| 1. |
- Stefanics, Gabor, et al.
(författare)
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Auditory temporal grouping in newborn infants
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 44:5, s. 697-702
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adults normally perceive auditory scenes in terms of sound patterns emitted by concurrently active sources. Thus pattern formation is an important process of auditory object perception. The aim of the present study was to determine whether neonates group sounds by repeating pitch patterns. Standard ("S"; p = 80%) and deviant tones ("D", p = 20%) differing only in pitch were delivered either in a randomized order (random condition) or in a repeating SSSSD pattern (grouped condition). Both event-related brain potentials and gamma-band activity differed between the S and D tones in the random condition but not in the grouped condition. These results suggest that in the grouped condition, the S and D tones were processed as part of the same higher order regularity by the neonate auditory system. Also, for the first time, we observed oscillatory gamma-band activity in neonates, which was sensitive to infrequent pitch changes.
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| 2. |
- Dimberg, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Facial reactions to happy and angry facial expressions: Evidence for right hemisphere dominance
- 2000
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 37:5, s. 693-696
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research on asymmetric effects of emotional expression and brain-hemispheric asymmetry has supported opposing theories of hemispheric dominance in the control of emotional reactions. In the present study, 32 subjects were exposed to pictures of happy and angry facial stimuli while facial electromyographic (EMG) activity from the zygomatic major and the corrugator supercilii muscle regions was detected from the left and right sides of the face. The subjects reacted spontaneously and rapidly with larger zygomatic EMG activity to happy facial stimuli and larger corrugator EMG activity to angry stimuli. These distinct reactions were significantly larger on the left side of the face. It is concluded that the present results support the hypothesis that the right brain hemisphere is predominantly involved in the control of spontaneously evoked emotional reactions.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Åhs, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Arousal modulation of memory and amygdala-parahippocampal connectivity : A PET-psychophysiology study in specific phobia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986 .- 1540-5958. ; 48:11, s. 1463-1469
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phobic fear is accompanied by intense bodily responses modulated by the amygdala. An amygdala moderated psychophysiological measure related to arousal is electrodermal activity. We evaluated the contributions of electrodermal activity to amygdala-parahippocampal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during phobic memory encoding in subjects with spider or snake phobia. Recognition memory was increased for phobia-related slides and covaried with rCBF in the amygdala and the parahippocampal gyrus. The covariation between parahippocampal rCBF and recognition was related to electrodermal activity suggesting that parahippocampal memory processes were associated with sympathetic activity. Electrodermal activity further mediated the amygdala effect on parahippocampal activity. Memory encoding during phobic fear therefore seems contingent on amygdala's influence on arousal and parahippocampal activity.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Esteves, Francisco, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Nonconscious associative learning : Pavlovian conditioning of skin conductance responses to masked fear-relevant facial stimuli
- 1994
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 31:4, s. 375-385
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the possibility of nonconscious associative learning in a context of skin conductance conditioning, using emotional facial expressions as stimuli. In the first experiment, subjects were conditioned to a backwardly masked angry face that was followed by electric shock, with a masked happy face as the nonreinforced stimulus. In spite of the effectively masked conditioned stimuli, differential conditioned skin conductance responses were observed in a subsequent nonmasked extinction phase. This effect could not be attributed to differential sensitization or pseudo‐conditioning. In the second experiment, the differential responding during extinction was replicated with angry but not with happy faces as conditioned stimuli. It was concluded that with fear‐relevant facialexpressions as the conditioned stimulus, associative learning was possible even in conditions where the subjects remained unaware of the conditioned stimulus, associative learning was possible even in conditions where the subjects remained unaware of the conditioned stimulus and its relationship to the unconditioned stimulus.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Gao, Yu, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic and environmental influences on frontal EEG asymmetry and alpha power in 9–10 -year-old twins
- 2009
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 46:4, s. 787-796
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modest genetic influences on frontal EEG asymmetry have been found in adults, but little is known about its genetic origins in children. Resting frontal asymmetry and alpha power were examined in 951 9-10-year-old twins. Results showed that in both males and females: (1) a modest but significant amount of variance in frontal asymmetry was accounted for by genetic factors (11-28%) with the remainder accounted for by non-shared environmental influences, and (2) alpha power were highly heritable, with 71-85% of the variance accounted for by genetic factors. Results suggest that the genetic architecture of frontal asymmetry and alpha power in late childhood are similar to that in adulthood and that the high non-shared environmental influences on frontal asymmetry may reflect environmentally influenced individual differences in the maturation of frontal cortex as well as state-dependent influences on specific measurements.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Intaite, Monika, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptual reversals of Necker stimuli during intermittent presentation with limited attentional resources
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 50:1, s. 82-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During prolonged viewing of ambiguous stimuli, such as Necker cubes, sudden perceptual reversals occur from one perceptual interpretation to another. The role of attention in such reversals is not clear. We tested whether perceptual reversals depend on attentional resources by manipulating perceptual load and recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during intermittent presentation of Necker stimuli. The results did not reveal any influence for perceptual load on the frequency of reversals. The ERPs showed that perceptual load influenced electrophysiological activity over parieto-central areas in the P1 time window (110–140 ms), but load did not modify the early enhancements of positivity (30–140 ms), which correlated with perceptual reversals at occipito-temporal sites. We conclude that disambiguation of ambiguous figures is based on early mechanisms that can work efficiently with only a minimal amount of attentional resources.
