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1.	Ferrara, R, et al. (författare) Atmospheric Mercury Emission At Solfatara Volcano (Pozzuoli, Phlegraean Fields, Italy) 1994 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 29:7, s. 1421-1428 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Mercury concentrations in air and in condensed steam coming from fumarolic activity at the Solfatara crater (Phlegraean Fields - Italy) were determined. In the condensed steam, mercury was found mainly associated as Hg-S complexes and showed a flux in the range from 0.9 to 4.5 g day(-1). Using the point monitor technique, high values (up to 690 ng m(-3)) of atmospheric mercury levels were observed only close to the main exhaling areas, while background levels (2 ng m(-3)) were measured over the crater area using the lidar technique. An upper limit (<2.4 g day(-1)) for the flux of elemental mercury in air was estimated with the lidar. This remote sensing technique also allowed to assess an upper limit for the SO2 flux (<24 kg day (-1)).
2.	Miller, H, et al. (författare) Correlation of incineration parameters for the destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins 1989 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 1879-1298 .- 0045-6535. ; 18:7-8, s. 1485-1494 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
3.	Brouwer, A, et al. (författare) Report of the WHO working group on the assessment of health risks for human infants from exposure to PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs 1998 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535. ; 37:9-12, s. 1627-1643 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
4.	Chu, I, et al. (författare) Mixture effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in rats 2001 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535. ; 43:4-7, s. 807-814 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
5.	Dahlén, Johan, et al. (författare) Determination of nitrate and other water quality parameters in groundwater from UV/Vis spectra employing partial least squares regression 2000 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 40:1, s. 71-77 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The use of UV/Vis spectroscopy in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression for the simultaneous prediction of nitrate and non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) in groundwaters was evaluated. A model of high quality was obtained using first order derivative spectra in the range 200–300 nm. Inclusion of non-UV-absorbing constituents in the modeling procedure, i.e., chloride, sulfate, fluoride, total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), alkalinity, pH and conductivity was also evaluated. This model seemed to be useful for prediction of chloride, TC, IC, alkalinity and conductivity, while its ability to predict sulfate, fluoride and pH was poor. In conclusion, application of PLS regression, which requires neither filtration of samples nor addition of chemicals, is a promising alternative for fast interpretation of geochemical patterns of groundwater quality.
6.	Dahlén, Johan, et al. (författare) Determination of the molecular weight of fulvic acids by UV/VIS spectroscopy 1999 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 38:4, s. 783-794 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Partial least squares (PLS) modeling was applied to investigate number-average molecular weights (Mn) and weight-average molecular weights (Mw) of fulvic acids (FAs) in relation to the corresponding UVNIS spectra. The Mn and Mw values were determined by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The impact of pH control, wavelength range and density as well as smoothing and derivation of spectra were tested. It was found that PLS models based on absorbance spectra can be a fast and powerful complement to existing techniques employed for determination of molecular weights of FAs. Control of pH of the FA solutions is important for the performance of the models. The models were also compared with the best univariate alternatives.
7.	de Wit, Cynthia A (författare) An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. 2002 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 46:5, s. 583-624 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The presence of brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals, and particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has become of increasing concern to scientists over the past decade. Environmental studies conducted primarily in Europe, Japan and North America indicate that these chemicals are ubiquitous in sediment and biota. The levels of PBDEs seem to be increasing, and several trends, including in humans, indicate that this increase may be rapid. The occurrence of high concentrations of certain PBDE isomers may be sufficient to elicit adverse effects in some wildlife. There is also concern that levels could cause adverse effects in sensitive human populations such as young children, indigenous peoples, and fish consumers. However, our knowledge about these chemicals, their sources, environmental behavior, and toxicity is limited, making risk assessment difficult. In this paper, the current state of knowledge is reviewed and areas for further research recommended to improve future monitoring and risk assessment efforts.
8.	Dyke, P. H., et al. (författare) PCB and PAH releases from power stations and waste incineration processes in the UK 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 50:4, s. 469-480 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study focused on emissions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from incineration and power generation processes. Increased concern over human exposure to both classes of compounds has meant that environmental regulators need to assess the contribution made by emissions from regulated processes to human exposure. In the first part of an assessment in the UK we reviewed literature data on emissions of PCB, focusing on the dioxin-like PCB assigned toxic equivalency factors by the World Health Organization, and PAR The literature study was supplemented by a series of plant tests to gather initial real plant data. Literature data were limited and the lack of standard protocols for measurement and reporting of both PCB and PAH meant that few data sets were comparable. Levels of dioxin-like PCB reported in the literature and measured in UK plant tests showed that well-controlled modern combustion plants with comprehensive pollution controls gave low emissions, typically about 5-10% of the toxic equivalent of the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans at the same plants and below the widely used standard of 0.1 ng TEQ/N m(3).
