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Enumeration	Reference	Cover	Find
1.	Engwall, Mats, 1961- (author) No Project is an island : Linking Projects to History and Context 2003 In: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 5:32, s. 789-808 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
2.	Kolodny, Harvey, et al. (author) Design and policy choices for technology extension organizations 2001 In: Research policy. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1873-7625 .- 0048-7333. ; 30:2, s. 201-225 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Governments, anxious to assist the SMEs in their countries to survive and grow, face not only policy choices about how to assist with technology, financial resources and business direction, but also the complex issues of how to design organizations that can deliver these policies effectively. This study is a comparative analysis of how “technology extension” (TE) organizations are designed to support SMEs in seven countries. The study focuses on the design requirements for such organizations and on the design choices that have been used to satisfy the design requirements, given different policy frameworks. Prescriptive advice on the design of TE organizations is offered to both policy makers and managers of such organizations.
3.	Löfsten, Hans, et al. (author) Science Parks and the growth of new technology-based firms : academic-industry links, innovation and markets 2002 In: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 31:6, s. 859-876 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The analysis distinguishes between firms (273 firms) on and off Science Parks in Sweden (1996-1998), in an effort to identify any element of added value which the park provides for new technology-based firms (NTBFs). The study showed some differences between the experience of firms on- and off-park in respect to innovation and marketing issues. Firms located in Science Parks were significantly more likely to have a link with a local university than off-park firms. Performance is examined under three headings: employment growth, sales growth and profitability. Initiatives to promote NTBFs on Science Parks, will yield a higher rate of job creation than policies to help NTBFs in general.
4.	McKelvey, Maureen, et al. (author) Does co-location matter for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector? 2003 In: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 32:3, s. 483-501 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This article addresses the validity of assumptions about the importance of co-locality for innovation, by analyzing whether or not co-location matters for formal knowledge collaboration in the Swedish biotechnology-pharmaceutical sector, or biotech-pharma sector. The population of Swedish biotech-pharma firms has been defined, based on the three criteria of geographical location, their engagement in active knowledge development, and their specialized knowledge/product focus. The firms' patterns of regional, national and international collaboration with other firms and with universities is analyzed, as well as the differing collaborative patterns of small versus large firm. In addressing the theoretical questions about the relative importance of co-location for innovation, the article also provides an empirical overview of the Swedish biotech-pharma sector, especially trends over time. This paper thus contributes to the literature by expanding our empirical knowledge about one European biotech-pharma sectoral system, e.g. Sweden, as well as addressing the theoretical question about the relative importance of co-location for formal knowledge collaboration.
5.	Prencipe, Andrea, et al. (author) Inter-project learning : Processes and outcomes of knowledge codification in project-based firms 2001 In: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 30:9, s. 1373-1394 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, we argue that the literature on knowledge codification has been overly concerned with the economic properties of its outcomes, neglecting the importance of its underlying learning processes. Following Zollo and Winter [Organisation Science, 2001, in press], the paper distinguishes three learning processes: experience accumulation, knowledge articulation and knowledge codification and suggests a framework to analyse the learning abilities of project-based firms. We propose that mechanisms for inter-project learning draw upon these learning processes and can be found at various levels of the project-based firm. Using empirical evidence from six case studies, we discern three empirical patterns, that we defined learning landscapes, of such mechanisms. Implications for the literature and practice of knowledge codification are discussed. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.
6.	Adler, Niclas, et al. (author) The challenge of managing boundary-spanning research activities : Experiences from the Swedish context 2009 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 38:7, s. 1136-1149 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
7.	Andersson, Martin, et al. (author) Acquisitions of start-ups by incumbent businesses A market selection process of "high-quality" entrants? 2016 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 45:1, s. 272-290 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We analyze the frequency and nature by which new firms are acquired by established businesses. Acquisitions are often considered to reflect a technology transfer process and to also constitute one way in which a "symbiosis" between new technology-based firms (NTBFs) and established businesses is realized. Using a micro-level dataset for Sweden in which we follow new entrants up to 18 years after entry, we show that acquisitions of recent start-ups are rare and restricted to a small group of entrants with defining characteristics. Estimates from competing risks models show that acquired start-ups, in particular by multinational enterprises (MNEs), stand out from entrants that either remain independent or exit by being much more likely to be spin-offs operating in high-tech sectors, having strong technological competence, and having weak internal financial resources. Our overall findings support the argument that acquisitions primarily concern NTBFs in market contexts where entry costs are large, access to finance is important and incumbents have valuable complementary capabilities and resources. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
8.	Andersson, Martin, et al. (author) R&D strategies and Entrepreneurial Spawning 2012 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 41:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper analyzes how different R&D strategies of incumbent firms affect the quantity and quality of their entrepreneurial spawning. By examining entrepreneurial ventures of ex-employees of firms with different R&D strategies three things emerge: First, firms with persistent R&D investments with a general superiority in sales, exports, productivity, profitability and wages are less likely to generate entrepreneurs than firm with temporary or no R&D investments. Second, start-ups from knowledge intensive business service (KIBS) firms with persistent R&D investments have a significantly increased probability of survival. No corresponding association between the R&D strategies of incumbents and survival of entrepreneurial spawns is found for incumbents in manufacturing sectors. Third, spin-outs from KIBS-firms are more likely to survive if they start in the same firm, indicating the importance of inherited related knowledge. The findings suggest that R&D intensive firms spur fewer entrepreneurs, but their entrepreneurial spawns tend to be of higher quality.