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| 12. |
- Norberg, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Never mind the spider : Late positive potentials to phobic threat at fixation are unaffected by perceptual load
- 2010
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 47:6, s. 1151-1158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research suggests that processing of emotional stimuli may be eliminated if a concurrent task places sufficient demands on attentional resources. To test whether this holds for stimuli with strong emotional significance, pictures of spiders as well as mushrooms were presented at fixation to spider-fearful and non-fearful participants. Concurrently, perceptual load was manipulated in two levels with a peripheral letter discrimination task. Results of event-related potentials showed that, compared with non-fearful participants, spider-fearful participants showed greater late positive potentials (LPP) to spiders than mushrooms, which provides a manipulation check that spiders were emotionally meaningful to spider-fearful participants. Critically, this effect was not affected by level of perceptual load. These findings suggest that strong emotional stimuli at fixation may resist manipulations of perceptual load.
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| 13. |
- Soares, Joaquim, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Backward masking and skin conductance responses after conditioning to nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli in fearful subjects.
- 1993
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 30:5, s. 460-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study examined two issues. Are skin conductance responses conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli, as contrasted with responses conditioned to fear-irrelevant stimuli, elicited after merely an automatic, nonconscious analysis of the stimulus content? Do fearful subjects show better conditioning to nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli (e.g., conditioning to spiders in snake-fearing subjects) than do nonfearful subjects? Subjects afraid of snakes, but not of spiders, or vice versa (n= 32) and nonfearful subjects (n= 32) were shown either fear-relevant stimuli (snakes or spiders and rats) or fear-irrelevant stimuli (flowers and mushrooms) in a differential conditioning paradigm, where one of the stimuli was followed by an electric shock. During a subsequent extinction phase, the conditioned stimuli were presented under backward masking conditions, preventing their conscious recognition. Consistent with our hypothesis, during the masked extinction of the conditioned stimuli, differential skin conductance responses to conditioning and control stimuli remained only for subjects conditioned to fear-relevant stimuli. Both fearful and nonfearful control subjects had significantly larger differential electrodermal responses to fear-relevant than to fear-irrelevant stimuli. However, contrary to our hypothesis, fearful subjects did not show enhanced conditionability to their nonfeared but fear-relevant stimuli as compared with nonfearful control subjects.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Tillman, Carin M., et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral and ERP indices of response conflict in Stroop and flanker tasks
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 48:10, s. 1405-1411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated effects of different proportions of incongruent trials on behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) interference measures associated with response conflict in the Stroop and flanker task. From the literature, we hypothesized that response conflict is greater when incongruent trials are rare compared to when incongruent trials are frequent. In support, the behavioral results on both tasks and the ERP results on the Stroop task (N450) showed that interference effects were significantly larger when incongruent trials were rare than frequent. In contrast, the ERP results on the flanker task N200 showed a larger interference effect when incongruent trials were frequent than rare. Because results for the flanker N200 were opposite to behavioral effects and theoretical predictions, our findings challenge the notion of the flanker N200 as a valid index of response conflict.
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| 16. |
- Tillman, Carin M., et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral and ERP indices of response conflict in the Flanker and Stroop task
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 48:10, s. 1405-1411
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated effects of different proportions of incongruent trials on behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) interference measures associated with response conflict in the Stroop and flanker task. From the literature, we hypothesized that response conflict is greater when incongruent trials are rare compared to when incongruent trials are frequent. In support, the behavioral results on both tasks and the ERP results on the Stroop task (N450) showed that interference effects were significantly larger when incongruent trials were rare than frequent. In contrast, the ERP results on the flanker task N200 showed a larger interference effect when incongruent trials were frequent than rare. Because results for the flanker N200 were opposite to behavioral effects and theoretical predictions, our findings challenge the notion of the flanker N200 as a valid index of response conflict.
