| 1. |
- Abubaker, Jamal, et al.
(författare)
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Nitrous Oxide Production from Soils Amended with Biogas Residues and Cattle Slurry
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 1046-1058
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The amount of residues generated from biogas production has increased dramatically due to the worldwide interest in renewable energy. A common way to handle the residues is to use them as fertilizers in crop production. Application of biogas residues to agricultural soils may be accompanied with environmental risks, such as increased N2O emission. In 24-d laboratory experiments, N2O dynamics and total production were studied in arable soils (sandy, clay, and organic) amended with one of two types of anaerobically digested biogas residues (BR-A and BR-B) generated from urban and agricultural waste and nondigested cattle slurry (CS) applied at rates corresponding to 70 kg NH4+-N ha(-1). Total N2O-N losses from the sandy soil were higher after amendment with BR-B (0.32 g N2O-N m(-2)) than BR-A or CS (0.02 and 0.18 g N2O-N m(-2), respectively). In the clay soil, N2O-N losses were very low for CS (0.02 g N2O-N m(-2)) but higher for BR-A and BR-B (0.25 and 0.15 g N2O-N m(-2), respectively). In the organic soil, CS gave higher total N2O-N losses (0.31 g N2O-N m(-2)) than BR-A or BR-B (0.09 and 0.08 g N2O-N m(-2), respectively). Emission peaks differed considerably between soils, occurring on Day 1 in the organic soil and on Days 11 to 15 in the sand, whereas in the clay the peak varied markedly (Days 1, 6, and 13) depending on residue type. In all treatments, NH4+ concentration decreased with time, and NO3- concentration increased. Potential ammonium oxidation and potential denitrification activity increased significantly in the amended sandy soil but not in the organic soil and only in the clay amended with CS. The results showed that fertilization with BR can increase N2O emissions and that the size is dependent on the total N and organic C content of the slurry and on soil type. In conclusion, the two types of BR and the CS are not interchangeable regarding their effects on N2O production in different soils, and, hence, matching fertilizer type to soil type could reduce N2O emissions. For instance, it could be advisable to avoid fertilization of organic soils with CS containing high amounts or organic C and instead use BR. In clay soil, however, the risk of N2O emissions could be lowered by choosing a CS.
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| 2. |
- Ahlgren, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Barium as a Potential Indicator of Phosphorus in Agricultural Runoff
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41, s. 208-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many catchments, anthropogenic input of contaminants, and in particular phosphorus (P), into surface water is a mixture of agricultural and sewage runoff. Knowledge about the relative contribution from each of these sources is vital for mitigation of major environmental problems such as eutrophication. In this study, we investigated whether the distribution of trace elements in surface waters can be used to trace the contamination source. Water from three groups of streams was investigated: streams influenced only by agricultural runoff, streams influenced mainly by sewage runoff, and reference streams. Samples were collected at different flow regimes and times of year and analyzed for 62 elements using ICP-MS. Our results show that there are significant differences between the anthropogenic sources affecting the streams in terms of total element composition and individual elements, indicating that the method has the potential to trace anthropogenic impact on surface waters. The elements that show significant differences between sources are strontium (p < 0.001), calcium (p < 0.004), potassium (p < 0.001), magnesium (p < 0.001), boron (p < 0.001), rhodium (p = 0.001), and barium (p < 0.001). According to this study, barium shows the greatest potential as a tracer for an individual source of anthropogenic input to surface waters. We observed a strong relationship between barium and total P in the investigated samples (R-2 = 0.78), which could potentially be used to apportion anthropogenic sources of P and thereby facilitate targeting of mitigation practices.
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| 3. |
- Ahlgren, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Sediment Phosphorus Extractants for Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis : A Quantitative Evaluation
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Analyt Chem, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ So Denmark, Inst Biol, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. Uppsala Univ, Dept Biochem & Organ Chem, S-75124 Uppsala, Sweden. Uppsala Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 36:3, s. 892-898
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of pre-extractant, extractant, and post-extractant on total extracted amounts of P and organic P compound groups measured with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) in lacustrine sediment was examined. The main extractants investigated were sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hydroxide ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (NaOH-EDTA) with bicarbonate buffered dithionite (BD) or EDTA as pre-extractants. Post extractions were conducted using either NaOH or NaOH-EDTA, depending on the main extractant. Results showed that the most efficient combination of extractants for total P yield was NaOH with EDTA as pre-extractant, yielding almost 50% more than the second best procedure. The P compound groups varying the most between the different extraction procedures were polyphosphates and pyrophosphates. NaOH with BD as pre-extractant was the most efficient combination for these compound groups.
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| 4. |
- Alsanius, Beatrix
(författare)
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Simultaneous Removal of Nitrate and Sulfate from Greenhouse Wastewater by Constructed Wetlands
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 1256-1266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study evaluated the effectiveness of C-enriched subsurfaceflow constructed wetlands in reducing high concentrations of nitrate (NO 3 -) and sulfate (SO 4 2-) in greenhouse wastewaters. Constructed wetlands were filled with pozzolana, planted with common cattail (Typha latifolia), and supplemented as follows: (i) constructed wetland with sucrose (CW+ S), wetland units with 2 g L-1 of sucrose solution from week 1 to 28; (ii) constructed wetland with compost (CW+ C), wetland units supplemented with a reactive mixture of compost and sawdust; (iii) constructed wetland with compost and no sucrose (CW+ CNS) from week 1 to 18, and constructed wetland with compost and sucrose (CW+ CS) at 2 g L-1 from week 19 to 28; and (iv) constructed wetland (CW). During 28 wk, the wetlands received a typical reconstituted greenhouse wastewater containing 500 mg L-1 SO(4)(2-)and 300 mg L-1 NO3-. In CW+ S, CW+ C, and CW+ CS, appropriate C: N ratio (7: 3.4) and redox potential (-53 to 39 mV) for denitrification resulted in 95 to 99% NO3- removal. Carbon source was not a limiting factor for denitrification in C-enriched constructed wetlands. In CW+ S and CW+ CS, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/SO(4)(2-)ratios of 0.36 and 0.28 resulted in high sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) counts and high SO 4 2-removal (98%), whereas low activities were observed at DOC/SO(4)(2-)ratios of 0.02 (CW) to 0.11 (CW+ C, CW+ CNS). On week 19, when organic C content was increased by sucrose addition in CW+ CS, SRB counts increased from 2.80 to 5.11 log[CFU+ 1] mL(-1), resulting in a level similar to the one measured in CW+ S (4.69 log[CFU+ 1] mL(-1)). Consequently, high sulfate reduction occurred after denitrification, suggesting that low DOC (38-54 mg L-1) was the limiting factor. In CW, DOC concentration (9-10 mg L-1) was too low to sustain efficient denitrification and, therefore, sulfate reduction. Furthermore, the high concentration of dissolved sulfides observed in CW+ S and CW+ CS treated waters were eliminated by adding FeCl3
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| 5. |
- Andersen, J. K., et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Windrow Composting of Garden Waste
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425. ; 39:2, s. 713-724
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial degradation of organic wastes entails the production of various gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon monoxide (CO). Some of these gases are classified as greenhouse gases (GHGs), thus contributing to climate change. A study was performed to evaluate three methods for quantifying GHG emissions from central composting of garden waste. Two small-scale methods were used at a windrow composting facility: a static flux chamber method and a funnel method. Mass balance calculations based on measurements of the C content in the in- and out-going material showed that 91 to 94% of the C could not be accounted for using the small-scale methods, thereby indicating that these methods significantly underestimate GHG emissions. A dynamic plume method (total emission method) employing Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy was found to give a more accurate estimate of the GHG emissions, with CO2 emissions measured to be 127 +/- 15% of the degraded C. Additionally, with this method, 2.7 +/- 0.6% and 0.34 +/- 0.16% of the degraded C was determined to be emitted as CH4 and CO. In this study, the dynamic plume method was a more effective tool for accounting for C losses and, therefore, we believe that the method is Suitable for measuring GHG emissions from composting facilities. The total emissions were found to be 2.4 +/- 0.5 kg CH4-C Mg-1 wet waste (ww) and 0.06 +/- 0.03 kg N2O-N Mg-1 ww from a facility treating 15,540 Mg of garden waste yr(-1), or 111 +/- 30 kg CO2-equivalents Mg-1 ww.
