of posted letters.
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| 35. |
- Zagel, Hannah, et al.
(författare)
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Diverging Trends in Single-Mother Poverty across Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom : Toward a Comprehensive Explanatory Framework
- 2022
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0037-7732 .- 1534-7605. ; 101:2, s. 606-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To explain single-mother poverty, existing research has either emphasized individualistic, or contextual explanations. Building on the prevalences and penalties framework (Brady et al. 2017), we advance the literature on single-mother poverty in three aspects: First, we extend the framework to incorporate heterogeneity among single mothers across countries and over time. Second, we apply this extended framework to Germany, the United Kingdom and Sweden, whose trends in single-mother poverty (1990–2014) challenge ideal-typical examples of welfare state regimes. Third, using decomposition analyses, we demonstrate variation across countries in the relative importance of prevalences and penalties to explain time trends in single-mother poverty. Our findings support critiques of static welfare regime typologies, which are unable to account for policy change and poverty trends of single mothers. We conclude that we need to understand the combinations of changes in single mothers’ social compositions and social policy contexts, if we want to explain time trends in single-mother poverty.
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| 36. |
- Halleröd, Björn, 1960
(författare)
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What I need and what the poor deserve: Analyzing the gap between the minimum income needed for oneself and the view of an adequate norm for social assistance
- 2004
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Ingår i: Social Forces. - 0037-7732. ; 83:1, s. 35-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, people's assessment of an adequate poverty line is contrasted against the minimum income they can accept for themselves. The analyses are related to theoretical assumptions about adaptation of preferences, risk exposure, and welfare-state attitudes. It is shown that adaptation of preference increases the "evaluation gap" between the two measures. Risk exposure generally does not lead to a more generous evaluation of the poverty line or to a narrower evaluation gap. Positive sentiments toward redistribution are connected with a generous assessment of the poverty line and a small evaluation gap. Those who believe that welfare benefits are misused have a restrictive view of both the poverty line and the minimum income they can accept for themselves.
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| 37. |
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