9.	Andersson, Martin, et al. (author) The economic microgeography of diversity and specialization externalities – firm-level evidence from Swedish cities 2019 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 48:6, s. 1385-1398 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We employ finely geo-coded firm-level panel data to assess the long-standing question whether agglomeration economies derive from specialization (within-industry), diversity (between-industry) or overall density. Rather than treating the city as a single unit, we focus our analysis on how the inner industry structures of cities influence firm-level productivity. Our results illustrate the co-existence of several externalities that differ in their spatial distribution and attenuation within cities. First, we find robust positive effects of neighborhood-level specialization on TFP as well as a small effect of diversity at the same fine spatial level. These effects are highly localized and dissipate beyond the immediate within-city neighborhood level. Second, we also find that firms benefit from the overall density of the wider city. The results emphasize the relevance of “opening up” cities to study the workings of their inner organization and support the idea that location in a within-city industry cluster in a diversified and dense city boosts productivity.
10.	Baum, Christopher F., et al. (author) Innovation by start-up firms : The role of the board of directors for knowledge spillovers 2022 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 51:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper investigates whether board directors interlocked with or employed by innovative firms affect startup firms' propensity to be innovators themselves. Drawing upon a sample of more than 50,000 Swedish start-up firms, we find that board connections to incumbent innovators have a causal impact on the new firms' probability to apply for patents. The results are robust when controlling for industry, geography, firm age, as well as spillovers through worker and managerial mobility, external knowledge sourcing through patent disclosure, access to venture capital and board attributes.
11.	Benner, Mats, et al. (author) Institutionalizing the triple helix : Research funding and norms in the academic system 2000 In: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 29:2, s. 291-301 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract What are the institutional mechanisms that enable or hinder the development of new forms of knowledge production? This issue has been slightly neglected in the discussion of the "triple helix". To redress this shortcoming, the authors suggest an institutionalist complement to the triple helix model. The article analyzes the institutional regulation of academic research, with a special emphasis on how norms in the academic system are constituted via research funding. It is argued that funding is a key mechanism of change in the norm system since its reward structure influences the performance and evaluation of research. The empirical analysis is based on the public financing of technical research in Sweden, with comparisons made with other countries. The structure of research funding has been reformed in all the countries studied. In addition to continuing recognition for scientific merit, the reforms have had the effect of emphasizing the commercial potential and the societal relevance of the research supported. The two dominant models of research funding, an intra-academic model and a top-down interventionist model, seem to be replaced partly with a catalytic one. However, there are counteracting tendencies. Some agencies still reproduce a model of reputational control and a collegial orientation among researchers. It is concluded, therefore, that the forces of change and continuity are engaged in a process of negotiation about the normative regulation of academic research.
12.	Bergek, Anna, et al. (author) Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems : A scheme of analysis 2008 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 37:3, s. 407-429 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Various researchers and policy analysts have made empirical studies of innovation systems in order to understand their current structure and trace their dynamics. However, policy makers often experience difficulties in extracting practical guidelines from studies of this kind. In this paper, we operationalize our previous work on a functional approach to analyzing innovation system dynamics into a practical scheme of analysis for policy makers. The scheme is based on previous literature and our own experience in developing and applying functional thinking. It can be used by policy makers not only to identify the key policy issues but also to set policy goals. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
13.	Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al. (author) Are patents with multiple inventors from different countries a good indicator of international R&D collaboration? The case of ABB 2010 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 39, s. 1321-1334 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Based on the critical case of ABB, this paper questions the relevance of using patents with multiple inventors from different countries (“cross-country patents”) as an indicator of international R&D collaboration. The study shows that less than half of ABB’s cross-country patents are the result of international R&D collaboration as described by one of the more inclusive definitions found in previous literature. Only a third of the patents are the result of joint R&D activities between different MNC subsidiaries or firms. We also discuss the implications of our study for the assignment of patents to countries based on inventor addresses.
14.	Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al. (author) Technological discontinuities and the challenge for incumbent firms : Destruction, disruption or creative accumulation? 2013 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 42:6-7, s. 1210-1224 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The creative destruction of existing industries as a consequence of discontinuous technological change is a central theme in the literature on industrial innovation and technological development. Established competence-based and market-based explanations of this phenomenon argue that incumbents are seriously challenged only by ‘competence-destroying’ or ‘disruptive’ innovations, which make their existing knowledge base or business models obsolete and leave them vulnerable to attacks from new entrants. This paper challenges these arguments. With detailed empirical analyses of the automotive and gas turbine industries, we demonstrate that these explanations overestimate the ability of new entrants to destroy and disrupt established industries and underestimate the capacity of incumbents to perceive the potential of new technologies and integrate them with existing capabilities. Moreover, we show how intense competition in the wake of technological discontinuities, driven entirely by incumbents, may instead result in late industry shakeouts. We develop and extend the notion of ‘creative accumulation’ as a way of conceptualizing the innovating capacity of the incumbents that appear to master such turbulence. Specifically, we argue that creative accumulation requires firms to handle a triple challenge of simultaneously (a) fine-tuning and evolving existing technologies at a rapid pace, (b) acquiring and developing new technologies and resources and (c) integrating novel and existing knowledge into superior products and solutions.
15.	Bergek, Anna, 1973-, et al. (author) Technological Internationalisation in the Electro-Technical Industry : A Cross-company comparison of patenting patterns 1986-2000. 2005 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 33:9, s. 1285-1306 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper addresses the issue of R&D internationalisation of two multinationals in the electro-technical industry (GE and ABB), by means of a patent data analysis. The overwhelming majority of both companies R&D activities are concentrated in Western Europé and North America. The locational overlap between the two firms' activities is small. These results are consistent with findings from earlier studies that (1) there is little evidence to suggest that the 'production' of technology is globalised in a general sense and (2)that tapping knowledge from an industry's global lead location plays a very limited role in foreign R&D investments.