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| 6. |
- Aronsson, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Biological effects of Wood Ash Application.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 33:5, s. 1595-1605
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish National Board of Forestry recommends recycling of wood ash for two main reasons: 1) to avoid depletion of essential soil nutrients, and 2) to reduce the harmful effects of acidification of surface waters. There is no doubt that recycling of wood ash to boreal forests will become a major industry in the near future. Much research is conducted regarding the effects of wood ash application on forest growth. Present studies show that, generally speaking, forest growth can be increased on wood ash-ameliorated peatland rich in nitrogen. On mineral soils, however, no change or even decreased growth has been reported. The effects on ground vegetation are not very clear, as well as the effects on fungi, soil microbes and soil decomposing animals. The discrepancies between different studies are for the most part explained by abiotic factors such as variation in fertility among sites, different degrees of stabilization and wood ash dosage used, and different time scales among different studies. The lack of knowledge in the field of aquatic ecosystems and their response to ash application is an important issue for future research. The few studies conducted have mainly considered changes in water chemistry. The biotoxic effects of ash application can roughly be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Among the primary effects is toxicity deriving from compounds in the wood ash and cadmium is probably the worst among these. The secondary effects of wood ash are generally due to its alkaline capacity and a release of ions into the soil and soil water, and finally, watercourses and lakes. The present review aims to summarize current knowledge in the topic of wood ash application to boreal forest and aquatic ecosystems, and the different effects derived from these actions. ABBREVIATIONS: WAA, Wood ash application; MT, metric tonnes
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| 7. |
- Aronsson, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Biological effects of wood ash application to forest and aquatic ecosystems
- 2004
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 33:5, s. 1595-1605
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present review aims to summarize current knowledge in the topic of wood ash application to boreal forest and aquatic ecosystems, and the different effects derived from these actions. Much research has been conducted regarding the effects of wood ash application on forest growth. Present studies show that, generally speaking, forest growth can be increased on wood ash–ameliorated peatland rich in nitrogen. On mineral soils, however, no change or even decreased growth have been reported. The effects on ground vegetation are not very clear, as well as the effects on fungi, soil microbes, and soil‐decomposing animals. The discrepancies between different studies are for the most part explained by abiotic factors such as variation in fertility among sites, different degrees of stabilization, and wood ash dosage used, and different time scales among different studies. The lack of knowledge in the field of aquatic ecosystems and their response to ash application is an important issue for future research. The few studies conducted have mainly considered changes in water chemistry. The biotoxic effects of ash application can roughly be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Among the primary effects is toxicity deriving from compounds in the wood ash and cadmium is probably the worst among these. The secondary effects of wood ash are generally due to its alkaline capacity and a release of ions into the soil and soil water, and finally, watercourses and lakes. Given current knowledge, we would recommend site‐ and wood ash–specific application practices, rather than broad and general guidelines for wood ash application to forests.
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| 8. |
- Bastviken, S K, et al.
(författare)
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Potential nitrification and denitrification on different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - 0047-2425. ; 32:6, s. 2414-2420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved understanding of the importance of different surfaces in supporting attached nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria is essential if we are to optimize the N removal capacity of treatment wetlands. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the nitrifying and denitrifying capacity of different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland and to assess the relative importance of these surfaces for overall N removal in the wetland. Intact sediment cores, old pine and spruce twigs, shoots of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), and filamentous macro-algae were collected in July and November 1999 in two basins of the wetland system. One of the basins had been constructed on land that contained lots of wood debris, particularly twigs of coniferous trees. Potential nitrification was measured using the isotope-dilution technique, and potential denitrification was determined using the acetylene-inhibition technique in laboratory microcosm incubations. Nitrification rates were highest on the twigs. These rates were three and 100 times higher than in the sediment and on Eurasian watermilfoil, respectively. Potential denitrification rates were highest in the sediment. These rates were three times higher than on the twigs and 40 times higher than on Eurasian watermilfoil. The distribution of denitrifying bacteria was most likely due to the availability of organic material, with higher denitrification rates in the sediment than on surfaces in the water column. Our results indicate that denitrification, and particularly nitrification, in treatment wetlands could be significantly increased by addition of surfaces such as twigs.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bergfur, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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The Tarland Catchment Initiative and Its Effect on Stream Water Quality and Macroinvertebrate Indices
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : American society of Agronomy, Inc. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41:2, s. 314-321
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tarland Catchment Initiative is a partnership venture between researchers, land managers, regulators, and the local community. Its aims are to improve water quality, promote biodiversity, and increase awareness of catchment management. In this study, the effects of buffer strip installations and remediation of a large septic tank effluent were appraised by water physico-chemistry (suspended solids, NO3, NH4, soluble reactive P) and stream macroinvertebrate indices used by the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency. It was done during before and after interventions over an 8-yr period using a paired catchment approach. Because macroinvertebrate indices were previously shown to respond negatively to suspended solid concentrations in the study area, the installation of buffer strips along the headwaters was expected to improve macroinvertebrate scores. Although water quality (soluble reactive P, NH4) improved downstream of the septic tank effluent after remediation, there was no detectable change in macroinvertebrate scores. Buffer strip installations in the headwaters had no measurable effects (beyond possible weak trends) on water quality or macroinvertebrate scores. Either the buffer strips have so far been ineffective or ineffectiveness of assessment methods and sampling frequency and time lags in recovery prevent us detecting reliable effects. To explain and appreciate these constraints on measuring stream recovery, continuous capacity building with land managers and other stakeholders is essential; otherwise, the feasibility of undertaking sufficient management interventions is likely to be compromised and projects deemed unsuccessful.