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| 17. |
- Torsvall, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Sleep on the night shift: 24-hour EEG monitoring of spontaneous sleep/wake behavior
- 1989
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 26:3, s. 352-358
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study sought to objectively describe the spontaneous sleep/wakefulness pattern of shift workers during a 24-hour period. Portable Medilog tape-recorders were used for ambulatory EEG monitoring of 25 male papermill workers (25-55 years) during days with night and afternoon work. The results showed that sleep after night work was two hours shorter than after afternoon work. The sleep reduction affected mainly Stage 2 and REM sleep while slow wave sleep was unchanged. In connection with night work 28% of the workers took a nap in the afternoon. These naps contained a large proportion of slow wave sleep and were, apparently, caused by the sleep deficit after the short main sleep period. The EEG recordings also revealed that 20% of the participants had sleep episodes during night work. These naps were as long as the afternoon naps, were experienced as "dozing offs" rather than naps, occurred at the time of the trough of the circadian wakefulness rhythm, and were concomitant with extreme subjective sleepiness and low rated work load. It was concluded that not only the sleep of shift workers was disturbed, but also the wakefulness--to the extent that sleepiness during night work sometimes reached a level where reasonable wakefulness could not be maintained. The latter observation is probably of special importance in work situations demanding a great responsibility for human lives or for great economic values.
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| 18. |
- VANAELST, BARBARA, et al.
(författare)
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Intercorrelations between serum, salivary, and hair cortisol and child-reported estimates of stress in elementary school girls
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 49:8, s. 1072-1081
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To evaluate the impact of stress on children's well-being, it is important to have valid and reliable stress assessment methods. Nevertheless, selection of an appropriate method for a particular research question may not be straightforward, as there is currently no consensus on a reference method to measure stress in children. This article examined to what extent childhood stress can be estimated accurately by stressor questionnaires (i.e., Coddington Life Events Scale) and biological markers (serum, salivary, and hair cortisol) using the Triads (a triangulation) method in 272 elementary school girls. Salivary cortisol was shown to most accurately indicate true childhood stress for short periods in the past (i.e., last 3 months), whereas hair cortisol may be preferred above salivary measurements for periods more distant and thus for chronic stress assessment. However, applicability should be confirmed in larger and more heterogeneous populations.
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| 19. |
- Wilenius, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Timing of the earliest ERP correlate of visual awareness
- 2007
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 44:5, s. 703-710
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The earliest reliably occurring event-related brain potential (ERP) correlate of visual awareness (visual awareness negativity, VAN) emerges after 100 ms and peaks between 200 and 300 ms from stimulus onset. In a study using low-contrast stimuli, VAN was significantly delayed, peaking at 460 ms (V. Ojanen, A. Revonsuo, & M. Sams, 2003). In that study physical differences between the conscious and nonconscious stimuli may have confounded the results. Here we explored whether VAN is similarly delayed for physically identical stimuli. We presented low-contrast stimuli near an individually determined subjective contrast threshold. A delayed VAN peaked at 400 ms at occipito-temporal sites to subjectively perceived stimuli. Our results support the interpretation that VAN is the earliest ERP correlate of phenomenal visual awareness. The electrophysiological processes eliciting VAN may become delayed as a function of the difficulty of the early perceptual discrimination.
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| 20. |
- Öhman, Arne, et al.
(författare)
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Electrodermal responses and subjective estimates of UCS probability in a long interstimulus interval conditioning paradigm
- 1976
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 13:2, s. 121-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an investigation of the relationship between subjective awareness and classical conditioning, two groups of 20 subjects each were required to state subjective estimates of shock-UCS probabilities for 5 visual CSs differing in geometrical form and signalling objective UCS probabilities of 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100%. First-and second-interval anticipatory and third-interval unconditioned and omission skin conductance responses (FARs, SARs, TURs, and TORs) were measured. One group was required to learn the different CS-UCS contingencies, and the other was instructed about the contingencies by having the objective probability superimposed on the geometrical form. The instruction group showed over-all steeper probability gradients for subjective expectancies and FARs, whereas SARs and TORs tended to show inverted-U shaped relationships to probability. The TUR showed no effect of probability. The trial-by-trial correlations between subjective expectancy and skin conductance responses were generally significant, and for the FAR they were larger in the instruction than in the learning group. The magnitude of correlation, however, was quite low. Differentiation between the 0 and 100% CSs in subjective expectancy and FARs coincided temporally.
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| 21. |
- Stenberg, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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Using a second language : semantic priming effects on the N400
- 2004
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Some controversy has surrounded the question whether the second language (L2) of bilinguals can access conceptual memory as directly as their first language (L1). It has been proposed that an early age of acquisition and a high degree of proficiency are necessary for direct conceptual access. In the present study, Swedish undergraduates, with English as their second language, and a relatively late (9 yrs) age of acquisition, performed two word processing tasks in both L1 and L2. Exp. 1 used a picture-name verification task, where pictures induced automatic semantic priming. Exp. 2 used a category-exemplar verification task, where pictures again induced semantic priming, although in this case of a strategic kind. In both Exp. 1 (n = 22) and Exp. 2 (n = 23), the primary measure of semantic priming was reduction of the N400 amplitude in the ERP. Exp. 1 (automatic priming) showed a fronto-central priming effect that was indistinguishable in L1 and L2, as to amplitude, topographical distribution, and peak latency,although onset was somewhat earlier in L1. The effects of priming on reaction time (RT) were also parallel in L1 and L2. Exp. 2 (strategic priming) showed a different, centro-parietal priming effect that was similar in amplitude between L1 and L2, but differed in peak latency, and lateral distribution between languages. Also, the language factor interacted with priming in its effects on RT. The study indicates that L2 provides direct automatic access to conceptual memory, although strategic use of it may recruit partly different neuronal resources in L2 than in L1.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Bertoldi, Bridget, et al.