9.	Engwall, Magnus, 1965-, et al. (författare) Levels of dioxin-like compounds in sewage sludge determined with a bioassay based on EROD induction in chicken embryo liver cultures 1999 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 38:10, s. 2327-2343 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A bioassay for the detection of dioxin-like compounds was used to estimate levels in sewage sludge from Swedish sewage treatment plants (STPs). The sludge extracts were HPLC-separated into three fractions containing a) monoaromatic/aliphatic, b) diaromatic (e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans [PCDDs/Fs]), and c) polyaromatic compounds (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]). The bioassay, which is based on EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase) induction in cultured chicken embryo livers detected dioxin-like activity in all unfractionated extracts and in the di- and polyaromatic fractions of all sludge extracts, but not in the monoatomatic/aliphatic fractions. The levels ranged between 6 and 109 pg bio-TEQ/g sludge (d.w.). In sediment samples from rural lakes in Sweden, levels of about 5 pg bio-TEQ/g (d.w.) have been found. The polyaromatic fractions of the sludge samples were potent in the bioassay, probably due to various PAHs and other polyaromatics in the sludge. The levels of six PAHs that are screened for in the sludge at Swedish STPs accounted for only 3-10% of the observed EROD-induction by the polyaromatic fractions. Consequently, many other polyaromatic EROD-inducing compounds were present in the sludge. Inclusion of a biological test like the chicken embryo liver bioassay in the screening of sludge would improve the ability to detect the presence of bioactive dioxin-like compounds. A theoretical estimation of bio-TEQ concentrations in farm-soil following long-term application of sludge with bio-TEQ concentrations similar to those observed in this investigation indicated that the bio-TEQ levels in soil would increase very slowly over time. The chicken embryo liver bioassay proved useful in assessing levels of dioxin-like compounds in sewage sludge and it gives valuable complementary information to chemical analysis data.
10.	Engwall, Magnus, 1965-, et al. (författare) Uptake of dioxin-like compounds from sewage sludge into various plant species : assessment of levels using a sensitive bioassay 2000 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 40:9-11, s. 1189-1195 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A bioassay for the detection of dioxin-like compounds was used to estimate uptake of dioxin-like compounds in carrots, oil seed rape seeds, zucchinis and cucumbers grown in soil amended with sewage sludge from Swedish sewage treatment plants (STP), This sensitive bioassay is based on 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD)-induction in cultured chicken embryo livers and reflects the combined biological effect of all dioxin-like compounds in a sample, including ones that seldom are analyzed. The bioassay detected low concentrations of dioxin-like compounds in all carrot, zucchini and cucumber samples, but did not detect any dioxin-like compounds in the rape seeds. In carrots the concentrations were increased up to seven times when grown in soil amended with high applications of some of the sludge samples, while others did not increase the concentrations compared to control. More realistic sludge applications only increased the concentrations slightly. The sludge-fertilized carrots contained the highest concentrations of the investigated plants (up to 14 pg bioassay-derived TCDD equivalents (bio-TEQs)/g d.w.). In the carrots, differences in uptake of dioxin-like compounds depended on the sludge origin, which may be due to more easily bioaccumulated dioxin-like compounds in some sludge samples, or other components that facilitated uptake into the carrots. In the cucumbers, a more than two-fold increase (from 0.2 to 0.5 pg bio-TEQs/g d.w.) was observed in specimens grown in sludge-amended soil when compared to controls, suggesting a small uptake from the roots to the shoots. No sludge-dependent increase in uptake was seen in the zucchini fruits. The bio-TEQ levels were generally low in the consumable above ground plant parts of the investigated species. However, the question if repeated sludge application results in a soil accumulation of dioxin-like compounds, thereby increasing the risk of plant uptake, remains to be investigated.
11.	Eriksson, Johan, et al. (författare) Photochemical transformations of tetrabromobisphenol A and related phenols in water 2004 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535. ; 54:1, s. 117-126 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract romobisphenolA (TBBPA), tribromobisphenol A (TriBBPA), tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), 2,4-dichlorophenolat various pHs as well as 2-chlorophenol, 2-bromophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol and bisphenol A at pH 11. The absorbancespectra of the compounds and the emission spectra of the light-source were determined and used to calculatedisappearance quantum yields of the photochemical reactions that were taking place. No major differences between thedisappearance quantum yields of TBBPA and TCBPA were observed at pH 10, while the disappearance quantum yieldof TriBBPA was approximately two times higher. The rate of decomposition of TBBPA was six times higher at pH 8than at pH 6. Identification of the degradation products of TBBPA and TriBBPA, by GC–MS analysis and bycomparison to synthesised reference compounds, indicated that TBBPA and TriBBPA decompose via differentmechanisms. Three isopropylphenol derivatives; 4-isopropyl-2,6-dibromophenol, 4-isopropylene-2,6-dibromophenoland 4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-2,6-dibromophenol, were identified as major degradation products of TBBPA while themajor degradation product of TriBBPA was tentatively identified as 2-(2,4-cyclopentadienyl)-2-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propane.
