| 1. |
- Andersson, Camilla, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Inter-annual variations of ozone and nitrogen dioxide over Europe during 1958-2003 simulated with a regional CTM
- 2007
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Netherlands : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932 .- 1567-7230 .- 1573-2940. ; 7, s. 15-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Inter-annual variability of surface ozone(O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) over Europe hasbeen studied over the period 1958-2003 using athree-dimensional Chemistry-Transport Model coupledto meteorological data from the ERA40 data setproduced at the European Centre of Medium-rangeWeather Forecasts (ECMWF). Emissions and boundaryconditions were kept at present levels throughoutthe simulation period. It was found that the annualmean NO2 concentration varies between ±50% andthe summer mean O3 concentration varies between-10 and +20 percent (%) compared to the 46-yearaverage over the model domain. There is alsovariation in ozone and NO2 over longer time scales.The last 22 years display high concentrations ofozone in central and south-western Europe and lowconcentrations in north-eastern Europe. The first22 years display very high concentrations of NO2over the North Sea. There is indication of trends inozone and nitrogen dioxide but this has to beinvestigated further. Such information is one factorthat should be taken into account when consideringfuture control strategies.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Abbas, Mazhar, et al.
(författare)
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Biosorption of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) by untreated and pretreated Cassia fistula biomass from aqueous solutions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2932 .- 0049-6979. ; 191:1-4, s. 139-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study explained the effect of pretreatments on the biosorption of Cr (III) and Cr (VI) by Cassia fistula biomass from aqueous solutions. For this purpose Cassia fistula biomass was pretreated physically by heating, autoclaving, boiling and chemically with sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, commercial laundry detergent, orthophosphoric, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. The adsorption capacity of biomass for Cr (III) and Cr (VI) was found to be significantly improved by the treatments of gluteraldehyde (95.41 and 96.21 mg/g) and benzene (85.71 and 90.81 mg/g) respectively. The adsorption capacity was found to depend on pH, initial metal concentration, dose, size, kinetics, and temperature. Maximum adsorption of both the Cr (III) and Cr (VI) was observed at pH 5 and 2. When Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were tested, the latter had a better fit with the experimental data. The kinetic studies showed that the sorption rates could be described better by a second order expression than by a more commonly applied Lagergren equation.
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| 4. |
- Abdalla, M., et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of CO2 and Attribution Analysis at Six European Peatland Sites Using the ECOSSE Model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2932 .- 0049-6979. ; 225:11, s. 2182-2182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we simulated heterotrophic CO2 (Rh) fluxes at six European peatland sites using the ECOSSE model and compared them to estimates of Rh made from eddy covariance (EC) measurements. The sites are spread over four countries with different climates, vegetation and management. Annual Rh from the different sites ranged from 110 to 540 g C m(-2). The maximum annual Rh occurred when the water table (WT) level was between -10 and -25 cm and the air temperature was above 6.2 degrees C. The model successfully simulated seasonal trends for the majority of the sites. Regression relationships (r(2)) between the EC-derived and simulated Rh ranged from 0.28 to 0.76, and the root mean square error and relative error were small, revealing an acceptable fit. The overall relative deviation value between annual EC-derived and simulated Rh was small (-1 %) and model efficiency ranges across sites from -0.25 to +0.41. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that increasing temperature, decreasing precipitation and lowering WT depth could significantly increase Rh from soils. Thus, management which lowers the WT could significantly increase anthropogenic CO2, so from a carbon emissions perspective, it should be avoided. The results presented here demonstrate a robust basis for further application of the ECOSSE model to assess the impacts of future land management interventions on peatland carbon emissions and to help guide best practice land management decisions.