(författare)
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DISPOSITIONAL FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOW RESTING HEART RATE IN CHILDHOOD AND LATER ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR : A TRIARCHIC MODEL ANALYSIS USING LONGITUDINAL-STUDY DATA
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 57:S1, s. S76-S76
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There has been a longstanding interest in autonomic activity in relation to criminal deviancy, antisocial behavior (ASB), and psychopathy. Among the autonomic measures studied to date, considerable evidence supports low rest-ing heart rate (HR) early in life as one of the most robust predictors of later ASB (Farrington, 1997). Some studies have examined stimulation seeking and fearlessness as possible trait factors accounting for the low HR/ASB rela-tionship (Hammerton et al., 2017; Portnoy et al., 2014; Sijstema et al., 2010), but the individual difference basis of this relationship remains unclear. The current study tested for associations of resting HR at ages 9–10 with triarchic psychopathy traits of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition along with ASB later in life (ages 19–20) among participants (N = 687) from a longitudinal investigation, the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (RFAB; Baker et al., 2013) project. Resting HR was negatively associated with both violent and nonviolent behavior, and with externalizing problems more broadly. It was also related negatively to triarchic traits of boldness and disinhibition, with the relationship somewhat stronger for boldness. Importantly, boldness and disinhibition each accounted for significant variance in associations of low resting HR with particular types of ASB. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the nature and bases of the low HR–antisocial behavior relationship will be discussed.
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| 24. |
- Bertoldi, Bridget, et al.
(författare)
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO FEAR CONDITIONING AND THE TRIARCHIC MODEL OF PSYCHOPATHY : THE MODERATING ROLES OF BOLDNESS
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 58:Suppl. 1, s. S45-S45
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There has been a longstanding interest in relationships between autonomic activity during fear conditioning paradigms and antisocial behavior and psychopathy. A considerable body of work has explored electrodermal and cardiovascular responses both in anticipation of, and in response to, fear conditioning paradigms in antisocial participants (Hare 1965; Hare & Quinn, 1976). However, there is a lack of work exploring these associations in adolescent populations, and how these associations may relate to the triarchic model of psychopathy (Patrick, Fowles, & Krueger, 2009). The current study examined relationships between skin conductance responses (SCRs) and heart rate reactivity (HRR) to a countdown task at ages 9– 10, and the triarchic psychopathy traits at ages 9– 10, 14– 15, and 19– 20 in a longitudinal sample (N = 695) of twins from the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (RFAB; Baker et al., 2013) project. Children and adolescents high in boldness, both rated by themselves and their parents, demonstrated reduced skin conductance both in anticipation of and in reaction to the loud blast. Similar patterns were also demonstrated for heart rate (HR); children and adolescents high in boldness had less HR change during the countdown, and reduced HRR to the blast itself. Implications of these findings for our understanding of the role of boldness in autonomic reactivity to fear conditioning paradigms will be discussed.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Carolan, Patrick L., et al.
(författare)
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Electrophysiology of blunted emotional bias in psychopathic personality
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 51:1, s. 36-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diminished emotional capacity is a core characteristic of psychopathic personality. We examined behavioral and electrophysiological differences in attentional bias to emotional material in 34 healthy individuals rated high or low in psychopathic traits using the short form of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (18 high-trait, 16 low-trait). While performing an emotional Stroop task, high-trait participants displayed reduced emotional modulation of the late positive potential (LPP, 400-600ms), and early anterior positivity (EAP, 200-300ms) amplitudes. Results suggest blunted bias to affective content in psychopathic personality, characterized by diminished early capture to emotional salience (EAP) and dampened cognitive emotional processing (LPP).
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Fanti, Kostas A., et al.