12.	Eriksson, M., et al. (författare) Determination of hydrocarbons in old creosote contaminated soil using headspace solid phase microextraction and GC-MS 2001 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 44:7, s. 1641-1648 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been used together with GC-MS to analyze organic substances directly in a soil, heavily contaminated with PAHs/creosote (similar to 300 mg/kg soil), from an old gaswork site in Stockholm, Sweden. The HS-SPME results, both qualitative and quantitative, were compared with traditional liquid extraction using ethyl acetate/hexane (20:80). It was shown that the concentrations determined with HS-SPME at 60 degreesC correlated well, for compounds containing up to two and three aromatic rings (naphthalenes, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene and fluorenes, while a lower concentration was obtained for phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene. The total concentrations for each compound determined with HS-SPME ranged from 2 to 25 mug/g soil. Quantification was done using standard addition of compounds directly to the soil samples. The bioavailable fraction of the compounds in the contaminated soil at 20 degreesC was analyzed using external calibration by spiking sterile uncontaminated sand (same texture and particle size as the contaminated soil but without a heavily sorbed organic fraction) with hydrocarbon standards in different concentrations. Storage of exposed fibers at 20 degreesC showed that analysis should be done within two days to make qualitative measurements and earlier (as soon as possible) for quantitative determinations.
13.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (författare) Patterns and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans found in soil and sediment samples in southern Mississippi 1996 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 32:3, s. 421-432 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using hierarchical cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), sediment and soil samples from the State of Mississippi were compared with the effluents of a pulp mill, a potential point source. Additionally, data of many known sources of PCDD/PCDF from the scientific literature were evaluated. Both methods were able to distinguish between different matrices with known PCDD/PCDF contamination (e.g. PCP, PCB, kraft pulp mill effluents). In some instances, a specific PCDD/PCDF source could be correlated to an environmental sample, e.g. the pattern of a U.S, brand of pentachlorophenate was found in sediment samples. None of the mathematical and statistical techniques could identify the pulp mill as the source of the PCDD/PCDF in the sediments and soils in the floodplain.
14.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (författare) PCDD, PCDF, and PCB in farm-raised catfish from southeast United States - Concentrations, sources, and CYP1A induction 1998 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 37:9-12, s. 1645-1656 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Nine catfish fillets, three catfish nuggets, two feed samples, and one pond sediment were analyzed for PCDD, PCDF, and-PCB. Farm-raised catfish from Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas contained significant levels of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD and PCDF. In addition, a large number of non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners were present in all samples. The catfish fillets and catfish nuggets also contained high concentrations of dioxin-like PCB, as well as a number of non-dioxin-like PCB. The TEQ based on PCDD and PCDF ranged from 9.5 to 43.0 pg/g lipid and the TEQ based on PCB ranged from 0.45 to 4.9 pg/g lipid for all catfish samples. The dioxin-like PCB contributed 4-16% to the total TEQ (PCDD/PCDF/PCB) for the catfish samples. The major source for the PCDD, PCDF, and PCB appears to be from feed and not from pond sediment. Immunoreactive CYP1A protein was elevated 2.5 fold in the pond-raised catfish compared to the aquarium-raised one. The results of this study suggest that the PCDD/PCDF are more important than the PCB in the CYP1A induction.
15.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (författare) PCDD/PCDF, chlorinated pesticides and PAH in Chinese teas 2002 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 46:9-10, s. 1429-1433 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Four samples of Chinese tea (two green teas, and two brick teas) were analyzed for their concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), chlorinated pesticides and PAH. The infusions prepared from these teas were also analyzed for PCDD/PCDF. The levels of DDT and its metabolites in tea leaves were within the safety limit of 0.2 mg/kg. Rather high levels of total PAH were obtained in brick tea (1048-1162 mg/kg), when compared with green tea (497-517 mg/kg). In terms of PCDD/PCDF, the concentrations of green tea and brick tea differed by a factor of 16, while the concentrations of all infusions were within a factor of 2. The dioxin concentrations in green tea leaves can be explained through uptake of atmospheric PCDD/PCDF. The higher concentrations in the brick tea leaves are due the longer exposure time, and to certain extent, the use of old leaves, branches and roots when making the tea, and additional components such as soil particulates through contamination. Certain Chinese populations drinking a large amount of brick tea (>31 per day) indicated that individuals of these populations consume more tea than Europeans or North Americans result in a comparably higher intake of PCDD/PCDF. Tea consumption can attribute to up to 10% of the TDI recommended by WHO (only PCDD/PCDF considered, no PCB analyzed).
16.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (författare) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in food samples collected in southern Mississippi, USA 1997 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 34:5-7, s. 1411-1419 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract n 1994, we analyzed 43 foodstuff samples from local supermarkets in southern Mississippi, USA, for PCDD/PCDF. 2,3,7,8-Cl4DD could be quantified in 31 of these samples. On a lipid basis, levels in meat (0.53-1.10 pg I-TEQ/g) and dairy products (0.42-1.10 pg I-TEQ/g) were slightly lower than those reported from other industrialized countries. While levels in dairy samples from the United States and Europe are comparable, there is a difference in the contribution of individual congeners to the I-TEQ: for example, in milk samples from Germany approximately 40% of the I-TEQ is due to the presence of 2,3,4,7,8-Cl5DF while in the Mississippi samples this congener only contributes 16%. The highest concentrations of PCDD/PCDF in our study were detected in the farm-raised catfish (10.2-27.8 pg I-TEQ/g). A unique finding was that in addition to the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/PCDF the catfish samples contained many non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners. This is unusual because vertebrate animals selectively eliminate or metabolize the non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners.