16.	Berggren, Christian, et al. (author) Scientific misconduct at an elite medical institute: The role of competing institutional logics and fragmented control 2019 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 48:2, s. 428-443 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The incidence of revealed fraud and dishonesty in academia is on the rise, and so is the number of studies seeking to explain scientific misconduct. This paper builds on the concepts of competing logics and institutional fields to analyze a serious case of medical and scientific misconduct at a leading research institute, Karolinska in Sweden, home to the Nobel Prize in Medicine.By distinguishing between a market-oriented, a medical and an academic logic, the study analyzes how various actors − executives, research leaders, co-authors, journal editors, medical doctors, science bloggers, investigative journalists and documentary filmmakers − sustained or tried to expose the misconduct. Despite repeated warnings from patient-responsible doctors and external academic reviewers, Karolinska protected the surgeon, Paolo Macchiarini, until a documentary film at the Swedish national public TV exposed the fraud which led to public inquiries and proposals for a new national ethics legislation.The analysis illustrates the power of a market-oriented logic focused on brand and image at the research institute and at a leading journal, but also the perseverance of the logics of scientific scrutiny and medical care among practicing doctors and independent academics although the carriers of these logics were less well organized than the carriers of the market-oriented logic. Furthermore, the analysis shows the problem of fragmented control in the academic institutional field. The discussion of remedies compares the Karolinska case, where media actors were instrumental in sanctioning the perpetrators, with a similar instance of medical misconduct at Duke in the US where the government agency (ORI) intervened and shows the limitations of both types of actors. The conclusion highlights the importance of studying misconduct management and institution-building in different fields to develop effective remedies.
17.	Berggren, Christian, et al. (author) Transition pathways revisited: Established firms as multi-level actors in the heavy vehicle industry 2015 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 44:5, s. 1017-1028 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions positions established firms (incumbents) as defenders of existing technologies at the "regime level." By contrast, it positions new entrants at the niche level, as promoters of new technologies. This paper challenges the positioning of firms as actors on either regime or niche levels. Based on a comparative analysis of technology strategies in the heavy vehicle industry, the paper shows that established firms are active at both levels, developing several technology alternatives simultaneously. This means that incumbents technology strategies determine important parts of the required niche regime interactions. The paper also shows how incumbents may pursue contrasting technology strategies. While some adopt a dualistic approach, keeping regime and niche level activities technologically and commercially separate, others develop integrated strategies where niche activities are leveraged to impact upon the regime level. The cases studied illustrate how the success of such integrated strategies depends on the emergence of bridging policies. Bridging policies are relevant both for linking early niche markets to broader regime-level markets, and for supporting further technological advancements of niche markets. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
18.	Bettencourt, Luis M. A., et al. (author) Invention in the city : Increasing returns to patenting as a scaling function of metropolitan size 2007 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 36:1, s. 107-120 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigate the relationship between patenting activity and the population size of metropolitan areas in the United States over the last two decades (1980-2001). We find a clear superlinear effect, whereby new patents are granted disproportionately in larger urban centers, thus showing increasing returns in inventing activity with respect to population size. We characterize this relation quantitatively as a power law with an exponent larger than unity. This phenomenon is commensurate with the presence of larger numbers of inventors in larger metropolitan areas, which we find follows a quantitatively similar superlinear relationship to population, while the productivity of individual inventors stays essentially constant across metropolitan areas. We also find that structural measures of the patent co-authorship network although weakly correlated to increasing rates of patenting, are not enough to explain them. Finally, we show that R&D establishments and employment in other creative professions also follow superlinear scaling relations to metropolitan population size, albeit possibly with different exponents.
19.	Blomkvist, Katarina, et al. (author) Superstar inventors - Towards a people-centric perspective on the geography of technological renewal in the multinational corporation 2014 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 43:4, s. 669-682 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper develops a people-centric perspective on the geographical dispersion of technological renewal in the multinational corporation (MNC). We contend that a large proportion of all foreign technological advancements can be attributed to a handful of individual inventors, suggesting a blockbuster effect of subsidiary technological development. This suggests that analyses carried out at the subsidiary or firm level disguise significant yet largely unexplored variation in the technological contributions made by individual members of these foreign units. To support this proposition, the paper draws upon an original data set that comprises all of the advanced foreign subsidiaries of 21 Swedish MNCs between 1893 and 2008, and follows their patenting activity in order to document the distribution of inventive activity, both across and within individual subsidiaries. The findings at the subsidiary level show that the distribution of technological activity and contribution to the overall multinational group is significantly skewed; the paper then empirically explores the assumption that a similar distribution also applies at the level of individual inventors. The results point to a pattern whereby most inventors make only occasional and limited technological contributions and, instead, more significant numbers of new technological discoveries are attributable to a select group of exceptionally inventive individuals. In the light of the results, we suggest the fruitfulness of applying a people-centric perspective on the sources of sustained competitive advantage of the MNC, the management of geographically dispersed capabilities in the multinational network, and the geographical sources of technological renewal in the MNC.