(författare)
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Callous-unemotional, impulsive-irresponsible, and grandiose-manipulative traits : Distinct associations with heart rate, skin conductance, and startle responses to violent and erotic scenes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 54:5, s. 663-672
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study aimed to examine whether callous-unemotional, grandiose-manipulative, and impulsive-irresponsible dimensions of psychopathy are differentially related to various affective and physiological measures, assessed at baseline and in response to violent and erotic movie scenes. Data were collected from young adults (N = 101) at differential risk for psychopathic traits. Findings from regression analyses revealed a unique predictive contribution of grandiose-manipulative traits in particular to higher ratings of positive valence for violent scenes. Callous-unemotional traits were uniquely associated with lower levels of sympathy toward victims and lower ratings of fear and sadness during violent scenes. All three psychopathy dimensions and the total psychopathy scale showed negative zero-order correlations with heart rate at baseline, but regression analyses revealed that only grandiose manipulation was uniquely predictive of lower baseline heart rate. Grandiose manipulation was also significantly associated with lower baseline skin conductance. Regarding autonomic activity, findings resulted in a unique negative association between grandiose manipulation and heart rate activity in response to violent scenes. In contrast, the impulsive-irresponsible dimension was positively related with heart rate activity to violent scenes. Finally, findings revealed that only callous-unemotional traits were negatively associated with startle potentiation in response to violent scenes. No associations during erotic scenes were identified. These findings point to unique associations between the three assessed dimensions of psychopathy with physiological measures, indicating that grandiose manipulation is associated with hypoarousal, impulsive irresponsibility with hyperarousal, and callous-unemotional traits with low emotional and fear responses to violent scenes.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Gao, Yu, et al.
(författare)
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Skin conductance fear conditioning impairments and aggression : a longitudinal study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 52:2, s. 288-295
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autonomic fear conditioning deficits have been linked to child aggression and adult criminal behavior. However, it is unknown if fear conditioning deficits are specific to certain subtypes of aggression, and longitudinal research is rare. In the current study, reactive and proactive aggression were assessed in a sample of males and females when aged 10, 12, 15, and 18 years old. Skin conductance fear conditioning data were collected when they were 18 years old. Individuals who were persistently high on proactive aggression measures had significantly poorer conditioned responses at 18 years old when compared to others. This association was not found for reactive aggression. Consistent with prior literature, findings suggest that persistent antisocial individuals have unique neurobiological characteristics and that poor autonomic fear conditioning is associated with the presence of increased instrumental aggressive behavior.
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| 31. |
- Gerster, S., et al.
(författare)
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Testing a linear time invariant model for skin conductance responses by intraneural recording and stimulation
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 55:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Skin conductance responses (SCR) are increasingly analyzed with model-based approaches that assume a linear and time-invariant (LTI) mapping from sudomotor nerve (SN) activity to observed SCR. These LTI assumptions have previously been validated indirectly, by quantifying how much variance in SCR elicited by sensory stimulation is explained under an LTI model. This approach, however, collapses sources of variability in the nervous and effector organ systems. Here, we directly focus on the SN/SCR mapping by harnessing two invasive methods. In an intraneural recording experiment, we simultaneously track SN activity and SCR. This allows assessing the SN/SCR relationship but possibly suffers from interfering activity of non-SN sympathetic fibers. In an intraneural stimulation experiment under regional anesthesia, such influences are removed. In this stimulation experiment, about 95% of SCR variance is explained under LTI assumptions when stimulation frequency is below 0.6 Hz. At higher frequencies, nonlinearities occur. In the intraneural recording experiment, explained SCR variance is lower, possibly indicating interference from non-SN fibers, but higher than in our previous indirect tests. We conclude that LTI systems may not only be a useful approximation but in fact a rather accurate description of biophysical reality in the SN/SCR system, under conditions of low baseline activity and sporadic external stimuli. Intraneural stimulation under regional anesthesia is the most sensitive method to address this question. © 2017 The Authors. Psychophysiology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Psychophysiological Research
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Globisch, Jutta, et al.
(författare)
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Fear appears fast : Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects
- 1999
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 36:1, s. 66-75
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The temporal course of startle reflex modulation and autonomic response patterns to fear‐relevant and fear‐irrelevant pictures in subjects with high and low levels of animal fear was investigated. Thirty‐eight high‐fear and 48 low‐fear volunteers viewed photos of snakes and spiders and pictures of neutral and pleasant content. The slides were presented for 6 s or for only 150 ms, depending on the group. Acoustic startle probes were presented at five different times after slide onset. Relative potentiation of the startle responses started 300 ms after onset of snake/spider pictures in fearful subjects. This fear‐potentiated startle effect was maintained for the later probe times and was identical in the 150‐ms condition. Fear‐relevant pictures also prompted a sympathetically dominated autonomic response profile in fearful persons. These data support the idea that fear can be activated very rapidly, requiring only minimal stimulus input.
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| 34. |
- Gosselke Berthelsen, Sabine, et al.