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| 11. |
- Bergström, Lars
(författare)
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Agricultural Water Quality in Cold Climates: Processes, Drivers, Management Options, and Research Needs
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 48, s. 792-802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cold agricultural regions are important sites of global food production. This has contributed to widespread water quality degradation influenced by processes and hydrologic pathways that differ from warm region analogues. In cold regions, snowmelt is often a dominant period of nutrient loss. Freeze-thaw processes contribute to nutrient mobilization. Frozen ground can limit infiltration and interaction with soils, and minimal nutrient uptake during the nongrowing season may govern nutrient export from agricultural catchments. This paper reviews agronomic, biogeochemical, and hydrological characteristics of cold agricultural regions and synthesizes findings of 23 studies that are published in this special section, which provide new insights into nutrient cycling and hydrochemical processes, model developments, and the efficacy of different potentially beneficial management practices (BMPs) across varied cold regions. Growing evidence suggests the need to redefine optimum soil phosphorus levels and input regimes in cold regions to allow achievement of water quality targets while still supporting strong agricultural productivity. Practices should be considered through a regional and site-specific lens, due to potential interactions between climate, hydrology, vegetation, and soils, which influence the efficacy of nutrient, crop, water, and riparian buffer management. This leads to differing suitability of BMPs across varied cold agricultural regions. We propose a systematic approach ("CUPCAKE"), to achieve water quality objectives in variable and changing climates, which combines nutrient transport process Conceptualization, Understanding BMP functions, Predicting effects of variability and change, Consideration of producer input and agronomic and environmental tradeoffs, practice Adaptation, Knowledge mobilization, and Evaluation of water quality improvement.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Bergström, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Turnover and Losses of Phosphorus in Swedish Agricultural Soils: Long-Term Changes, Leaching Trends, and Mitigation Measures
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 44, s. 512-523
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport of phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields to water bodies deteriorates water quality and causes eutrophication. To reduce P losses and optimize P use efficiency by crops, better knowledge is needed of P turnover in soil and the efficiency of best management practices (BMPs). In this review, we examined these issues using results from 10 Swedish long-term soil fertility trials and various studies on subsurface losses of P. The fertility trials are more than 50 years old and consist of two cropping systems with farmyard manure and mineral fertilizer. One major finding was that replacement of P removed by crops with fertilizer P was not sufficient to maintain soil P concentrations, determined with acid ammonium lactate extraction. The BMPs for reducing P leaching losses reviewed here included catch crops, constructed wetlands, structure liming of clay soils, and various manure application strategies. None of the eight catch crops tested reduced P leaching significantly, whereas total P loads were reduced by 36% by wetland installation, by 39 to 55% by structure liming (tested at two sites), and by 50% by incorporation of pig slurry into a clay soil instead of surface application. Trend analysis of P monitoring data since the 1980s for a number of small Swedish catchments in which various BMPs have been implemented showed no clear pattern, and both upward and downward trends were observed. However, other factors, such as weather conditions and soil type, have profound effects on P losses, which can mask the effects of BMPs.
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| 15. |
- Berndtsson, Ronny
(författare)
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Small-scale spatial patterns of bulk atmospheric deposition
- 1993
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425. ; 22:2, s. 349-360
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In total 14 bulk atmospheric deposition collectors were distributed over the city of Lund (about 20 km~) in the south of Sweden during September 1980 to June 1981. The observations were made to investigate small-scale spatial variability of atmospheric deposition. Monthly bulk deposition samples were analyzed for CI, Ptot, Zn, Cu, and Pb.Correlation analysis shows that the spatial scale for the variation pat-tern is of the order > 10 km for precipitation and CI, and about 2 kmfor Ptot and metals. This indicates that remote sources with a general large-scale deposition pattern are dominating for CI deposition and that local sources dominate for P,o,, Zn, Cu, and Pb. The total atmospheric deposition in the investigated urban area is assumed to be superposed by three components: (i) regional background, (li) urban background, and (iii) urban point deposition. The urban background deposition may be considerable in relation to regional background deposition. The urban point sources may represent deposition rates of twice or more of the total deposition.
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| 16. |
- Bieroza, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrologic Extremes and Legacy Sources Can Override Efforts to Mitigate Nutrient and Sediment Losses at the Catchment Scale
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : AMER SOC AGRONOMY. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 48:5, s. 1314-1324
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combating eutrophication requires changes in land and water management in agricultural catchments and implementation of mitigation measures to reduce phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and suspended sediment (SS) losses. To date, such mitigation measures have been built in many agricultural catchments, but there is a lack of studies evaluating their effectiveness. Here we evaluated the effectiveness of mitigation measures in a clay soildominated headwater catchment by combining the evaluation of long-term and high-frequency data with punctual measurements upstream and downstream of three mitigation measures: limefilter drains, a two-stage ditch, and a sedimentation pond. Long-term hydrochemical data at the catchment outlet showed a significant decrease in P (-15%) and SS (-28%) and an increase in nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N, + 13%) concentrations. Highfrequency (hourly) measurements with a wet-chemistry analyzer (total and reactive P) and optical sensor (NO3-N and SS) showed that the catchment is an abundant source of nutrients and sediments and that their transport is exacerbated by prolonged drought and resuspension of stream sediments during storm events. Lime-filter drains showed a decrease in SS by 76% and total P by 80% and an increase in NO3-N by 45% compared with traditional drains, potentially indicating pollution swapping. The effectiveness of two-stage ditch and sedimentation pond was less evident and depended on the prevalent hydrometeorological conditions that drove the resuspension of bed sediments and associated sediment-bound P transport. These results suggest that increased frequency of prolonged drought due to changing weather patterns and resuspension of SS and sediment-bound P during storm events can override the generally positive effect of mitigation measures.
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| 17. |
- Blombäck, Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Applicability of Models to Predict Phosphorus Losses in Drained Fields: A Review
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 44, s. 614-628
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most phosphorus (P) modeling studies of water quality have focused on surface runoff loses. However, a growing number of experimental studies have shown that P losses can occur in drainage water from artificially drained fields. In this review, we assess the applicability of nine models to predict this type of P loss. A model of P movement in artificially drained systems will likely need to account for the partitioning of water and P into runoff, macropore flow, and matrix flow. Within the soil profile, sorption and desorption of dissolved P and filtering of particulate P will be important. Eight models are reviewed (ADAPT, APEX, DRAINMOD, HSPF, HYDRUS, ICECREAMDB, PLEASE, and SWAT) along with P Indexes. Few of the models are designed to address P loss in drainage waters. Although the SWAT model has been used extensively for modeling P loss in runoff and includes tile drain flow, P losses are not simulated in tile drain flow. ADAPT, HSPF, and most P Indexes do not simulate flow to tiles or drains. DRAINMOD simulates drains but does not simulate P. The ICECREAMDB model from Sweden is an exception in that it is designed specifically for P losses in drainage water. This model seems to be a promising, parsimonious approach in simulating critical processes, but it needs to be tested. Field experiments using a nested, paired research design are needed to improve P models for artificially drained fields. Regardless of the model used, it is imperative that uncertainty in model predictions be assessed.
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| 18. |
- Bottone, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Sodium hypochlorite as an oxidizing agent for removal of soil organic matter before microplastics analyses
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 51:1, s. 112-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The omnipresence of microplastics (MPs) across Earth's surface has raised concerns about their environmental impact and created an urgent need for methods to identify them in complex soil and sedimentary matrices. However, detecting MPs in the O horizons of soils is difficult because plastic polymers share many physical and chemical properties with natural soil organic matter (SOM). In this study, we assessed whether sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), a reagent that can oxidize SOM and simultaneously preserve mineral constituents, can be used for MP analysis and characterization in soil environments. In addition, we scrutinized how factors such as MP size, polymer type, extraction methods, and soil matrix affect the recovery of microplastic particles. We used both hydrophobic and density-dependent separation methods to assess the effects of our oxidation treatment on the recovery of MP. We observed that NaOCl effectively removed SOM without greatly altering the surface properties of resistant MP polymers (polypropylene, polylactic acid, low-density polyethylene, and polyethylene terephthalate), which were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy after SOM removal. The NaOCl treatment caused some chlorination and formation of additional C–OH bonds on polymer surfaces, which likely contributed to the reduced efficiency of the hydrophobic-based (oil) extraction. We conclude that NaOCl treatment can improve detection of MPs in SOM-rich soil and that recovery of MPs from soils is influenced by MP size, polymer type, extraction method, and soil type, which makes it challenging to develop a universal analytical method.