20.	Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al. (author) Employees' entrepreneurial human capital and firm performance 2023 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 52:2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We introduce a new measure of human capital, defined as employees' former involvement in entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurial human capital (EHC) complements traditional human capital measures accumulated through work experience and education. Using detailed longitudinal register data, we track the previous years of entrepreneurial experience for the population of employees in Swedish private sector firms. We provide evidence that higher EHC among employees is associated with significantly higher levels of firm productivity. The baseline result implies that a 10 % increase in employees being former entrepreneurs increases firm-level productivity by 3.9 %. Additionally, we provide evidence that heterogeneity in employees' previous entrepreneurial experience (e.g., the reason for entering and exiting entrepreneurship, type of venture, length of entrepreneurial experiences, and relatedness of technology) influences the impact of EHC on productivity. The results are shown to be robust to various estimation techniques, alternative definitions of EHC, and other performance measures. © 2022 The Authors
21.	Broström, Anders, Docent, 1978- (author) Academic breeding grounds : Home department conditions and early career performance of academic researchers 2019 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 48:7, s. 1647-1665 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study investigates how research group characteristics relate to the early career success of PhD candidates who are trained in the group. In particular, I study how the citation impact of early-career PhDs is related to the staff composition and funding of the group. Using data on a cohort of Swedish doctoral graduates in science, engineering, mathematics and medicine, two sets of findings are obtained. First, students who were trained in groups with a lower number of PhD students perform better in terms of academic productivity. From the perspective of research policy, this finding suggests a decreasing return to funding additional PhD student positions allocated to professors who are already maintaining larger research groups. Second, PhD students trained in groups with funding for PhD research that is conditioned by funder influence over the topic of thesis research are more likely to stay in academia. Controlling for career destination, however, PhDs from such groups have lower than average scientific productivity and citation impact. These results suggest that finders of PhD studies face a trade-off between the two different funding objectives of "getting what they want" in terms of research content and fostering successful scholars.
22.	Broström, Anders, 1978- (author) Working with distant researchers : distance and content in university-industry interaction 2010 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 39:10, s. 1311-1320 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper studies the role of geographic proximity for interaction on R&D by exploring the special case of formalised university-industry interaction in the engineering sector While numerous studies find that geographic proximity facilitates spillover effects between university and industry by utilising evidence from e g patenting and publishing activities the geographical dimension is largely understudied in studies that report evidence from direct interaction A series of interviews with R&D managers suggests that linkages in geographical proximity are more likely than distant linkages to generate impulses to innovation and create significant learning effects at the firm Similarly geographic proximate interaction is more likely to successfully contribute to R&D projects with short time to market For long-term R&D projects geographic proximity is generally seen as a less critical factor A survey to 425 R&D managers in Swedish engineering firms provides evidence that supports these hypotheses.
23.	Brown, James R., et al. (author) What promotes R&D? Comparative evidence from around the world 2017 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 46:2, s. 447-462 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract R&D drives innovation and productivity growth, but appropriability problems and financing difficulties likely keep R&D investment well below the socially optimal level, particularly in high- technology industries. Though countries around the world are increasingly interested in using tax incentives and other policy initiatives to address this underinvestment problem, there is little empirical evidence comparing the effectiveness of alternative domestic policies and institutions at spurring R&D. Using data from a broad sample of OECD economies, we find that financial market rules that improve accounting standards and strengthen contract enforcement share a significant positive relation with R&D in more innovative industries, as do stronger legal protections for intellectual property. In contrast, stronger creditor rights and more generous R&D tax credits have a negative differential relation with R&D in more innovative industries. These results suggest that domestic policies directly dealing with appropriability and financing problems may be more effective than traditional tax subsides at promoting the innovative investments that drive economic growth.
24.	Cenamor, Javier, et al. (author) Openness in platform ecosystems : Innovation strategies for complementary products 2021 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 50:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Innovation strategies in complementary product markets come with a dilemma: Platform sponsors must concede third parties autonomy to innovate to make a platform successful, but a platform sponsor must also participate in the complementary product market to make the platform grow, thus acting as a competitor to third parties. We examine the performance outcomes of four innovation strategies based upon combinations of development and commercialization activities, i.e., the proprietary, outbound, inbound and third-party strategies, and their evolution over time. Data was collected from a panel of 4,857 video games for the seventh generation of video consoles in the United States. The findings contribute to research on platform strategy, open innovation, and ecosystem management by highlighting the different performance outcomes of innovation strategies that co-exist in the same platform ecosystem at the same time. The findings emphasize that decisions on appropriate innovation strategies in platform ecosystems are much more complex than they have previously been portrayed as, through the traditional dualities of open or closed, platform sponsors or third parties, or first or subsequent strategies.
25.	Croidieu, Gregoire, et al. (author) Even winners need to learn: How government entrepreneurship programs can support innovative ventures 2020 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 1873-7625 .- 0048-7333. ; 49:10 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Given the investment of public resources for supporting entrepreneurial growth, it is important to know whether such programs truly benefit innovative ventures. While prior research has indicated some benefits for growth outcomes, there is no clear consensus about the conditions for program effectiveness. We attribute this to the complex set of selection and treatment mechanisms associated with how programs navigate interlocking tradeoffs to maximize outcomes with their limited resources. To circumvent these challenges, policymakers often default to a "picking winners" approach based on past performance indicators. We develop and implement a carefully designed empirical strategy to determine whether this approach leads innovative ventures to achieve growth milestones and properly accounts for various observed and unobserved selection issues. We analyze data from the Small Business Development Center (SBDC), a government-sponsored program in the United States. Using a potential outcomes framework to investigate over 1,700 ventures that enrolled in SBDC advisory services from 2011 to 2016, we observe that treatment design is more crucial than selection for innovative firms to achieve growth. We found that treatment time and a client's willingness to learn collaboratively from their advisors are vital indicators of growth. Since treatment effectiveness is driven by support allocation, programs that desire to boost innovation outcomes must at a minimum formally prioritize innovation criteria to ensure these businesses receive sufficient support to address their growth objectives. Beyond this, we demonstrate that support effectiveness additionally depends on a willingness of participants to learn collaboratively by socializing their growth objectives with their advisors. Since even winners need to learn, programs must wrestle with the selection tradeoffs more acutely early on to ensure that the most promising clients can receive lengthier learning opportunities for growth.