17.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (författare) QSAR generated octanol-water partition coefficients of selected mixed halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans 1990 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 20:10-12, s. 1597-1602 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We have calculated the values of pkow, water solubility, and Koc for chlorinated, brominated and mixed halogenated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans that have been identified in environmental samples. From the results it can be concluded that brominated and mixed halogenated dioxins and furans will show an ecological behaviour similar to that of the pure chlorinated compounds.
18.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953-, et al. (författare) Sources and sinks of dioxins : Germany 1992 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 25:7-10, s. 1487-1491 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Combustion processes are known to produce dioxins and especially municipal waste incineration is thought to have the highest contribution to the general background. On the other hand the general acceptance of non-thermal waste treatment methods such as composting is much higher than incineration. The results of an estimation on the input of PCDD/PCDF to Germany show that besides the thermal processes so-called sinks for pollutants, such as sewage sludge, compost, and foliage represent a reservoir to release dioxins by use in agriculture.
19.	Fiedler, Heidelore, 1953- (författare) Sources of PCDD/PCDF and impact on the environment 1996 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 32:1, s. 55-64 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract PCDD/PCDF can be formed in a variety of industrial and thermal processes. Especially the combustion sources contribute to the ambient air levels. In addition to the well-investigated emissions from municipal waste incinerators dioxins were measured in the flue gases of other thermal emitters. It was found that some recycling plants can emit high concentrations of PCDD/PCDF. Ambient air concentrations monitored over several years have shown a clear seasonal trend with higher PCDD/PCDF levels in winter and lower concentrations during summer. Thus, results from short-term measurements cannot be used to calculate annual means for ambient air concentations or deposition rates. Dioxins, once concentrated in sewage sludge and compost can re-enter the environment when these ''reservoirs'' are applied onto agricultural and horticultural soils.
20.	Hanberg, A, et al. (författare) Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin (TCDD) on the hepatic stellate cell population in the rat 1996 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 32:6, s. 1225-1233 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
21.	Hauk, A., et al. (författare) Reduction of nitrated phenols : A method to predict half-wave-potentials of nitrated phenols with molecular modeling 1990 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 20:6, s. 717-728 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The redox stability of 13 nitrated phenols was investigated using polarographic measured half-wave-potentials. These half-wave-potentials were compared with data from a semi-empirical quantum mechanic computer model. A good correlation was found between LUMO energy and the half-wave-potential for phenols, but for phenolates the correlation coefficient was lower, even when a multivariate regression model was used.
22.	Heijerick, D. G., et al. (författare) Bioavailability of zinc in runoff water from roofing materials 2002 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 47:10, s. 1073-1080 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Corrosion and runoff from zinc-coated materials and outdoor structures is an important source for the dispersion of zinc in the environment. Being part of a large inter-disciplinary research project, this study presents the bioavailability of zinc in runoff water immediately after release from the surface of 15 different commercially available zinc-based materials exposed to the urban environment of Stockholm, Sweden. Runoff water was analysed chemically and evaluated for its possible environmental impact, using both a biosensor test with the bacteria Alcaligenes eutrophus (Biomet(R)) and the conventional 72 h growth inhibition test with the green alga Raphidocelis subcapitata. Chemical speciation modelling revealed that most zinc (94.3-99.9%) was present as the free Zn ion, the most bioavailable speciation form. These findings were confirmed by the results of the biosensor test (Biomet(R)) which indicated that all zinc was indeed bioavailable. Analysis of the ecotoxicity data also suggested that the observed toxic effects were due to the presence of Zn2+ ions. Finally, regression analysis showed that, for this type of runoff samples, the rapid screening biosensor was capable of predicting (a) the total amount of zinc present in the runoff samples (R-2 of 0.93-0.98; p < 0.05) and (b) the observed 72 h-EbC(50)s (R-2 of 0.69-0.97; p < 0.05).
23.	Hutzinger, O., et al. (författare) From source to exposure : Some open questions 1993 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 27:1-3, s. 121-129 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract PCDD/PCDF are trace contaminants in industrial and thermal processes, whose formation often cannot be avoided. Although the most important sources seem to be recognized within the last years new sources have been discovered. Very often only limited data are available. For the understanding of human exposure it is necessary to understand the pathways from the source to target organs or organisms. Environmental concentrations of dioxins have to be analyzed under ectoxicological aspects. Transfer and transformation mechanisms to be considered are: evaporation, deposition, erosion, photochemical degradation
24.	Hutzinger, O., et al. (författare) Sources and emissions of PCDD/PCDF 1989 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 18:1-6, s. 23-32 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The main sources of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) have been found to be the following: 1. Combustion processes in large and small systems; 2. industrial processes of the chemical and other industries, and 3. dumps, accidents and residues. During the last years increasing attention has been paid to the emissions from mobile sources, e.g. automobile exhaust, and to private heating. Even though several theoretical and experimental investigations have been carried out to elucidate the formation mechanism of PCDD/PCDF, many questions still remain unanswered.