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| 5. |
- Abed, S. N., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of Storage Time on Characteristics of Synthetic Greywater for Two Different Pollutant Strengths to Be Treated or Recycled
- 2020
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Ingår i: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 231:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Storage of greywater is controversial for environmental and health reasons. Artificial greywater was assessed after 2 and 7 days of storage time. Two different greywater pollutant strengths were statistically compared at each storage time. A negative significant (p < 0.05) correlation was evident with increasing storage time for the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand for more than 2 days. However, the concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen and chemical oxygen demands reduced significantly at 2 days of storage when compared with freshly prepared greywater. Biodegradability (5-day biochemical oxygen demand/chemical oxygen demand ratio) decreased significantly after storage to between 0.14 and 0.39. The nitrification process was improved significantly with increasing storage time concerning low strength greywater with a significant increase in the removal of ammonia-nitrogen and a non-significant decrease in the removal of nitrate-nitrogen. The correlation was significantly positive between ammonia-nitrogen and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand for stored greywater, while it was significantly negative between total suspended solids and both 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen. Significant reductions in colour, total suspended solids and turbidity were correlated positively with storage time. Precipitation of dissolved metals was suspected to occur in storing greywater by binding the inorganic components with the sediment and collide surfaces through adsorption, allowing a significant drop in concentrations of dissolved and undissolved metals with increasing storage time through sedimentation. Synthetic greywater of low mineral pollution had significantly higher removals for almost all concentrations compared with those for high concentrations. More advanced technologies for high trace element removal are required.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Al-Khafaji, Mahmoud, et al.
(författare)
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The Interactive Impact of Land Cover and DEM Resolution on the Accuracy of Computed Streamflow Using the SWAT Model
- 2020
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Germany : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 231:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty daily time step–based SWAT simulation models for the Duhok, Adhaim and Dokan dam watersheds, in Iraq, were implemented using five land cover (LC) and digital elevation model (DEM) of different resolutions. The optimal LC and DEM for computing the most accurate streamflow for each watershed were specified. Results indicated that delineation of the flat watersheds is significantly affected by the DEM resolution and there was no evident trend on the computation of watersheds’ total areas, boundaries, number of subbasins and stream networks. Moreover, there is no significant trend between the increase in LC and DEM resolutions and accuracy of the computed streamflow. The most accurate streamflows for the Duhok, Adhaim and Dokan watersheds were computed using LC (DEM) of 30 m, 1000 m and 1000 m.
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| 8. |
- Alkaradaghi, Karwan, et al.
(författare)
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Geospatial Technique Integrated with MCDM Models for Selecting Potential Sites for Harvesting Rainwater in the Semi-arid Region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Nature. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 233:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Severe droughts and mismanagement of water resources during the last decades have propelled authorities in the Kurdistan Region to be concerned about better management of precipitation which is considered the primary source of recharging surface and groundwater in the area of interest. The drought cycles in the last decades have stimulated water stakeholders to drill more wells and store uncontrolled runoff in suitable structures during rainy times to fulfill the increased water demands. The optimum sites for rainwater harvesting sites in the Qaradaqh basin, which is considered a water-scarce area, were determined using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), sum average weighted method (SAWM), and fuzzy-based index (FBI) techniques. The essential thematic layers within the natural and artificial factors were rated, weighted, and integrated via GIS and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches. As a consequence of the model results, three farm ponds and four small dams were proposed as future prospective sites for implementing rainwater harvesting structures. The current work shows that the unsuitable ratio over the study area in all methods AHP, SAWM, and FBI occupied 12.6%, 12.7%, and 14.2% respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) and receiver operating characteristics were used to validate the model outcomes. The AUC values range from 0.5 to 1, meaning that all MCDM results are good or are correctly selected. Based on the prediction rate curve for the suitability index map, the prediction accuracy was 72%, 57%, and 59% for AHP, SAWM, and fuzzy overlay, respectively. The final map shows that the potential sites for rainwater harvesting or suitable sites are clustered mainly in the northern and around the basin’s boundary, while unsuitable areas cover northeastern and some scatter zones in the middle due to restrictions of geology, distance to stream with the villages, and slope criteria. The total harvested runoff was 377,260 m3 from all the suggested structures. The proposed sites may provide a scientific and reasonable basis for utilizing this natural resource and minimize the impacts of future drought cycles.