26.	Dahlander, L., et al. (author) Relationships between Open Source Software Companies and Communities : Observations from Nordic Firms 2005 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 34:4, s. 481-493 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper deals with the relationships between firms and communities in open source software (OSS). A particular feature of OSS is that important resources are not directly controlled by firms, but partly reside within communities that co-exist with the firms. Despite this, firms explicitly try to utilize the resources within these communities in order to create and appropriate value. Consequently, the relationships that firms have to these communities influence their way of doing business. Based on case studies of Nordic OSS firms, a typology consisting of symbiotic, commensalistic, and parasitic approaches to handle the firm-community relationship is developed. Depending on the chosen approach, firms encounter different managerial issues and also use different operational means of subtle control. While firms relying on a symbiotic approach have greater possibility to influence the community through subtle means of control, they are also confronted with more challenging managerial issues.
27.	Diemer, Andreas, et al. (author) No inventor is an island : Social connectedness and the geography of knowledge flows in the US 2022 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 51:2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Do informal social ties connecting inventors across distant places promote knowledge flows between them? To measure informal ties, we use a new and direct index of social connectedness of regions based on aggregate Facebook friendships. We use a well-established identification strategy that relies on matching inventor citations with citations from examiners. Moreover, we isolate the specific effect of informal connections, above and beyond formal professional ties (co-inventor networks) and geographic proximity. We identify a significant and robust effect of informal ties on patent citations. Further, we find that the effect of geographic proximity on knowledge flows is entirely explained by informal social ties and professional networks. We also show that the effect of informal social ties on knowledge flows is greater for new entrepreneurs or ‘garage inventors’, for older or ‘forgotten’ patents, and for flows across distant technology fields. It has also become increasingly important over the last two decades.
28.	Ejdemo, Thomas, et al. (author) Related variety as a driver of regional innovation and entrepreneurship : A moderated and mediated model with non-linear effects 2020 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 49:7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The notion of related variety has proved to be an important contribution to the literature on innovation-enhancing regional knowledge externalities in different industry structures. Related variety provides a disentangled view of diversification based on the technological and cognitive proximity of different industries. The core hypothesis of this concept, which states that related variety fosters innovation and employment growth by facilitating knowledge spillovers, has gained increasing empirical support. To date, a relatively modest number of empirical studies have explicitly linked related variety to enhanced regional innovative output. The role of entrepreneurship has also received little attention in the literature, even though economic theory emphasizes that entrepreneurs have an important role in transforming spillovers of knowledge into innovation and growth. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the extant literature on regional innovation with an analysis that probes deeper into the mechanism by which related variety fosters innovation, and to examine how knowledge appropriation mechanisms affects the entrepreneurial opportunities that external knowledge presents. Our empirical analysis employs a moderated and mediated model with non-linear knowledge spillover effects of related variety. We use panel data on 60 Swedish functional analysis regions for the years 2008–2016 and estimate fixed effects models to examine the relationships between related variety, regional innovation and entrepreneurship. Conceptually, our results disentangle the effects of regional knowledge stocks and related variety on the rate at which new ideas are commercialized through entrepreneurship. We find a substantial direct effect of knowledge stocks, and an important indirect effect via knowledge spillovers between cognitively similar firms. A key contribution of this paper is that we show that this effect is conditional on the extent to which knowledge appropriation mechanisms are implemented, which has not been adressed in the literature on knowledge spillover effects of related variety before. Another novel contribution of this paper is that we find evidence of diminishing marginal returns to related variety with respect to innovation and entrepreneurship.
29.	El-Awad, Ziad, et al. (author) Bridging cognitive scripts in multidisciplinary academic spinoff teams : A process perspective on how academics learn to work with non-academic managers 2022 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 51:10 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper introduces a process model of how academics learn to bridge different cognitive scripts, thereby learning to collaborate with non-academic managers in the context of multidisciplinary academic spinoff (ASO) teams. Whereas prior research has taken a static perspective, showing that cooperation in ASO teams is challenging due to differences in cognitive scripts, we take a dynamic perspective, leveraging rich, longitudinal data on a single case to theorize how such cooperative challenges can be overcome. We reveal two aspects of this process. One is cognitive and intrapersonal, in which academics reconsider their own beliefs and understandings of their venture and the commercial world. The other is social and interpersonal, in which academics reconsider the way they collaborate with others.
30.	Ensthaler, Ludwig, et al. (author) A dynamic auction for multi-object procurement under a hard budget constraint 2014 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 43:1, s. 179-189 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This contribution revisits the problem of allocating R&D subsidies by government agencies. Typically, the applicants’ financial constraints are private information. The literature has recommended the use of auctions in order to reduce information rents and thus improve the efficiency of how scarce public funds are allocated. We propose a new open clock auction for this procurement problem. This auction is strategically simple, as it exhibits truthtelling in dominant strategies and satisfies ex-post rationality, while observing the budget constraint. We test the auction in Monte-Carlo simulation and discuss its applicability and limitations. Moreover, we highlight connections to recent advances in computer science.
31.	Giebe, Thomas, et al. (author) How to allocate R&D (and other) subsidies : an experimentally tested policy recommendation 2006 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 35:9, s. 1261-1272 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper evaluates the typically applied rules for awarding R&D subsidies. We identify two sources of inefficiency: the selection based on a ranking of individual projects, rather than complete allocations, and the failure to induce competition among applicants in order to extract and use information about the necessary funding. In order to correct these inefficiencies we propose mechanisms that include some form of an auction in which applicants bid for subsidies. Our proposals are tested in a simulation and in controlled lab experiments. The results suggest that adopting our proposals may considerably improve the allocation.