25.	Johansson, Emma, 1971-, et al. (författare) Spatial patterns of organic chlorine and chloride in Swedish forest soil 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 52:2, s. 391-397 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The concentration of organic carbon, organic chlorine and chloride was determined in Swedish forest soil in the southern part of Sweden and the spatial distribution of the variables were studied. The concentration of organically bound chlorine was positively correlated to the organic carbon content, which is in line with previous studies. However, the spatial distribution patterns strongly indicate that some other variable adds structure to the spatial distribution of organic chlorine. The distribution patterns for chloride strongly resembled the distribution of organic chlorine. The spatial distribution of chloride in soil depends on the deposition pattern which in turn depends on prevailing wind-direction, amount of precipitation and the distance from the sea. This suggests that the occurrence of organic chlorine in soil is influenced by the deposition of chloride of some variable that co-varies with chloride. Two clearly confined strata were found in the area: the concentrations of organic chlorine and chloride in the western area were significantly higher than in the eastern area. No such difference among the two areas was seen regarding the carbon content.
26.	Johansson, Inger, et al. (författare) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in weathered bottom ash from incineration of municipal solid waste 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 53:2, s. 123-128 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analysed in weathered bottom ash from different municipal solid waste incinerators. The sum of the 16 "USEPA" PAHs was found to vary from 480 to 3590 mug/kg. The amounts of carcinogenic PAHs were between 89 and 438 mug/kg ash. The maximum levels of carcinogenic PAHs exceed the Swedish generic guidelines for sensitive land use. The results showed that the amount of PAHs in fresh and weathered bottom ash are similar, indicating that the PAHs are strongly bound to the ash and only limited amounts are released to'the surroundings. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
27.	Juhna, Talis, et al. (författare) Sorption of humic substances on aquifer material at artificial recharge of groundwater 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 51:9, s. 861-8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Experiments in batch equilibrium system were carried out to evaluate the importance of physical and chemical factors determining the sorption efficiency of humic substances (HS) on aquifer material, which has been used for artificial recharge of groundwater (ARG) in drinking water production. Results showed that an increase of the amount of clay in the aquifer material and a decrease of pH in water increased the sorption efficiency. The sorption of higher molecular weight, more hydrophobic and aromatic HS (Aldrich and forest soil humic acids) were greater than the sorption of acidic HS (river fulvic acids), either on the aquifer material or to its representative sorbing phases, clay and organic matter. The sorption on the aquifer material was largely due to physical sorption (hydrophobic attractions). This study showed the importance of HS composition on their removal during ARG and contributed to an understanding of the HS sorption mechanisms in this process
28.	Karlsson, Susanne, 1967-, et al. (författare) UV-light induced mineralization of organic matter bound chlorine in Lake BjΣn, Sweden - A laboratory study 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 52:2, s. 463-469 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Surface water and aqueous solutions of isolated organic matter from a humic rich lake in southern Sweden were exposed to artificial UV radiation to investigate the UV light induced influence on organic matter bound chlorine in natural systems. It was found that the photodegradation of organic matter bound chlorine was more pronounced than the photodegradation of organic carbon. After 120 h of irradiation of the isolated organic matter, only 35% of the initial organochlorine was still in the solution compared to about 70% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC). A similar result was obtained for unfractionated surface water. Furthermore, our results indicate that the loss of organic chlorine was mainly due to a mineralization of organic chlorine into chloride ions. The total decrease of organic chlorine after 120 h was 32 ╡g Clorg l-1, of which the major part disappeared in the initial irradiation phase. A similar increase was observed in the chloride concentration (34 ╡g Cl- l-1).
29.	Kato, Y, et al. (författare) Initiation and promotion of altered hepatic foci in female rats and inhibition of cell-cell communication by the imidazole fungicide prochloraz 1998 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535. ; 37:3, s. 393-403 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
30.	Lau, C., et al. (författare) Levels of selected organic compounds in materials for candle production and human exposure to candle emissions 1997 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 34:5-7, s. 1623-1630 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) selected chlorinated pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and some volatile organic compounds (VOC) were analysed in the exhaust fumes of candles made from different waxes and finishing materials. To guarantee defined burning conditions a chamber was developed for the sampling of the exhaust fumes, Using a simple exposure model, the inhalative uptake of PCDD/PCDF by an adult person was calculated for different scenarios. It was shown that additional uptake of PCDD/PCDF caused by candle emissions does not contribute significantly to the total daily intake of these compounds. Emissions of PCDD/PCDF, benzo(a)pyrene and the VOC were then compared to limit value for working places. Even when many candles would be burnt at the same time in a small room, concentrations of the compounds investigated stay below 1 % of the tolerable limit values.
31.	Marklund, Anneli, et al. (författare) Screening of organophosphorus compounds and their distribution in various indoor environments 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 53:9, s. 1137-1146 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Twelve organophosphorus compounds (OPs), which are used for diverse purposes (e.g. as plasticizers and flame retardants), were analysed in settled house dust from 15 indoor environments and in wipe test samples from computer screens and covers. Seven of the substances analysed dominated Swedish imports of OPs in 1999, six of these are also listed as EU High Production Volume Chemicals. Eight of the substances were found in all samples. Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate was the most abundant in most of the samples, with levels ranging from 0.014 to 5.3 g/kg followed by tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate, tris(chloropropyl)phosphate and tris(1,3-dichloropropyl)phosphate. In wipe test samples from computers, triphenyl phosphate proved to be the main component of the OPs analysed (4.0 μg/m2). Potential sources of these compounds include, inter alia, floor polish, polyvinylchloride floor coverings, upholstery and plastic products. The distribution patterns of the OPs differed between the sites and generally reflected the building materials and consumer products used in their vicinity.