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| 9. |
- Amneklev, Jennie, et al.
(författare)
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The Increase in Bismuth Consumption as Reflected in Sewage Sludge
- 2015
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 226:4, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the use of dangerous substances in consumer products increases, these substances may also be found in society’s end products, among them sewage sludge. Measuring concentrations in sewage sludge can be a way to reflect the consumption of a substance. By using substance flow analysis, the inflow, stock and outflow of the specific substance to, e.g. a city region, may be analysed. Bismuth is a heavy metal that is found in increasing levels in sewage sludge in Swedish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and a similar increase cannot be excluded for WWTPs around the world. This study aims to examine possible sources that could explain the amounts measured in one Swedish WWTP. Household products such as cosmetics (24 %) and plastics (14 %) are found to be major sources of Bi measured in sewage sludge. The remaining unidentified amounts in this study (approximately 50 %) are most likely found in effluent waters from industries or sources outside the household. There is, however, no information on measurements of Bi released by industry available and there is no legislation in place that may encourage industry to conduct such measurements.
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| 10. |
- Andersen, Hans Estrup, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying Hot Spots of Agricultural Nitrogen Loss Within the Baltic Sea Drainage Basin
- 2016
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 227:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Agricultural management practices are among the major drivers of agricultural nitrogen (N) loss. Legislation and management incentives for measures to mitigate N loss should eventually be carried out at the individual farm level. Consequently, an appropriate scale to simulate N loss from a scientific perspective should be at the farm scale. A data set of more than 4000 agricultural fields with combinations of climate, soils and agricultural management which overall describes the variations found in the Baltic Sea drainage basin was constructed. The soil-vegetation-atmosphere model Daisy (Hansen et al. 2012) was used to simulate N loss from the root zone of all agricultural fields in the data set. From the data set of Daisy simulations, we identified the most important drivers for N loss by multiple regression statistics and developed a statistical N loss model. By applying this model to a basin-wide data set on climate, soils and agricultural management at a 10 x 10 km scale, we were able to calculate root-zone N losses from the entire Baltic Sea drainage basin and identify N loss hot spots in a consistent way and at a level of detail not hitherto seen for this area. Further, the root-zone N loss model was coupled to estimates of nitrogen retention in catchments separated into retention in groundwater and retention in surface waters allowing calculation of the coastal N loading.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations of ozone formation from different emission sources in Sweden
- 1995
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 85:4, s. 2045-2050
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An emission inventory concerning volatile organic compounds (VOC) and their emission profile linked to their sources in Sweden has been undertaken. The inventory has been used in model simulations to predict the ozone formation from different emission source categories in Sweden. The studies have been carried out using the IVL photochemical trajectory model for two types of air masses which describes clean and polluted air. In Sweden mobile sources contribute to 45 % by mass of the total national VOC emissions, 58 % of the NOx emissions and to at least 43 % of the ozone formation from national sources. In general, the ozone formation in Sweden is more dependent and sensitive to emissions of NOx rather than VOC
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| 13. |
- Angeler, David
(författare)
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Complex ecological responses to drought and fire-retardant contamination impacts in ephemeral waters
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The frequency and duration of droughts are predicted to increase with global warming, increasing the risk of vvildland fires. This motivates research into how drought interacts with management practices to control fires, especially in non-target ecosystems. Fire-retardant chemicals help prevent or control fires, but adversely affect the natural (pristine) ecological status in aquatic ecosystems. Using a multiple before-after control-impact design, and univariate and multivariate statistics, this study assesses population- and community-level responses of zooplankton to the single and compounded effects of drought and contamination in experimental field mesocosms. The contamination treatment simulated real scenarios of dosage-dependent fire-retardant pollution. Drought and contamination interacted in ways that caused complex synergistic or antagonistic responses in zooplankton. Response patterns differed between population-level and community-level assessments. Also, zooplankton population responses to drought and contamination impacts were context specific. This study provides an example of a management dilemma for areas affected by droughts. Not only will drought increase the risk of wildland fires but also complicate the prediction of ecological impact in aquatic environments when using retardant chemicals as a fire control and mitigation option. Management trade-offs are needed to minimize the uncertainties related to ecological damage from wildland fires and protect valuable but scarce water resources.