(författare)
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Native language experience shapes pre-attentive foreign tone processing and guides rapid memory trace build-up : An ERP study
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 59:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Language experience, particularly from our native language (L1), shapes our perception of other languages around us. The present study examined how L1 experience moulds the initial processing of foreign (L2) tone during acquisition. In particular, we investigated whether learners were able to rapidly forge new neural memory traces for novel tonal words, which was tracked by recording learners’ ERP responses during two word acquisition sessions. We manipulated the degree of L1–L2 familiarity by comparing learners with a nontonal L1 (German) and a tonal L1 (Swedish) and by using tones that were similar (fall) or dissimilar (high, low, rise) to those occurring in Swedish. Our results indicate that a rapid, pre-attentive memory trace build-up for tone manifests in an early ERP component at ~50 ms but only at particularly high levels of L1–L2 similarity. Specifically, early processing was facilitated for an L2 tone that had a familiar pitch shape (fall) and word-level function (inflection). This underlines the importance of these L1 properties for the early processing of L2 tone. In comparison, a later anterior negativity related to the processing of the tones’ grammatical content was unaffected by native language experience but was instead influenced by lexicality, pitch prominence, entrenchment, and successful learning. Behaviorally, learning effects emerged for all learners and tone types, regardless of L1–L2 familiarity or pitch prominence. Together, the findings suggest that while L1-based facilitation effects occur, they mainly affect early processing stages and do not necessarily result in more successful L2 acquisition at behavioral level.
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| 35. |
- Grandy, Thomas H., et al.
(författare)
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Peak individual alpha frequency qualifies as a stable neurophysiological trait marker in healthy younger and older adults
- 2013
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986 .- 1540-5958. ; 50:6, s. 570-582
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The individual alpha frequency (IAF) of the human EEG reflects systemic properties of the brain, is highly heritable, and relates to cognitive functioning. Not much is known about the modifiability of IAF by cognitive interventions. We report analyses of resting EEG from a large-scale training study in which healthy younger (2031 years, N=30) and older (6580 years, N=28) adults practiced 12 cognitive tasks for approximate to 100 1-h sessions. EEG was recorded before and after the cognitive training intervention. In both age groups, IAF (and, in a control analysis, alpha amplitude) did not change, despite large gains in cognitive performance. As within-session reliability and test-retest stability were high for both age groups, imprecise measurements cannot account for the findings. In sum, IAF is highly stable in healthy adults up to 80 years, not easily modifiable by cognitive interventions alone, and thus qualifies as a stable neurophysiological trait marker.
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| 36. |
- Grassini, Simone, et al.
(författare)
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Subjective ratings of fear are associated with frontal late positive potential asymmetry, but not with early brain activity over the occipital and centro-parietal cortices
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 57:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The human frontal cortex is asymmetrically involved in motivational and affective processing. Several studies have shown that the left-frontal hemisphere is related to positive and approach-related affect, whereas the right-frontal hemisphere is related to negative and withdrawal-related affect. The present study aimed to investigate whether evolutionarily threatening stimuli modulate asymmetrical frontal activity. We examined hemispheric differences in frontal late positive potentials (f-LPP asymmetry) and frontal alpha power activation (frontal alpha asymmetry, FAA) in response to images depicting snakes, spiders, butterflies, and birds. Results showed that the late component of f-LPP asymmetry, but not FAA, was modulated by the category of stimuli. Specifically, threatening stimuli (snakes and spiders) evoked a relatively large late f-LPP over the right-frontal hemisphere than non-threatening stimuli (birds and butterflies). Moreover, this relatively great right-frontal activity was positively associated with the subjective ratings of fear. Importantly, the subjective ratings of fear were not associated with early brain activity over the occipital or centro-parietal cortices. These results suggest that late f-LPP asymmetry may reflect higher order affective processes, specifically the subjective appraisal of threatening stimuli and the subjective experience of fear, that are independent of the fast and automatic processing of evolutionarily significant and affectively arousing stimuli.
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| 37. |
- Gredin, Viktor, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of task load on the integration of explicit contextual priors and visual information during anticipation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - Hoboken : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 57:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is limited knowledge about the impact of task load on experts’ integration of contextual priors and visual information during dynamic and rapidly evolving anticipation tasks. We examined how experts integrate contextual priors––specifically, prior information regarding an opponent's action tendencies––with visual information such as movement kinematics, during a soccer-specific anticipation task. Furthermore, we combined psychophysiological measures and retrospective self-reports to gain insight into the cognitive load associated with this integration. Players were required to predict the action of an oncoming opponent, with and without the explicit provision of contextual priors, under two different task loads. In addition to anticipation performance, we compared continuous electroencephalography (EEG) and self-reports of cognitive load across conditions. Our data provide tentative evidence that increased task load may impair performance by disrupting the integration of contextual priors and visual information. EEG data suggest that cognitive load may increase when contextual priors are explicitly provided, whereas self-report data suggested a decrease in cognitive load. The findings provide insight into the processing demands associated with integration of contextual priors and visual information during dynamic anticipation tasks, and have implications for the utility of priors under cognitively demanding conditions. Furthermore, our findings add to the existing literature, suggesting that continuous EEG may be a more valid measure than retrospective self-reports for in-task assessment of cognitive load. © 2020 The Authors. Psychophysiology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Psychophysiological Research
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| 38. |
- Henje Blom, Eva, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent girls with emotional disorders have a lower end-tidal CO2 and increased respiratory rate compared with healthy controls.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 1540-5958 .- 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 51:5, s. 412-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyperventilation has been linked to emotional distress in adults. This study investigates end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ), respiratory rate (RR), and heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescent girls with emotional disorders and healthy controls. ETCO2 , RR, HRV, and ratings of emotional symptom severity were collected in adolescent female psychiatric patients with emotional disorders (n = 63) and healthy controls (n = 62). ETCO2 and RR differed significantly between patients and controls. ETCO2, HR, and HRV were significant independent predictors of group status, that is, clinical or healthy, while RR was not. ETCO2 and RR were significantly related to emotional symptom severity and to HRV in the total group. ETCO2 and RR were not affected by use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It is concluded that emotional dysregulation is related to hyperventilation in adolescent girls. Respiratory-based treatments may be relevant to investigate in future research.