32.	Noren, K, et al. (författare) Certain organochlorine and organobromine contaminants in Swedish human milk in perspective of past 20-30 years 2000 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535. ; 40:9-11, s. 1111-1123 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
33.	Pettersson, Annelie, et al. (författare) Toxicity and detoxification of Swedish detergents and softener products 2000 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535. ; 41:10, s. 1611-1620 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Detergents and softeners are used in large quantities and some of their ingredients are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. In the present study the acute toxicity to Daphnia magna was determined for 26 detergents and five softener Swedish products. Only one of the detergents had a 48-h EC50 > 100 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the other 25 detergents ranged from 4 to 85 mg/l. The 48-h EC50 for the five softeners ranged from 15 to 166 mg/l. Detoxification tests, with and without inoculum of sewage organisms, showed that all tested products were detoxified to some extent after 16 days and that the rate of detoxification was considerably higher with addition of sewage organisms. Toxicity to D. magna of the detergents and softeners, and the biotic detoxification rate was correlated with the concentration of surfactants used in formulating the products (more surfactants increased toxicity and a slower rate of detoxification). These results emphasize the importance of biological purification of domestic wastewater containing detergents and a suggested development of less toxic and more easily degradable surfactants. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
34.	Rappe, Christoffer, et al. (författare) PCDD and PCDF contamination in catfish feed from Arkansas, USA 1998 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 36:13, s. 2705-2720 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract One combined catfish feed sample from Arkansas, USA, and its eight ingredients were analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs. One of the ingredients, soybean meal, was highly contaminated by PCDDs, especially the toxic 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners, e.g. 7.3 pg/g dry weight or 370 pg/g lipid for the 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD. The I-TEQ value for the soybean meal was 11.4 pg/g dry weight or 576 pg/g fat. The corresponding values for the combined catfish feed concentrations were approximately 3 times lower. The congener pattern, the congener profile and the ratio Sigma PCDDs/Sigma PCDFs for the soybean meal were quite unique. We are not aware of any environmental sample or technical product with similar characteristics. As a result, natural formation of the PCDDs found in the soybean meal cannot be ruled out.
35.	Rappe, C., et al. (författare) PCDDs and PCDFs in municipal sewage sludge and effluent from POTW in the State of Mississippi, USA 1998 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 36:2, s. 315-328 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract During the summer 1995, we collected sewage sludge and effluent samples from 17 publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) in the State of Mississippi, USA. Most PCDDs and PCDFs were detected in the sludge, and the hepta- and octaCDD congeners typically were dominant. One plant had an octaCDD value in sludge exceeding 400,000 pg/g d.m. The primary source probably is pentachlorophenol. An earlier US EPA finding of 116 pg/g d.m. 2,3,7,8-tetraCDD in sludge from the Corinth POTW was not confirmed in this study, where only 0.3 pg/g d.m. was measured. Most effluent samples were below the detection limit of approximately 10 pg/L for the tetra- through hexachlorinated congeners. The New Augusta POTW had the highest octaCDD value in effluent (2500 pg/L). This plant is a point source to the Leaf River.
36.	Rappe, C., et al. (författare) PCDDs and PCDFs in soil and river sediment samples from a rural area in the United States of America 1997 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 34:5-7, s. 1297-1314 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In 1994, we collected 36 soil samples and 61 sediment samples from southern Mississippi, USA. Each sample was analyzed for PCDDs and PCDFs by HRMS using either a polar or a non-polar HRGC column. Although most Cl-4 - Cl-8 PCDDs and PCDFs were detected in each sample, PCDD levels (particularly Cl-7 - Cl-8) were higher in sediment than soil samples. The PCDF pattern in two sediment samples indicated a possible PCB source. The concentrations of 2,3,7,8-tetra CDD and 2,3,7,8-tetra CDF were somewhat higher upstream of a pulp mill than downstream from the mill.