32.	Grillitsch, Markus, et al. (author) Innovation policy for system-wide transformation : The case of strategic innovation programmes (SIPs) in Sweden 2019 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 48:4, s. 1048-1061 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The orientation towards grand societal challenges can be seen as a new wave or paradigm for innovation policy. Such policy aims at system-wide transformation and is often referred to as system innovation policy. While insights from transition studies have provided novel and useful rationales for innovation policy targeting system-wide transformation, it remains unclear how to design, implement and evaluate such policies. The contribution of this paper is to translate and concretize the challenges of system innovation policy towards scope for policy action and analysis. Building on insights from transition studies we group the challenges into four domains: directionality, experimentation, demand articulation, and policy coordination and learning. We relate challenges within the four domains to three generic features of innovation systems: interests and capabilities of actors, networks, and institutions. The derived framework is applied in a case study on the strategic innovation programmes, a recent policy initiative by Vinnova, Sweden's Innovation Agency, targeting system innovation.
33.	Harrison, Debbie, et al. (author) The Development of a User Network as a Way to Re-launch an Unwanted Product 2008 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 37:1, s. 115-130 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A common situation in product development is that of product failure and the need for re-launch. This paper presents findings regarding how one firm successfully re-launched a product through the ex-post development of a user network. The producer, Biacore, had to re-launch its biosensor product or lose a €50 million investment. The firm identified and interacted with multiple potential lead-users in order to generate new use applications. The firm benefited from the successful development of a set of new applications, innovative users, and sales. As sales of the product increased, Biacore created marketing channels as diffusion mechanisms for the encouragement of direct and indirect user-to-user interaction. These were a way to spread the costs of user support when the firm standardised how it interacted with users. Some follower-users were able to benefit from lead-users who became lead teachers; other follower-users became non-users of the product. This paper illustrates three main roles for the firm in developing a user network: creating lead-users, organising directed applications development and facilitating user-to-user interaction.
34.	Hellsmark, Hans, 1974, et al. (author) The Role of Pilot and Demonstration Plants in Technology Development and Innovation Policy 2016 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 45:9, s. 1743-1761 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Pilot- and demonstration plants (PDPs) represent bridges between generating basic knowledge and technological breakthroughs on the one hand, and industrial applications and commercial adoption on the other. This paper reports on a longitudinal study of how two technological fields that received significant public funding evolved—biochemical conversion of biomass and thermal conversion of black liquor. In doing so, this study makes two contributions. First, it provides a framework for analyzing the roles of various types of PDPs in developing new technology. The framework highlights the learning processes taking place at and around these plants and how they contribute to reducing different types of risks. It also elaborates on the importance of actor networks and institutional preconditions, and how both network performance and institutions can be influenced through various strategies. Second, the article contributes with new insights into the challenges of innovation policy in a PDP context. A policy mix is often required because policy cannot be considered meaningfully at a single level of government and will therefore be influenced heavily by limited foresight and politics (both nationally and locally). Therefore, policy must address both the need for parallel and iterative public funding of R&D and different types of plants, as well as attempts to directly influence collaborative processes in actor networks.
35.	Isaksson, Olov H. D., 1980-, et al. (author) Knowledge spillovers in the supply chain : evidence from the high tech sectors 2016 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 45:3, s. 699-706 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In addition to internal R&D, external knowledge is widely considered as an essential lever for innovative performance. This paper analyzes knowledge spillovers in supply chain networks. Specifically, we investigate how supplier innovation is impacted by buyer innovation. Financial accounting data is combined with supply chain relationship data and patent data for U.S. firms in high tech industries. Our econometric analysis shows that buyer innovation has a positive and significant impact on supplier innovation. We find that the duration of the buyer-supplier relationship positively moderates this effect, but that the technological proximity between the two firms does not have a significant effect on spillovers.
36.	Kappen, Philip (author) Competence-creating overlaps and subsidiary technological evolution in the multinational corporation 2011 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 40:5, s. 673-686 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper explores overlapping competence-creating activities within the boundaries of the multinational corporation by investigating how foreign greenfield subsidiaries’ technological evolution is affected by the addition of an acquired unit in the same location. Drawing upon the complete U.S. patenting activity by subsidiaries of 21 Swedish multinationals over the 1893-1990 period, we use repeated event history analysis to test a set of hypotheses concerned with the effect of this competence-creating overlap. Findings include an initial retrogressive effect on greenfield subsidiaries’ technological evolution as a result of competence-creating overlaps, which, over time diminishes to become positive after more than a decade of overlap exposure. Thus, we add to the theory of subsidiary evolution by expanding the view of the archetypal subsidiary that has so far been constrained to evolve without operational overlaps.
37.	Karlsson, Charlie, 1945-, et al. (author) Interregional inventor networks as studied by patent coinventorships 2006 In: Research Policy. - Örebro Sweden : EconPapers. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 35:3, s. 412-430 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We study the structure of the interregional inventor networks in Sweden by examining the residence of inventors and coinventors involved in Swedish patent applications to the European Patent Office. Several factors are found to influence the spatial affinity of regions. We find that spatial affinity extends beyond the region if it has less own R&D-related resources (business R&D, university R&D and patenting); if it is close to the other region and if it is relatively small. The resources of that other region plays a positive role if, in analogue fashion, that region has more R&D-related resources.