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| 39. |
- Koenig, Julian, et al.
(författare)
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Cortical thickness and resting-state cardiac function across the lifespan : A cross-sectional pooled mega-analysis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986 .- 1540-5958. ; 58:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding the association between autonomic nervous system [ANS] function and brain morphology across the lifespan provides important insights into neurovisceral mechanisms underlying health and disease. Resting-state ANS activity, indexed by measures of heart rate [HR] and its variability [HRV] has been associated with brain morphology, particularly cortical thickness [CT]. While findings have been mixed regarding the anatomical distribution and direction of the associations, these inconsistencies may be due to sex and age differences in HR/HRV and CT. Previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes, which impede the assessment of sex differences and aging effects on the association between ANS function and CT. To overcome these limitations, 20 groups worldwide contributed data collected under similar protocols of CT assessment and HR/HRV recording to be pooled in a mega-analysis (N = 1,218 (50.5% female), mean age 36.7 years (range: 12–87)). Findings suggest a decline in HRV as well as CT with increasing age. CT, particularly in the orbitofrontal cortex, explained additional variance in HRV, beyond the effects of aging. This pattern of results may suggest that the decline in HRV with increasing age is related to a decline in orbitofrontal CT. These effects were independent of sex and specific to HRV; with no significant association between CT and HR. Greater CT across the adult lifespan may be vital for the maintenance of healthy cardiac regulation via the ANS—or greater cardiac vagal activity as indirectly reflected in HRV may slow brain atrophy. Findings reveal an important association between CT and cardiac parasympathetic activity with implications for healthy aging and longevity that should be studied further in longitudinal research.
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| 40. |
- Kroll, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Chronic non-medical prescription opioid use and empathy for pain: Does pain make the difference?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : WILEY. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 58:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-medical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) is at the heart of the opioid epidemic in the United States. Although chronic opioid use is commonly accompanied by deficits in social functioning, little is known about the impact of chronic NMPOU on social cognitive functions. Social neuroscience models suggest that empathy activates similar or even equivalent neural structures as those underpinning the first-hand experience in that emotional state (e.g., pain). Therefore, we measured subjective and psychophysiological responses during an empathy-for-pain task in 23 individuals with NMPOU, objectively confirmed by hair and urine testing, and compared them with 29 opioid-naive healthy controls. NMPOU individuals showed lower other-related and self-related unpleasantness ratings when seeing others in pain than controls. No differences between the control and NMPOU group were found in skin conductance responses and heart rate variability (HRV) assessed by root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in response to the task. However, RMSSD-HRV was strongly negatively correlated with self-related unpleasantness and craving in the NMPOU group. A subsequent mediation analysis showed a total effect of RMSSD-HRV on self-related unpleasantness with no mediation of craving. This indicates that stronger emotion regulation indexed by high RMSSD-HRV might have downregulating effects on sharing others pain in NMPOU individuals but not in healthy controls, which was further accompanied by decreased ratings of personal distress and empathetic concern. These results contribute to a better understanding of social functioning in chronic opioid users, suggesting adequate emotion regulation and empathy trainings as therapeutic targets for future interventions of opioid use disorders and long-term pain treatment with opioids.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Monzel, Merlin, et al.
(författare)
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Imaginal extinction without imagery : Dissociating the effects of visual imagery and propositional thought by contrasting participants with aphantasia, simulated aphantasia, and controls
- 2023
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 60:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Imaginal exposure is a standard procedure of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of anxiety and panic disorders. It is often used when in vivo exposure is not possible, too stressful for patients, or would be too expensive. Peter Lang's Bio-Informational Theory implies that imaginal exposure is effective because of the perceptual proximity of mental imagery to real events, whereas empirical findings suggest that propositional thought of fear stimuli (i.e., thinking about the stimuli without seeing them in the mind's eye) could be sufficient in therapeutical contexts. Exposure to propositional thought, instead of vivid mental imagery, would be more tolerable for patients since vivid imagery is associated with high emotional distress. To investigate whether mental imagery or propositional thought is crucial for the success of imaginal exposure, participants with the rare state of aphantasia (= absence of sensory mental imagery but with intact propositional thought) and two control groups were subjected to a fear conditioning paradigm followed by imaginal exposure and a reinstatement procedure. During imaginal exposure, control group 1 (N = 30) stared at a bright screen to disrupt visual imagery by incoming luminance (= simulated aphantasia), whereas control group 2 (N = 30) and participants with actual aphantasia (N = 30) kept their eyes closed. The results show [ horizontal ellipsis ].