37.	Rodstedth, M, et al. (författare) Chloride imbalances in soil lysimeters 2003 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 52:2, s. 381-389 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The assumption that soil neither acts as a source or a sink of chloride is evaluated by incubating soil cores in lysimeters in a climate chamber under controlled conditions. Some of the lysimeters acted as a sink while others acted as a source of chloride. Considerable amounts of organic chlorine were lost by leaching. The loss by leaching of organic chlorine could only explain part of the discrepancy in the lysimeters where the soil acted as a sink and it could certainly not explain the cases where the soil acted as a source. The storage of organic chlorine was four times larger than the storage of chloride and comparably small changes in the organic chlorine storage will thus have a considerable influence on the chloride budget. However, the soil was too heterogeneous to determine whether a change in the storage had taken place or not. It is concluded that the observed chloride surplus and also, at least to some extent, the observed chloride deficit, most likely was caused by net-changes in the storage of organic chlorine in soil. An inverse correlation was found between the initial chloride content of the soil and the imbalance in the chloride budget. Dry deposition of chloride is generally assumed to equal the run-off minus the wet deposition. Extrapolation to the field situation suggests that the output of organic chlorine by soil leachate is at risk to cause an underestimation of the dry deposition by about 25%. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
38.	van der Plas, SA, et al. (författare) Toxicokinetics of an environmentally relevant mixture of dioxin-like PHAHs with or without a non-dioxin-like PCB in a semi-chronic exposure study in female Sprague Dawley rats 1998 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535. ; 37:9-12, s. 1941-1955 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
39.	van Hees, P. A. W., et al. (författare) Controlling mechanisms of aluminium in soil solution : An evaluation of 180 of podzolic forest soils 2001 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 45:6-7, s. 1091-1101 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To monitor the level of soil acidification in the county of Värmland in the middle west of Sweden 180 podzolic forest soils were investigated. Soil solutions from four horizons were obtained by centrifugation and the soil was sampled for a determination of the exchangeable pool by extraction. The concentrations of inorganic Al and its fraction of the total Al in solution were greater in the south of the county (up to 50%). The factors influencing the total Al and free inorganic Al3+ in the soil solutions were evaluated. Saturation indices (SI) for five different mineral phases were calculated but none implied equilibrium conditions. The relationships between pAl3+ and pH (in the pH range 4-6.2) gave slopes of about 1, which indicated that ion exchange/complexation reactions may be important for determining the Al3+ concentration in the B and C horizons. In the E horizon solutions complexation with soluble organic acids seemed to be the major factor which influenced the Al3+ activity. The influence of organic matter on Al solubility was supported by partial least square (PLS) regressions.
40.	Westblad, C., et al. (författare) A study on toxic organic emissions from batch combustion of styrene 2002 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 49:4, s. 395-412 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Results from a laboratory-scale investigation on batch combustion of styrene are reported herein. Limited quantities of waste styrene monomer are incinerated, however this monomer is, also, the primary pyrolyzate during combustion of waste polystyrene, the second most abundant polymer produced worldwide. Thus, its combustion-generated emissions are of importance to the operation of hazardous waste incinerators and municipal waste-to-energy powerplants. This work focuses on emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particulates, as well as carbon monoxide. To investigate methods for minimizing such emissions, batch combustion of the monomer was conducted in a two-stage muffle furnace. An additional air mixing chamber was installed between the two stages. Small quantities of the liquid monomer were inserted in the primary furnace which served as a gasifier/burner. The furnace temperature was in the range of 300-1000 °C and diffusion flames were formed under most conditions. Upon mixing with additional air, combustion of unburned gaseous fuel and primary reaction products continued in the secondary furnace (afterburner), which was kept at a constant temperature of either 1000 or 800 °C. Using this technique, conditions that minimize emissions were explored and theoretical investigations on the fate of pollutants in the secondary furnace were undertaken. Results revealed that combustion of styrene, which is a highly volatile fuel, occurred with the formation of flames that were often non-anchored, unsteady and unstable. Emissions of organic pollutants, soot and CO were more intense than in the case of the polystyrene combustion, studied previously under identical conditions, due to the additional depolymerization/pyrolysis steps therein. The emissions from the secondary furnace exceeded those of the primary furnace, consistent with the fact that a very significant fraction of the fuel conversion occurred in the secondary chamber. Clear trends in the emissions of PAHs and soot, products of incomplete combustion, with the temperature of the primary furnace (gasifier) were observed. Emissions were drastically reduced with lowering the gasifier temperature. While final cumulative emissions of PAHs and soot accounted for more than one third of the mass of the fuel at high temperatures, their concentrations at the exit of the afterburner were negligible when the primary furnace was operated at 300 °C under pyrolytic conditions. In the latter case air was added to the afterburner. Numerical modeling based on a complex reaction network was used for the description of the primary furnace as well as of the afterburner. Kinetic analysis showed acetylene and benzene to be key species in the growth of PAHs. Formation of PAHs in the afterburner, found experimentally, was reproduced by the model using a plug-flow assumption. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
41.	Wingfors, Håkan, et al. (författare) Multivariate data evaluation of PCB and dioxin profiles in the general population in Sweden and Spain 2000 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 40:9-11, s. 1083-1088 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Thirty-three polychlorinated biphenyls and 20 dioxin-like congeners were determined by GC–MS in blood and adipose tissue samples from two general population groups, one in Spain (n=35) and one in Sweden (n=28). The results were evaluated by multivariate projection (Simca), after normalisation to the most abundant and stable congener in each data set, in order to reveal differences in the “national” congener profiles. The mean values of each population group did not differ significantly. The sum of PCBs in the Spanish was 1450 ng/g and in the Swedish 1310 ng/g. The sum of the dioxin-like compounds in Spain was 1180 pg/g and in Sweden 804 pg/g. The congener profiles differed between the countries. Mainly the higher chlorinated congeners for both the dioxin-like compounds and the PCBs are more dominant in the Spanish group compared to the Swedish.