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| 19. |
- Boye, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term Data from the Swedish National Environmental Monitoring Program of Pesticides in Surface Waters
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 48, s. 1109-1119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Environmental monitoring is essential for assessing the impact of human activities on the environment. Monitoring data are used to ascertain that environmental standards are met, to inform policy making, to determine trends, and to provide parameterization data for prediction models. The design of monitoring programs depends on what is being monitored, for what purpose, and available resources. Here we describe the strategy and design of the Swedish environmental monitoring program for chemical pesticides in surface waters and provide data generated within this program since 2002 (www.slu.se/en/pesticide_monitoring). We include examples of how the data can be used for toxicity assessments, trend analyses, and comparison between sampling strategies. Our goal is to increase awareness of this dataset and provide detailed information about the data so that it may be incorporated into meta-analytical research, comparison studies, model validation, and other scientific efforts.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bundschuh, Mirco
(författare)
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Mitigation of Biocide and Fungicide Concentrations in Flow-Through Vegetated Stream Mesocosms
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 1889-1895
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Organic chemicals entering surface waters may interact with aquatic macrophytes, which in turn may reduce potential negative effects on aquatic organisms. The overall objective of the present study was to determine the significance of aquatic macrophytes to the retention of organic chemicals in slow-flowing streams and thus their contribution to the mitigation of the risks that these compounds may pose to aquatic ecosystems. Hence, we conducted a study on the mitigation of the biocides triclosan and triclocarban and the fungicides imazalil, propiconazole and thiabendazole, which were experimentally spiked to five flow-through stream mesocosms (45 m length, 0.4 m width, 0.26 m water depth, discharge 1 L/s), four of which were planted with the submerged macrophyte Elodea nuttallii (Planch.). Chemical analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry following solid-phase extraction for water samples and accelerated solvent extraction for macrophyte and sediment samples. The peak reductions of biocide and fungicide concentrations from the inlet to the outlet sampling sites were >= 48% in all stream mesocosms, and the peak reductions in the vegetated stream mesocosms were 20 to 25% greater than in the unvegetated mesocosm. On average, 7 +/- 3 to 10 +/- 3% and 28 +/- 8 to 34 +/- 14% of the initially applied amount of fungicides and biocides, respectively, were retained by macrophytes. There was a significant correlation between retention by macrophytes and the lipophility of the compounds.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Börjesson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Methane oxidation in two Swedish landfill covers measured with carbon-13 to carbon-12 isotope ratios
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 30:2, s. 369-376
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The release of methane (CH4) from landfills to the atmosphere and the oxidation of CH( in the cover soils were quantified with static chambers and a C-13-isotope technique on two landfills in Sweden. One of the landfills had been closed and covered 17 years before this investigation while the other was recently covered. On bath landfills, the tops of the landfills were compared with the sloping parts in the summer and winter. Emitted CH4, captured in chambers, was significantly enriched in C-13 during summer compared with winter (P < 0.0001), and was enriched relative to anaerobic-zone methane, The difference between emitted and anaerobic zone delta C-13-CH4 was used to estimate soil methane oxidation. In summer, these differences ranged from 9 to 26 parts per thousand, and CA(4) oxidation was estimated to be between 41 and 50% of the produced CHI in the new landfill, and between 60 and 94% in the old landfill. In winter, when soil temperature was below 0 degreesC, no difference in delta C-13 was observed between emitted and anaerobic-zone CH4 suggesting that there was no soil oxidation. The temperature effect shown in this experiment suggests that there may be both seasonal and latitudinal differences in the importance of landfill CH4 oxidation. Finally the isotopic fractionation factor to) varied from 1.023 to 1.038 and was temperature dependent, increasing at colder temperatures. Methanotrophic bacteria appeared to have high growth efficiencies and the majority of the methane consumed in incubations did not result in immediate CO2 production.
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| 24. |
- Campbell, Colin
(författare)
-
Long-term Impact of Sewage Sludge Application on Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii: An Evaluation Using Meta-Analysis
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 45, s. 1572-1587
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Long-Term Sludge Experiment (LTSE) began in 1994 at nine UK field sites as part of continuing research into the effects of sludge-borne heavy metals on soil fertility. The long-term effects of Zn, Cu, and Cd on the most probable numbers of cells (MPN) of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii were monitored for 8 yr in sludge-amended soils. To assess the statutory limits set by the UK Sludge (Use in Agriculture) Regulations, the experimental data were reviewed using statistical methods of meta-analysis. Previous LTSE studies have focused predominantly on statistical significance rather than effect size, whereas meta-analysis focuses on the magnitude and direction of an effect, i.e., the practical significance rather than its statistical significance. Results showed Zn to be the most toxic element causing an overall significant decrease in Rhizobium MPN of -26.6% during the LTSE. The effect of Cu showed no significant effect on Rhizobium MPN at concentrations below the UK limits, although a -5% decrease in Rhizobium MPN was observed in soils where total Cu ranged from 100 to <135 mg kg(-1). Overall, there was nothing to indicate that Cd had a significant effect on Rhizobium MPN below the current UK statutory limit. In summary, the UK statutory limit for Zn appears to be insufficient for protecting Rhizobium from Zn toxicity effects.
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| 25. |
- Cederlund, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Degradation and Leaching of Fluroxypyr after Application to Railway Tracks
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41, s. 1884-1892
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fluroxypyr is an auxin-type herbicide used for postemergent control of broad-leaved weeds in agriculture and in nonagricultural environments such as railways. The overall aim of this study was to assess the potential environmental impact from fluroxypyr application to railway tracks and to elucidate some of the factors that control its environmental fate. In laboratory studies, we examined the degradation of fluroxypyr and the formation of its metabolites fluroxypyr-methoxypyridine (F-MP) and fluroxypyr-pyridinol (F-P) in soil from two Swedish railways. We also investigated the degradation and leaching of fluroxypyr in three different railway plots treated with fluroxypyr (360 g at ha(-1)). The half-life of fluroxypyr in soil samples ranged between 28 and 78 d. An estimated mean 48.6 +/- 20% of the fluroxypyr was converted into F-P and 8.0 +/- 2% into F-MP. The main metabolite, F-P, was rapidly degraded, with an average half-life of 10 +/- 5 d. However, F-MP was not degraded to a significant degree in any sample, resulting in slowly increasing concentrations throughout the experiment. This pattern of relatively rapid degradation of F-P and slow accumulation of F-MP was also observed in the field. The persistent nature of F-MP may be of concern if fluroxypyr is used repeatedly at the same location. Fluroxypyr was detected in the groundwater beneath the track at all three locations studied in concentrations exceeding the EU limit of 0.1 mu g L-1 for pesticides in drinking water, and F-P was detected in the groundwater at two of three locations. The most important factor controlling fluroxypyr degradation rate in soil was the soil water content, which modulated microbial activity and presumably also fluroxypyr availability to microorganisms. Our findings imply that fluroxypyr may not be a suitable herbicide for weed control on railway tracks.