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Perez-Osorio, Jairo, et al.
(författare)
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Expectations regarding action sequences modulate electrophysiological correlates of the gaze-cueing effect
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 54:7, s. 942-954
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predictive mechanisms of the brain are important for social cognition, as they enable inferences about others' goals and intentions, thereby allowing for generation of expectations regarding what will happen next in the social environment. Therefore, attentional selection is modulated by expectations regarding behavior of others (Perez-Osorio, Müller, Wiese, & Wykowska, 2015). In this article, we examined—using the ERPs of the EEG signal—which stages of processing are influenced by expectations about others' action steps. We used a paradigm in which a gaze-cueing procedure was embedded in successively presented naturalistic photographs composing an action sequence. Our results showed (a) behavioral gaze-cueing effects modulated by whether the observed agent gazed at an object that was expected to be gazed at, according to the action sequence; (b) the N1 component locked to the onset of a target was modulated both by spatial gaze validity and participants' expectations about where the agent would gaze to perform an action; (c) a more positive amplitude, locked to the shift of gaze direction for action-congruent gaze, relative to incongruent and neutral conditions—over parieto-occipital areas in the time window between 280 and 380 ms. Taken together, these findings revealed that confirmation or violation of expectations concerning others' goal-oriented actions modulate attentional selection processes, as indexed by early ERP components
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| 46. |
- Pfabigan, D. M., et al.
(författare)
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Ghrelin is related to lower brain reward activation during touch
- 2024
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Ingår i: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 61:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gut hormone ghrelin drives food motivation and increases food intake, but it is also involved in the anticipation of and response to rewards other than food. This pre-registered study investigated how naturally varying ghrelin concentrations affect the processing of touch as a social reward in humans. Sixty-seven volunteers received slow caressing touch (so-called CT-targeted touch) as a social reward and control touch on their shins during 3T functional imaging on two test days. On one occasion, participants were fasted, and on another, they received a meal. On each occasion, plasma ghrelin was measured at three time points. All touch was rated as more pleasant after the meal, but there was no association between ghrelin concentrations and pleasantness. CT-targeted touch was rated as the most pleasant and activated somatosensory and reward networks (whole brain). A region-of-interest in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) showed lower activation during all touches, the higher the ghrelin concentrations were. During CT-targeted touch, a larger satiety response (ghrelin decrease after the meal) was associated with higher mOFC activation, and this mOFC activation was associated with higher experienced pleasantness. Overall, higher ghrelin concentrations appear to be related to a lower reward value for touch. Ghrelin may reduce the value of social stimuli, such as touch, to promote food search and intake in a state of low energy. This suggests that the role of ghrelin goes beyond assigning value to food reward.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Qin, Nan, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of selective attention on the C1 ERP component : A systematic review and meta-analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : Wiley. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 59:12
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The C1 event-related potential (ERP) captures the earliest stage of feedforward processing in the primary visual cortex (V1). An ongoing debate is whether top-down selective attention can modulate the C1. One side of the debate pointed out that null findings appear to outnumber positive findings; thus, selective attention does not seem to influence the C1. However, this suggestion is not based on a valid approach to summarizing evidence across studies. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effects of selective attention on the C1, involving 47 experiments and 794 subjects in total. Despite heterogeneity across studies, results suggested that attention has a moderate effect on the C1 (Cohen's $$ dz= 0.33, p < .0001); that is, C1 amplitude is larger for visual stimuli that are attended than unattended. These results suggest that C1 is affected by top-down selective attention.
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| 49. |
- Reiser, Eva M., et al.
(författare)
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Prefrontal-posterior coupling while observing the suffering of other people, and the development of intrusive memories
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychophysiology. - : WILEY. - 0048-5772 .- 1469-8986. ; 51:6, s. 546-555
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Witnessing the suffering of others, for instance, in hospital emergency rooms but also through televised images in news or reality programs, may be associated with the occurrence of later intrusive memories. The factors contributing to why some people develop intrusive memories and others do not are still poorly understood. N = 121 healthy women were exposed to film scenes showing the suffering of dying, severely injured, and mourning people while their EEG was recorded. Individuals showing greater decreases of functional coupling between prefrontal and posterior cortices (greater decreases of EEG beta coherences) reported more intrusive memories of the witnessed events. This was shown for intrusions in the short term (immediately after viewing the film) as well as in the medium term (intrusive memories over 1 week). The findings illuminate brain mechanisms involved in the encoding of information in ways that make intrusive memories more likely.
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| 50. |
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