42.	Yazawa, Akira, et al. (författare) Thermodynamic evaluations on the formation of dioxins and furans in combustion gas 1999 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 39:14, s. 2419-2432 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The formation of toxic PCDD/Fs are discussed thermodynamically for C---O---H---Cl quaternary combustion gas to elucidate the effects of temperature and gas composition. In most cases, these toxic gases are formed at a temperature below 400°C, representing the isomers of furans and tetra dioxin (4CDD) in similar amounts, but those of other dioxin isomers are much lower.The amounts of PCDD/Fs species formed depend greatly on the gas composition, but are always associated with the formation of chlorobenzenes. When the system contains excess oxygen such as O/C > 1, PCDD/Fs decrease sharply.Hydrogen and water vapor are quite effective in decomposing dioxins and furans to form benzene and hydrocarbons. The derived amounts of PCDD/Fs are much higher than those observed in practice because of kinetic reasons. Taking account of kinetic factors, reasonable amounts of these toxic gases are derived.Especially, the reaction of carbon deposition has always been neglected in thermodynamic calculation of PCDD/Fs because of kinetic reason, but both of solid carbon and PCDD/Fs must be coexisting in small amounts.
43.	Öberg, Gunilla, 1961-, et al. (författare) Chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of aromatic groups in fulvic acid 2000 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 41:5, s. 779-785 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of the present study is to investigate whether exo-enzymatically mediated chlorination of fulvic acid (FA) results in the formation of chlorinated groups within the macromolecules which correspond to those which were previously detected in soil and surface water samples. The chlorination was carried out by exposing FA to a commercial chloroperoxidase (CPO) in the presence of chloride and hydrogen-peroxide. The exposed FA was then chemically degraded using an oxidative technique and finally analysed for four different aromatic groups and their chlorinated analogues. The particular aromatic groups included were the methyl esters of 4-ethoxybenzoic acid, 3-methoxy-4-ethoxybenzoic acid, 3,4-diethoxybenzoic acid, and 3,5- dimethoxy-4-ethoxybenzoic acid, along with their mono-and dichlorinated analogues. Prior to the chemical degradation procedure, the FA was analysed for AOX (adsorbable organic halogens) and chlorinated acetic acids. The original FA contained 1.4 mg Cl(org) g-1 and detectable amounts of two chlorinated aromatic groups. After exposure to the enzyme, the concentration of AOX increased to 44.3 mg Cl(org) g-1 and detectable amounts of four chlorinated aromatic groups as well as di- and trichloroacetic acid were found. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.
44.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Brominated aromatics from combustion 1987 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 16:10-12, s. 2451-2465 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The production of brominated aromatics from combustion was shown to be influenced by the operating conditions. Brominated aromatics also showed high yields compared to their chlorinated analogues.
45.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Chlorinated aromatics from metallurgical industries : Process factors influencing production and emissions 1989 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - Oxford : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 19:1-6, s. 711-716 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The emission and production of chlorinated aromatics from metallurgical industries, e g scrap-metal re-melting, show substantial variations due to a number of process factors. The data evaluated indicates clearly that the production of chlorinated aromatics is combustion controlled.
46.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Chlorinated aromatics from the combustion of hazardous waste 1985 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 14:2, s. 215-221 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The production and emission of chlorinated aromatics from a hazardous waste incinerator were shown to be influenced by the operating conditions. The emissions of chlorinated benzenes, PCDD and PCDF show statistically significant correlations to the chlorine input. Different substance groups also correlate, and the results presented correspond well with a general formation mechanism of chlorophenols via chlorobenzenes as indicated by others.
47.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Combustion test data from a Swedish hazardous waste incinerator 1986 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - Oxford : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 15:9-12, s. 2045-2048 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Here we present results from our tests with PCB-incineration at the SAKAB hazardous waste incinerator in Norrtorp, Sweden. Combustion tests were made with PCB both as a fluid (Arochlor 1242) and as a contaminant of solid waste (Arochlor 1016 in capacitors). A general conclusion was that the incineration of considerable amounts of PCB did not effect the production of PCDD and PCDF in this combustion plant.
48.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Dioxins from Scandinavian waste combustion plants 1986 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 15:9-12, s. 2041-2044 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract A large quantity of emission data for PCDD and PCDF have been reported to date. Less information is available concerning the controlling parameters for the production of chlorinated aromatics from waste combustion. Here we report results and conclusions from investigations carried out in the Scandinavian countries to date.
49.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Emission and chlorination pattern of PCDD/PCDF predicted from indicator parameters 1987 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - Oxford : Pergamon Press. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 16:6, s. 1221-1230 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The emission and chlorination pattern of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans from waste combustion shows a close covariation with that of chlorinated benzenes and phenols. This covariation can be utilized to predict the emission levels of specific isomers as well as the pattern of congeners.
50.	Öberg, Tomas, 1956-, et al. (författare) Hexachlorobenzene as an indicator of dioxin production from combustion 1985 Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 14:8, s. 1081-1086 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The production of polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans shows a strong correlation with the production of hexachlorobenzene. Hexachlorobenzene can be used as an indicator for the production of chlorinated aromatics.

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