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| 26. |
- Cucarella, Victor, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorus sorption capacity of filter materials used for on-site wastewater treatment determined in batch experiments – a comparative study
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 38, s. 381-392
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing numbers of filter materials have been proposed as suitable media for P removal in on-site wastewater treatment systems. The phosphorus sorption capacity (PSC) of the material can be estimated in batch experiments and is commonly used as the criterion for material selection. However, there is no standard procedure and batch experimental parameters are arbitrarily established, thus leading to difficulties in comparing the results. The main parameters affecting the batch adsorption system are the form and amount of material, material-to-solution ratio, nature, pH and initial concentration of P solution, contact time, agitation, and temperature. This paper critically reviews a number of relevant studies that used batch experiments to estimate the PSC of different filter materials. The nature and form [if the materials vary significantly and there is broad variation in the batch experimental parameters set in the selected studies. Analysis of the data from selected studies showed a relationship between particle size or pH of the material and its PSC. The initial P concentration of the solution and the material-to-solution ratio in the batch system were found to be correlated with the estimated PSC suggesting that batch parameters have a great influence on the results. Based on the analysis of the selected studies, the difficulties Of using batch experiments are outlined, recommendations for batch experiment procedure ate suggested and a classification system for filter materials according to their PSC. and particle size is presented.
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| 27. |
- Deak Sjöman, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Branch Area Index of Solitary Trees: Understanding Its Significance in Regulating Ecosystem Services
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 45, s. 175-187
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The chief aim of this study was to investigate how different species of solitary trees in temperate urban areas vary in their branch structure during winter by assessing branch area indices (BAIs). The BAI data showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) between species and genotypes. The lowest mean BAI in the dataset was for Gingko biloba L., which had a BAI of 0.27. Pinus strobus L. `Fastigiata ' represented the largest mean BAI of 2.09. The results from the BAI analysis further indicate that within the same species group differences occur between genotypes. For example, the five genotypes of Acer platanoides L. range from a mean BAI of 1.77 for A. platanoides `Globosum' to a mean BAI of 0.50 for A. platanoides `Fassen Black'. A further aim was to apply the compiled BAI data in the computational modeling program of ENVI-met 3.1, which simulates the surface-air interaction and microclimates in complex urban settings. The simulations focused on mean radiant temperature and wind speed. Results illustrate how wind speed on the leeward side of the trees gradually decrease with an increasing BAI. With an increasing BAI, the Tmrt decreases to the leeward of the row of trees. The results are further discussed in the perspective of sustainable urban development (i.e., where, why, and how the species studied could be integrated in the urban fabric). This is of particular interest for the design of urban green space in densely built-up urban environments where space may be restricted.
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| 28. |
- Diaz-Ravina, M, et al.
(författare)
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Tolerance (PICT) of the bacterial communities to copper in vineyards soils from Spain
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425. ; 36:6, s. 1760-1764
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To detect effects of Cu pollution, the Cu tolerance of soil bacterial communities extracted from several vineyards located in NW Spain was measured. Bacterial community tolerance was estimated by means of the thymidine (TdR) and leucine (Leu) incorporation techniques using either IC50 values (the log of the metal concentration that reduced incorporation to 50%) or the percentage of activity at one specific Cu concentration (10(-6) mol L-1 )The tolerance measurements by the TdR incorporation technique were similar to those obtained by the Leu incorporation method, indicating that the two methods were equivalent in terms of suitability for detecting the toxicity of Cu to soil bacterial communities. The two tolerance indices considered (IC50 values and percentage of activity) were closely correlated (r = 0.975, P < 0.001), showing that both were equally good in measuring Cu tolerance of the bacterial community. An increased bacterial community tolerance to Cu indicating a pollution effect, was observed in vineyard soils with more than 100 mg Cu kg(-1) soil. Thus, the long-term use of Cu in vineyards has a toxic effect on the soil bacterial community, resulting in an increased tolerance. An effect of increased levels of Cu could not be detected when measuring bacterial community activity, pointing to the increased sensitivity to detect toxicity in field studies using tolerance measurements.
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| 29. |
- Dietrich, Anna, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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The Use of Phytometers for Evaluating Restoration Effects on Riparian Soil Fertility
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 43:6, s. 1916-1925
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ecological restoration of streams in Sweden has become increasingly important to counteract effects of past timber floating. In this study, we focused on the effect on riparian soil properties after returning coarse sediment (cobbles and boulders) to the channel and reconnecting riparian with instream habitats. Restoration increases habitat availability for riparian plants, but its effects on soil quality are unknown. We also analyzed whether the restoration effect differs with variation in climate and stream size. We used standardized plant species to measure the performance of a grass (Phleum pratense L.) and a forb (Centaurea cyanus L.) in soils sampled in the riparian zones of channelized and restored streams and rivers. Furthermore, we analyzed the mass fractions of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) along with the proportions of the stable isotopes C-13 and N-15 in the soil, as well as its grain size composition. We found a positive effect of restoration on biomass of phytometers grown in riparian soils from small streams, indicating that restoration enhanced the soil properties favoring plant performance. We suggest that changed flooding with more frequent but less severe floods and slower flows, enhancing retention, could explain the observed patterns. This positive effect suggests that it may be advantageous to initiate restoration efforts in small streams, which make up the highest proportion of the stream network in a catchment. Restoration responses in headwater streams may then be transmitted downstream to facilitate recovery of restored larger rivers. If the larger rivers were restored first, a slower reaction would be expected.
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| 30. |
- Djodjic, Faruk, et al.
(författare)
-
A Global Perspective on Phosphorus Management Decision Support in Agriculture: Lessons Learned and Future Directions
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 48, s. 1218-1233
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolution of phosphorus (P) management decision support tools (DSTs) and systems (DSS), in support of food and environmental security has been most strongly affected in developed regions by national strategies (i) to optimize levels of plant available P in agricultural soils, and (ii) to mitigate P runoff to water bodies. In the United States, Western Europe, and New Zealand, combinations of regulatory and voluntary strategies, sometimes backed by economic incentives, have often been driven by reactive legislation to protect water bodies. Farmer-specific DSSs, either based on modeling of P transfer source and transport mechanisms, or when coupled with farm-specific information or local knowledge, have typically guided best practices, education, and implementation, yet applying DSSs in data poor catchments and/or where user adoption is poor hampers the effectiveness of these systems. Recent developments focused on integrated digital mapping of hydrologically sensitive areas and critical source areas, sometimes using real-time data and weather forecasting, have rapidly advanced runoff modeling and education. Advances in technology related to monitoring, imaging, sensors, remote sensing, and analytical instrumentation will facilitate the development of DSSs that can predict heterogeneity over wider geographical areas. However, significant challenges remain in developing DSSs that incorporate "big data" in a format that is acceptable to users, and that adequately accounts for catchment variability, farming systems, and farmer behavior. Future efforts will undoubtedly focus on improving efficiency and conserving phosphate rock reserves in the face of future scarcity or prohibitive cost. Most importantly, the principles reviewed here are critical for sustainable agriculture.