38.	Karlsson, Charlie, et al. (author) Interregional inventor networks as studied by patent coinventorships 2006 In: Research Policy. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 35:3, s. 412-430 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
39.	Kok, Holmer, et al. (author) Pork Barrel or Barrel of Gold? Examining the performance implications of earmarking in public R&D grants 2022 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 1873-7625 .- 0048-7333. ; 51:7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Scholars tend to assume that publicly funded R&D projects, which are competitively selected, outperform projects, which receive funding through a political selection process. In this paper, we empirically explore this assumption, examining the outcomes of 321 R&D projects that were funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Hydrogen Program. Between 2003 and 2011, projects in this program could not only receive funding by means of a competitive selection process, but also by being earmarked by a U.S. member of Congress. We find that, whereas earmarked projects receive considerably lower peer review evaluation scores than non-earmarked projects, they do not consistently underperform in terms of the productivity, spillovers, and novelty of research- and science-based outcomes. Post-hoc analyses provide indications that this misalignment is driven by the existence of a bias of peer reviewers toward earmarked projects. Jointly, our findings challenge the dominant assumption that competitively selected projects always outperform politically selected ones in the setting of public R&D grants. In this way, we provide academics and policy makers with a richer perspective on the advantages and liabilities of earmarks. © 2022
40.	Kok, Holmer, et al. (author) Ties that matter: The impact of alliance partner knowledge recombination novelty on knowledge utilization in R&D alliances 2020 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 1873-7625 .- 0048-7333. ; 49:7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Whereas extant alliance research tends to consider the knowledge pool of partner firms as a set of independent components, we highlight that alliance partners’ components are interconnected. In particular, we introduce the concept of alliance partner knowledge recombination novelty – i.e., the extent to which an alliance partner has created component ties that no other firm within the industry has created – and hypothesize that it has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the focal firm's utilization of the alliance partner's knowledge. We also expect this relationship to be moderated by the focal firm's own knowledge recombination novelty. Analyzing 313 R&D alliance dyads of 70 firms in the fuel cell industry, we find support for the hypothesized inverted U-shaped relationship between an alliance partner's knowledge recombination novelty and the focal firm's knowledge utilization from the alliance partner. However, we do not find support for a moderation effect of the focal firm's knowledge recombination novelty. Based on these findings, we demonstrate the importance of framing alliance partner knowledge pools as sets of interconnected components, where alliance partners’ history of knowledge recombination shapes the focal firm's knowledge utilization rates.
41.	Lakomaa, Erik, et al. (author) Exploring collective consumer innovation in health care: Cases and formal modeling 2021 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 1873-7625 .- 0048-7333. ; 50:8 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Research on consumer innovation in health care has shown that patients are important sources of new or improved treatments, care services and diagnostic tools. This paper points to another hitherto overlooked class of consumer innovation in health care, which we call collective consumer innovation. These self-organized service innovations emerge under regulatory constraints, occur on the system level, are collaborative, and tend to cause institutional change. We use historic and contemporary cases from the field of health care in order to document the importance of collective consumer innovation and devise a model to analyze their economic role.Collective consumer innovation is more likely under stricter regulation and when the production cost disadvantage of consumers vis-`a-vis the formal sector is smaller. The role of market size and the scale of technological change is more complex. If either is large, innovation will be undertaken by the formal sector, while no innovation at all takes place if either is small. The model demonstrates that consumer innovations can enhance social welfare by improving the tradeoff between safety and experimental leeway, though they under certain conditions can lower welfare. Empirically, there are numerous cases where collective consumer innovations in the form of novel health services, policies and governance systems were adapted by public or corporate health care providers.
42.	Larsson, Johan P., et al. (author) Location choices of graduate entrepreneurs 2017 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 46:8, s. 1490-1504 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We review complementary theoretical perspectives on location choices of university graduate entrepreneurs derived from the individual-opportunity nexus and local embeddedness perspectives on entrepreneurship. Analysis of the full population of 215,388 graduates from Swedish institutions of higher education between 2002 and 2006 provides support for both location choice perspectives. Overall, 63% of graduate entrepreneurs start businesses locally in their region of graduation while 37% start businesses elsewhere. The likelihood of starting locally is substantially higher in metropolitan regions, if the graduate was born locally or has university peer entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial family members in the region of graduation. Implications for theory and public policy are discussed.
43.	Lenfle, Sylvain, et al. (author) Project-oriented agency and regeneration in socio-technical transition: Insights from the case of numerical weather prediction (1978-2015) 2022 In: Research Policy. - : ELSEVIER. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 51:3 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper analyzes the unfolding of socio-technical transition (STT) using the multi-level perspective (MLP) framework. It relies on an in-depth case study of the "quiet revolution" of numerical weather prediction. The study reveals how key actors targeted the reverse salient of data assimilation and thereby facilitated the transition toward a new "variational" regime. In so doing, the paper makes three contributions to the SIT literature: (1) it identifies a new type of transition pathway, "regeneration," in which the regime transforms itself from within, despite the lack of changes in landscape pressure, to overcome internal tensions; (2) it showcases "project-oriented agency" as the central mechanism of this transition, which allows the actors to join forces and cooperate to counteract the reverse salient; and (3) it proposes a process model of project-oriented agency that accounts for the role of the reverse salient in the regeneration pathway.
44.	Levén, Per, et al. (author) Managing research and innovation networks : evidence from a government sponsored cross-industry program 2014 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 43:1, s. 156-168 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Important innovations are increasingly produced based on research engagement and fertilization across industries. However, we know little about the challenges associated with managing innovation networks in specific contexts that involves researchers in cross-industry collaboration. Against this backdrop, we draw on theory on design and orchestration of innovation networks to analyze a large-scale government sponsored program, "ProcessIT Innovations" that was designed to increase competitiveness and accelerate economic growth in Northern Sweden. The program was initiated and led by firms from the traditionally strong local process industry and engaged local researchers and firms from the emerging IT industry. Based on our analyses, we offer two contributions. First, we provide a detailed analysis of the challenges related to configuration of the network, orchestration of partnerships between participants, and facilitation of innovation in dedicated development projects. Second, we propose a model of managing research and innovation networks through fertilization across industries and between firms and research institutions. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
45.	Lopez-Vega, Henry, et al. (author) Where and how to search? Search paths in open innovation 2016 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 45:1, s. 125-136 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Search for external knowledge is vital for firms' innovative activities. To understand search, we propose two knowledge search dimensions: search space (local or distant) and search heuristics (experiential or cognitive). Combining these two dimensions, we distinguish four search paths - situated paths, analogical paths, sophisticated paths, and scientific paths - which respond to recent calls to move beyond "where to search" and to investigate the connection with "how to search." Also, we highlight how the mechanisms of problem framing and boundary spanning operate within each search path to identify solutions to technology problems. We report on a study of 18 open innovation projects that used an innovation intermediary, and outline the characteristics of each search path. Exploration of these search paths enriches previous studies of search in open innovation by providing a comprehensive, but structured, framework that explains search, its underlying mechanisms, and potential outcomes.