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| 31. |
- Eklind, Ylva, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon Turnover and Ammonia Emissions during Composting of Biowaste at Different Temperatures
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 36:5, s. 1512-1520
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effects of different process temperatures (40, 55, and 67°C) during composting of source-separated household waste were studied in a 200 L compost reactor at an oxygen concentration of 16%. The overall decomposition measured as carbon mineralization, decomposition of different carbon constituents, and the dynamics of nitrogen mineralization and the microbial community, are reported. Ammonia emissions at 67°C were more than double those at lower temperatures, and they were lowest at 40°C. The decomposition rate, measured as CO2 emission, was highest at 55°C. Decomposition of crude fat was slower at 40°C than at 55 and 67°C. The peak in microbial biomass was largest in the run at 40°C, where substantial differences were seen in the microbial community structure and succession compared to thermophilic temperatures. Biowaste composting can be optimized to obtain both a high decomposition rate and low ammonia emissions by controlling the process at about 55°C in the initial, high-rate stage. To reduce ammonia emissions it seems worthwhile to reduce the temperature after an initial high-temperature stage.
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| 32. |
- Eriksson, Peder G., et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen removal in a wastewater reservoir : The importance of denitrification by epiphytic biofilms on submersed vegetation
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - Madison, United States : American Society of Agronomy. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 26:3, s. 905-910
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to examine the importance of epiphytic denitrifying bacteria on submersed vegetation in removing N from a shallow nutrient-enriched freshwater ecosystem. The investigation was conducted during the summer of 1994 in a surface now reservoir receiving municipal tertiary-treated wastewater. The submersed vegetation in the reservoir was dominated by Potamogeton pectinatus L. and filamentous green algae (FGA). The N loading was 2300 mg N h(-1) m(-2) and the N removal, calculated as the mean difference between influent and effluent N, was 190 mg N h(-1) m(-2) (8%). The majority of influent N consisted of NH4+, but the main part of the N removal was due to the removal of NO3- whereas no net retention of NH4+ was found. Mean total soluble solids and BOD7 retention was 69 and 38%, respectively, Denitrification measurements were conducted in darkness at in situ temperature in microcosms with P. pectinatus, FGA, or infect sediment cores. Epiphytic denitrification ranged between 0.21 to 7.0 mg N h(-1) m(-2) reservoir surface area depending on the abundance of the submersed vegetation (5-140 g DW m(-2)). Sediment denitrification was 4.7 mg N h(-1) m-L reservoir surface area. The mean assimilative N uptake of the submersed vegetation and epiphyton was 3.4 and 1.6 mg N h(-1) m(-2) reservoir surface area, respectively. Measured N removal rates through plant uptake and denitrification could only account for a minor part of the N removal observed by mass balance. However, microcosm denitrification measurements underestimate actual denitrification. Thus, the major part of the N removal was most likely due to denitrification. In conclusion, this study indicates that denitrification in epiphytic microbial communities on submersed vegetation can be of significant importance for the N removal in nutrient-enriched freshwater ecosystems.
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| 33. |
- Geranmayeh, Pia, et al.
(författare)
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Phosphorus Retention in a Newly Constructed Wetland Receiving Agricultural Tile Drainage Water
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 596-605
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One measure used in Sweden to mitigate eutrophication of waters is the construction of small wetlands (free water surface wetland for phosphorus retention [P wetlands]) to trap particulate phosphorus (PP) transported in ditches and streams. This study evaluated P retention dynamics in a newly constructed P wetland serving a 26-ha agricultural catchment with clay soil. Flow-proportional composite water samples were collected at the wetland inlet and outlet over 2 yr (2010-2011) and analyzed for total P (TP), dissolved P (DP), particulate P (PP), and total suspended solids (TSS). Both winters had unusually long periods of snow accumulation, and additional time-proportional water samples were frequently collected during snowmelt. Inflow TP and DP concentrations varied greatly (0.02-1.09 mg L-1) during the sampling period. During snowmelt in 2010, there was a daily oscillation in P concentration and water flow in line with air temperature variations. Outflow P concentrations were generally lower than inflow concentrations, with net P losses observed only in August and December 2010. On an annual basis, the wetland acted as a net P sink, with mean specific retention of 69 kg TP, 17 kg DP, and 30 t TSS ha(-1) yr(-1), corresponding to a reduction in losses of 0.22 kg TP ha(-1) yr(-1) from the agricultural catchment. Relative retention was high (36% TP, 9% DP, and 36% TSS), indicating that small constructed wetlands (0.3% of catchment area) can substantially reduce P loads from agricultural clay soils with moderately undulating topography.
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| 34. |
- Getahun, Gizachew Tarekegn, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of loosening and straw addition to the subsoil on crop performance and nitrogen leaching: A lysimeter study
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 50, s. 858-867
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Poor subsoil properties are difficult to ameliorate and detrimental to soil fertility and crop yield. The effects of loosening (L) and loosening + straw (LS) similar to 60 Mg ha(-1) into the subsoil (25-40 cm depth) on crop yield, water flow, and the nitrogen (N) balance components under bare soil conditions and a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop were investigated in an about 21-mo lysimeter study and compared with a control treatment. Undisturbed soil columns (n = 12) were excavated from an agricultural field in May 2016, installed at a lysimeter station, and exposed to outdoor climatic conditions in Uppsala, Sweden, in August 2016. Spring barley ('Makof') was grown between June and September 2017. Total N leaching loads over the 21 mo were high (74-193 kg ha(-1)). The LS treatment reduced the N load by 49% (P = .01) and 62% (P = .001) compared with the L and control treatments, respectively. Loosening reduced N load by 25% (P < .07) compared with the control. Emissions of N2O were low (0.04-0.07 kg N ha(-1)), and no differences were observed between treatments. Leaf relative chlorophyll content was lower in the LS treatment than in the L and control treatments (P < .05). Yield was also lowest in the LS treatment (5.8 Mg ha(-1)) and was 7 and 8.5% lower than in the control and L treatments (P > .05), respectively. These results suggest that LS can reduce N leaching. The overall effects of LS on crop performance and N removal and leaching should be further scrutinized in long-term field studies.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Kallner Bastviken, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Potential nitrification and denitrification on different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Journal of environmental quality. - 0047-2425. ; 32:6, s. 2414-2420
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved understanding of the importance of different surfaces in supporting attached nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria is essential if we are to optimize the N removal capacity of treatment wetlands. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the nitrifying and denitrifying capacity of different surfaces in a constructed treatment wetland and to assess the relative importance of these surfaces for overall N removal in the wetland. Intact sediment cores, old pine and spruce twigs, shoots of Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), and filamentous macro-algae were collected in July and November 1999 in two basins of the wetland system. One of the basins had been constructed on land that contained lots of wood debris, particularly twigs of coniferous trees. Potential nitrification was measured using the isotope-dilution technique, and potential denitrification was determined using the acetylene-inhibition technique in laboratory microcosm incubations. Nitrification rates were highest on the twigs. These rates were three and 100 times higher than in the sediment and on Eurasian watermilfoil, respectively. Potential denitrification rates were highest in the sediment. These rates were three times higher than on the twigs and 40 times higher than on Eurasian watermilfoil. The distribution of denitrifying bacteria was most likely due to the availability of organic material, with higher denitrification rates in the sediment than on surfaces in the water column. Our results indicate that denitrification, and particularly nitrification, in treatment wetlands could be significantly increased by addition of surfaces such as twigs.