46.	Mårtensson, Pär, et al. (author) Evaluating research : A multidisciplinary approach to assessing research practice and quality 2016 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 45:3, s. 593-603 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract There are few widely acknowledged quality standards for research practice, and few definitions of what constitutes good research. The overall aim was therefore to describe what constitutes research, and then to use this description to develop a model of research practice and to define concepts related to its quality. The primary objective was to explore such a model and to create a multidisciplinary understanding of the generic dimensions of the quality of research practice. Eight concept modelling working seminars were conducted. A graphic representation of concepts and their relationships was developed to bridge the gap between different disciplines. A concept model of research as a phenomenon was created, which included a total of 18 defined concepts and their relationships. In a second phase four main areas were distilled, describing research practice in a multidisciplinary context: Credible, Contributory, Communicable, and Conforming. Each of these was further specified in a concept hierarchy together with a defined terminology. A comprehensive quality model including 32 concepts, based on the four main areas, was developed for describing quality issues of research practice, where the model of research as a phenomenon was used to define the quality concepts. The quality model may be used for further development of elements, weights and operationalizations related to the quality of research practice in different academic fields. (C) 2015 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
47.	Nair, Sujith, 1980-, et al. (author) Exploring docility : A behavioral approach to interventions in business incubation 2021 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 50:7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The business incubation process evolves through coach-incubatee interactions rather than merely institutional intervention. We contribute to a behavioral understanding of this process by exploring the determinants and expression of docility, a fundamental human behavior. Our findings suggest that business coaches’ perceptions of stakeholder value creation needs and their experience of incubatees’ proactive behavior are essential determinants of coaching behavior. These behavioral determinants lead coaches to place idiosyncratic expectations on and become responsive to incubatees, and this is reflected in the range of their interventions in new venture creation. From a behavioral perspective, the outcome of coaches’ interventions is a shared understanding of how to navigate the ambiguous and uncertain aspects of new venturing. Adopting a behavioral approach thus helps us to reframe business incubation—previously regarded to be a structured process—as a flexible process, more accurately capturing its role in facilitating the highly uncertain process of new venture creation.
48.	Naldi, Lucia, 1974-, et al. (author) Related and unrelated industry variety and the internationalization of start-ups 2020 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 49:10 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We study the relationship between industry variety in a start-up's home location and the start-up's internationalization in terms of both the likelihood of and persistence in exporting. Using a unique sample of Swedish start-ups, we find that related industry variety is positively associated with exporting likelihood and persistence, whereas unrelated industry variety is positively associated with exporting likelihood and persistence when the start-ups’ employees possess technological knowledge. We also find that employees’ international experience strengthens the positive relationship between related industry variety and start-ups’ export persistence. We provide auxiliary evidence of the proposed mechanisms through which related and unrelated industry variety affects start-ups’ internationalization—that is, through their effects on start-ups’ ability to launch novel products in foreign markets. The findings of our study provide policymakers preliminary evidence on the value of developing and sustaining local knowledge conditions and promoting labor recruitment policies in the home country to promote start-up internationalization.
49.	Pantic-Dragisic, Svjetlana, 1985-, et al. (author) Swift transition and knowledge cycling: Key capabilities for successful technical and engineering consulting? 2020 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 49:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The organization of innovation labor is undergoing major changes in technology-based and engineering-intensive industries worldwide. Those changes reflect fluctuating market demands and increasing task uncertainty, and they are characterized by three related developments: externalization of the workforce, development of new types of employment relations, and greater use of technical consultants. These trends have led to the technical and engineering consulting (TEC) industry becoming a major player in the organization of innovation labor and thus also in the development and transfer of engineering knowledge. Determining what underlies the growth of this industry and the performance of TEC firms requires a better understanding of their nature and capabilities. Our paper builds on an in-depth case study—spanning multiple organizational levels and incorporating 50 interviews with a leading Scandinavian TEC firm's top managers, middle managers, consultant managers, individual consultants, and clients as well as field observations and diary studies. These data lead us to posit two central capabilities associated with innovation labor in technical and engineering consulting: swift transition and knowledge cycling. The interplay between these capabilities, each of which arises from interactions between the firm level and the individual level, seems crucial for the successful development, organization, and supply of innovation labor and engineering knowledge.
50.	Perkmann, M., et al. (author) Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university-industry relations 2013 In: Research Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 42:2, s. 423-442 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A considerable body of work highlights the relevance of collaborative research, contract research, consulting and informal relationships for university–industry knowledge transfer. We present a systematic review of research on academic scientists’ involvement in these activities to which we refer as ‘academic engagement’. Apart from extracting findings that are generalisable across studies, we ask how academic engagement differs from commercialisation, defined as intellectual property creation and academic entrepreneurship. We identify the individual, organisational and institutional antecedents and consequences of academic engagement, and then compare these findings with the antecedents and consequences of commercialisation. Apart from being more widely practiced, academic engagement is distinct from commercialisation in that it is closely aligned with traditional academic research activities, and pursued by academics to access resources supporting their research agendas. We conclude by identifying future research needs, opportunities for methodological improvement and policy interventions.

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