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| 38. |
- Kardol, Paul
(författare)
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Effects of Reed Straw, Zeolite, and Superphosphate Amendments on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Stored Duck Manure
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 41, s. 1221-1227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stored poultry manure can be a significant source of ammonia (NH3) and greenhouse gases (GHGs), including nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Amendments can be used to modify physiochemical properties of manure, thus having the potential to reduce gas emissions. Here, we lab-tested the single and combined effects of addition of reed straw, zeolite, and superphosphate on gas emissions from stored duck manure. We showed that, over a period of 46 d, cumulative NH3 emissions were reduced by 61 to 70% with superphosphate additions, whereas cumulative N2O emissions were increased by up to 23% compared with the control treatment. Reed straw addition reduced cumulative NH3, N2O, and CH 4 emissions relative to the control by 12, 27, and 47%, respectively, and zeolite addition reduced cumulative NH3 and N2O emissions by 36 and 20%, respectively. Total GHG emissions (as CO2-equivalents) were reduced by up to 27% with the additions of reed straw and/or zeolite. Our results indicate that reed straw or zeolite can be recommended as amendments to reduce GHG emissions from duck manure; however, superphosphate is more effective in reducing NH3 emissions.
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| 39. |
- Kristiansen, Rolv, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment of fish farm wastewater using sand filtration
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 25:3, s. 545-551
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aquaculture wastewaters treatment typically consists of screening suspended particles from the primary flow, producing a sludge that must be disposed of. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using sand to renovate, stabilize, and dry salmon farm sludge. Data from a preliminary laboratory experiment were used to quantify and design a pilot-scale study facility linked to a salmon farm. The pilot study comprised of coarse sand-filled infiltration beds loaded with either an artificial fish farm wastewater (AFW), backwash water from a microsieve (BW), or sedimented microsieve backwash water (SBW) collected daily from a settling chamber. Results obtained show the feasibility of using sand infiltration to treat salmon farm sludge
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| 40. |
- Larsbo, Mats
(författare)
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Simulation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Transport to Tile Drains after Biosolids Application
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 38, s. 1274-1285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) carried in biosolids may reach surface waters or ground water when these materials are applied as fertilizer to agricultural land. During preferential flow conditions created by land application of liquid Municipal biosolids (LMB), the residence time Of Solutes in the macropores may be too short for sorption equilibration. The physically based dual-permeability model MACRO is used in environmental risk assessments for pesticides and may have potential as an environmental risk assessment tool for PPCPs. The objective of this study was to evaluate MACRO and an updated version of MACRO that included non-equilibrium sorption in macropores using data from experiments conducted in eastern Ontario, Canada on the transport of three PPCPs (atenolol, carbamazepine, and triclosan), the nicotine metabolite cotinine, and the strongly sorbing dye rhodamine WT applied in LMB. Results showed that the MACRO model could not reproduce the measured rhodamine WT concentrations (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient [NS] for the best simulation = -0.057) in drain discharge. The updated version resulted in better fits to measured data for PPCP (average NS = 0.97) and rhodamine WT (NS = 0.84) concentrations. However, it was not possible to simulate all compounds using the same set of hydraulic parameters, which indicates that the model does not fully account for all relevant processes. The results presented herein show that non-equilibrium sorption in macropores has a large impact on simulated solute transport for reactive compounds contained in LMB. This process should be considered in solute transport models that are used for environmental risk assessments for such compounds.
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| 41. |
- Larsbo, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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Surface Runoff of Pesticides from a Clay Loam Field in Sweden
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 45, s. 1367-1374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pesticides stored at or close to the soil surface after field application can be mobilized and transported off the field when surface runoff occurs. The objective of our study was to quantify the potential pesticide losses in surface runoff from a conventionally managed agricultural field in a Swedish climate. This was achieved by measuring surface runoff volumes and concentrations in runoff of six spring-applied pesticides and autumn-applied glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Measurements were performed for 3 yr both during the growing seasons and during intervening winter snowmelt periods on a clay loam field close to Uppsala. During growing seasons, surface runoff was generated on only five occasions during one 25-d period in 2012 when the infiltration capacity of the soil may have been reduced by structural degradation due to large cumulative rainfall amounts after harrowing. Concentrations in surface runoff exceeded Swedish water quality standards in all samples during this growing season for diflufenican and pirimicarb. Surface runoff was generated during three snowmelt periods during the winter of 2012-2013. All of the applied pesticides were found in snowmelt samples despite incorporation of residues by autumn plowing, degradation, and leaching into the soil profile during the period between spraying and sampling. Concentrations of glyphosate ranged from 0.12 to 7.4 mg L-1, and concentrations of AMPA ranged from 0 to 2.7 mg L-1. Our results indicate that temporal changes in hydraulic properties during the growing season and when the soil freezes during winter affect pesticide losses through surface runoff.
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| 42. |
- Linefur, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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The Role of Subsoil as a Source or Sink for Phosphorus Leaching
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 44, s. 535-544
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of subsoil features for phosphorus (P) leaching is frequently mentioned, but subsoil effects are still poorly documented. This study examined whether the subsoil of four agricultural Swedish soils (two sand and two clay) functioned as a source or sink for P leaching by measuring P leaching from intact soil columns with topsoil (1.05 m deep) and without topsoil (0.77 m deep) over 3 yr. One sandy soil with high topsoil P content (Olsen P, 84 mg kg(-1)) and high subsoil sorption capacity (P sorption index [PSI], 3.7 mmol kg(-1)) had low leaching of dissolved reactive P (DRP) from full-length and subsoil lysimeters (0.12 and 0.08 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively). The other sandy soil, with high Olsen P content in the topsoil and subsoil (27 and 19 mg kg(-1), respectively) and low PSI in the subsoil (1.4 mmol kg(-1)), had high DRP leaching from full-length and subsoil lysimeters (3.33 and 3.29 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), respectively). High P content at depth (Olsen P, 21 mg kg(-1)) in one clay soil resulted in relatively higher subsoil DRP contribution (89%) to total leaching than observed in the other clay soil (71%). These results indicate that the subsoil can act as source or sink for P leaching, depending on P content, degree of P saturation, and P sorption capacity, and therefore subsoil properties should be considered when selecting mitigation measures to reduce P leaching.
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| 43. |
- Linefur, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Topsoil and Subsoil Properties Influence Phosphorus Leaching from Four Agricultural Soils
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 42, s. 455-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eutrophication, a major problem in many fresh and brackish waters, is largely caused by nonpoint-source pollution by P from agricultural soils. This lysimeter study examined the influence of P content, physical properties, and sorption characteristics in topsoil and subsoil on P leaching measured during 21 mo in 1-m-long, undisturbed soil columns of two clay and two sandy soils. Total P losses during the period varied between 0.65 and 7.40 kg ha(-1). Dissolved reactive P was the dominant form in leachate from the sandy soils and one clay soil, varying from 48 to 76%. Particulate P dominated in leachate from the other clay soil, where low pH (5.2) in the subsoil decreased aggregate stability and thereby probably increased the dispersion of clay particles. Phosphorus leaching was small from soils with high P sorption index (PSI) and low P saturation (<10% of PSI) in the subsoil, even though extractable P (Olsen P) in the topsoil was high, and large from a soil with low sorption capacity and high P saturation (>35% of PSI) in the profile. High sorption capacity in the subsoil was more important for P leaching in sandy soils than in clay soils with macropore flow, where the effect of high sorption capacity was reduced due to less interaction between percolating water and the soil matrix. The results suggest that P leaching is greatly affected by subsoil properties and that topsoil studies, which dominate current research, are insufficient for assessing P leaching in many soils.
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| 44. |
- Luo, Ziteng, et al.
(författare)
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Roots-Enhanced Preferential Flows in Deciduous and Coniferous Forest Soils Revealed by Dual-Tracer Experiments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425. ; 48:1, s. 136-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macropores formed by roots are crucial channels for preferential flows in forest soils that are largely responsible for water percolation and solute leaching. Using dual-tracer experiments (Brilliant Blue FCF and bromide [Br]), this study investigated the preferential flows of water and solutes in a deciduous forest dominated by Bl. and a coniferous forest mainly planted with (L.) Franco. Dye-stained patterns and concentrations of Brilliant Blue and Br were obtained in vertical soil profiles (0-30 cm), whereas stained and unstained roots were collected and analyzed in horizontal soil profiles to a 30-cm soil depth. Brilliant Blue and Br were mainly accumulated in the 0- to 20-cm soil depth, which had greater total root length density than the 20- to 30-cm soil depth ( < 0.05). Only part of the roots facilitated the preferential flows, with finer roots (i.e., diameter <1 mm) contributing the most. More intriguingly, the coniferous forest soil had a greater degree of preferential flows and greater tracer concentrations at deeper soil depth than the deciduous forest soil, suggesting the importance of tree species and forest composition on water and solute transport in forest ecosystems.
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| 45. |
- Maher Hasselquist, Eliza, et al.
(författare)
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Post-drainage stand growth and peat mineralization impair water quality from forested peatlands
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 51, s. 1211-1221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many recent studies have indicated upward trends in carbon and nutrient concentrations from drained peatland forests over time since their initial drainage, but the mechanisms behind these trends are still poorly understood. We gathered data on nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations discharged from 37 drained boreal peatland forests where we also had data on peat and tree stand characteristics. We found that tree stand volume and peat bulk density were positively correlated with the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations discharged from particularly the deep-peated sites. We interpret these results to indicate that a plausible reason for the reported upward trends in nutrient concentrations is the maturing and growing of the tree stands over time since initial drainage and the consequent increasing evapotranspiration capacity, which results in lowered soil water levels and enhanced aerobic peat mineralization. We discuss how our results should be considered in the management of drained peatland forests.
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| 46. |
- Mersiowsky, I, et al.
(författare)
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Screening for organotin compounds in European landfill leachates
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 30:5, s. 1604-1611
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As industrial chemicals, organotin compounds are predominantly applied as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizer, and biocides. They are widely encountered in environmental samples and may be introduced into landfills by disposal of municipal solid waste or sewage sludge. In the present study, leachate samples were obtained from several sanitary landfill sites in Sweden, Italy, and Germany. These samples were analyzed by means of a highly sensitive and species-selective method for methyltin, butyltin, and octyltin species. In total, twelve samples from eight different landfill sites at various ages were investigated. The findings of all target compounds range between less than the limit of detection at 0.1 mug/L and, at maximum, 4 mug/L. Only octyltin compounds can be attributed to PVC products with any certainty, whereas for methyltin and butyltin compounds alternative and less distinct sources exist. Organotin compounds are subject to microbial transformation, such as dealkylation and methylation processes. Consequently, caution should be exercised when attributing findings to potential sources and deriving any predicted environmental concentrations.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Norberg, Lisbet, et al.
(författare)
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Nutrient losses over time via surface runoff and subsurface drainage from an agricultural field in northern Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 51, s. 1235-1245
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) losses, via both surface runoff and subsurface drainage water, were monitored in an agricultural field in northern Sweden for 32 yr. The objective was to determine losses of N and P in a long-term perspective in relation to meteorological factors and impacts of agricultural land use, with a focus on relative contributions of surface runoff and subsurface drainage water to N and P losses. In order to collect surface runoff water, an embankment was installed on three sides of the field, and the fourth side had an open ditch that drove runoff water to a measuring station. Subsurface water draining from the field was collected in a fishbone-shaped drainage system that terminated at the measuring station. In 50% of years (16/32), mean annual concentration of total N (TN) was significantly higher in subsurface drainage water than in surface runoff water. An opposing trend was seen for total P (TP), with mean annual concentration being significantly higher in surface runoff water than in subsurface drainage water in all but 3 of the 32 yr monitored. Years with a barley crop had higher TN concentration in subsurface drainage water but no difference in surface runoff compared with years with ley. In contrast, years with barley had lower TN concentration in surface runoff than years with ley, with no difference in TP in subsurface drainage water.
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| 49. |
- Nordström, Albin, et al.
(författare)
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Microbial controls on net production of nitrous oxide in a denitrifying woodchip bioreactor
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 50:1, s. 228-240
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Denitrifying woodchip bioreactors (DWBs) are potential low‐cost technologies for the removal of nitrate (NO3−) in water through denitrification. However, if environmental conditions do not support microbial communities performing complete denitrification, other N transformation processes will occur resulting in the export of nitrite (NO2−), nitrous oxide (N2O), or ammonium (NH4+). In order to identify the factors controlling the relative accumulation of NO2−, N2O, and/or NH4+ in DWBs, porewater samples were collected over two operational years from a DWB designed for removing NO3− from mine water. Woodchip samples were collected at the end of the operational period. Changes in the abundances of functional genes involved in denitrification, N2O reduction, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium were correlated with pore water chemistry and temperature. Temporal changes in the abundance of the denitrification gene nirS were significantly correlated with increases in porewater N2O concentrations, and indicated the preferential selection of incomplete denitrifying pathways ending with N2O. Temperature and the TOC/NO3− ratio were strongly correlated with NH4+ concentrations and inversely correlated with the ratio between denitrification genes and the genes indicative of ammonification (∑nir/nrfA), suggesting an environmental control on NO3− transformations. Overall, our results for a DWB operated at hydraulic residence times of 1.0 ‐ 2.6 days demonstrate the temporal development in the microbial community and indicate an increased potential for N2O emissions with time from the DWB.
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| 50. |
- Parvage, Masud, et al.
(författare)
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Can organic materials reduce excess nutrient leaching from manure-rich paddock soils?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Quality. - : Wiley. - 0047-2425 .- 1537-2537. ; 46, s. 105-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Horse paddocks have been identified as a significant contributor of animal waste nutrients to natural waters; thus, modified paddock management is needed. Because chemical amendments pose a health risk to horses, an alternative for reducing nutrient translocation from manure is to add available organic residues to the soil. To examine the feasibility of outdoor use of organic materials to reduce nutrient losses from paddock soils, three commonly available organic materials (peat, wheat straw, and wood chips) were tested for their nutrient retention capacities in batch experiments followed by leaching experiments in an in-house lysimeter station using artificial rainfall. Results showed that the grounded peat and wood chips retained some phosphorus (P), whereas grounded wheat straw released P to the solution. In leaching experiments, peat reduced nitrogen (N) losses by 40% but increased P and carbon (C) losses severalfold. Wheat straw was ineffective in reducing P, N, or C losses and in some cases increased the losses. Wood chips effectively reduced P and C losses, by 70 and 40%, respectively, but not N losses. It was concluded that, among the three organic materials, only the wood chips can be used outdoors to reduce nutrient losses from paddock soils.
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