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| 14. |
- Aronsson, K. Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Effects on Motile Factors and Cell Growth of Euglena gracilis After Exposure to Wood Ash Solution : Assessment of Toxicity, Nutrient Availability and pH-Dependency
- 2005
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 162:1-4, s. 353-368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wood ash application (WAA) to the forest has been suggested as a resource of nutrients for trees and for restoration of acidified soils and surface waters. However, studies of the effects of WAA on aquatic systems are few. This study investigated the effects of wood ash (1-25 g L-1) on the unicellular flagellate Euglena gracilis, which has been proved to be a sensitive test organism for assessing environmental change. Long-term (7 days) growth studies and short-term (direct, 24 and 48 h) studies of different motile factors, using the automatic biological test system Ecotox, were conducted. The results show no indication of biotoxic effects due to wood ash (adjusted to neutral) treatments. However, when no adjustments of pH in wood ash solutions were made, inhibitory effects on motile factors and cell growth were observed at higher concentrations of wood ash (10-25 g L-1) due to high pH (> 8). In tests with pH adjusted to neutral, enhanced motility was observed. These results indicate that high concentration of WAA could affect freshwater environments.
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| 15. |
- Arwidsson, Zandra, et al.
(författare)
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Remediation of Metal-Contaminated Soil by Organic Metabolites from Fungi II-Metal Redistribution
- 2010
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 207:1-4, s. 5-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exudation of low molecular weight organic acids by fungi was studied in a project focusing on bioremediation of metal-contaminated soils. The production of acids (mainly oxalic and citric acid) as a response to nutrient variations and presence of metals has recently been reported (Arwidsson et al. 2009). A significant release of metals was observed and was related not only to the production of organic acids but also to the resulting pH decrease in the systems. The processes governing the release and redistribution of metals in the soil-water fungus system were the focus of the present continuation of the project, based on observations of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium bilaiae, and a Penicillium sp. The release of lead was 12% from the soil with the second highest initial load (1,600 mg kg(-1)), while the release of copper was 90% from the same soil (140 mg kg(-1)). The dominating mechanism behind the release and subsequent redistribution was the change in pH, going from near neutral to values in the range 2.1-5.9, reflecting the production of organic acids. For some of the systems, the formation of soluble complexes is indicated (copper, at intermediate pH) which favors the metal release. Iron is assumed to play a key role since the amount of secondary iron in the soils is higher than the total load of secondary heavy metals. It can be assumed that most of the heavy metals are initially associated with iron-rich phases through adsorption or coprecipitation. These phases can be dissolved, or associated metals can be desorbed, by a decrease in pH. It would be feasible to further develop a process in technical scale for remediation of metal-contaminated soil, based on microbial metabolite production leading to formation of soluble metal complexes, notably with copper.
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| 16. |
- Arwidsson, Zandra, et al.
(författare)
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Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil by Organic Metabolites from Fungi I—Production of Organic Acids
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Berlin, Germany : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 205:1-4, s. 215-226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Investigations were made on living strains offungi in a bioremediation process of three metal (lead)contaminated soils. Three saprotrophic fungi (Aspergillusniger, Penicillium bilaiae, and a Penicillium sp.) wereexposed to poor and rich nutrient conditions (no carbonavailability or 0.11 M D-glucose, respectively) andmetal stress (25 μM lead or contaminated soils) for5 days. Exudation of low molecular weight organicacids was investigated as a response to the metal andnutrient conditions. Main organic acids identified wereoxalic acid (A. niger) and citric acid (P. bilaiae).Exudation rates of oxalate decreased in response tolead exposure, while exudation rates of citrate were lessaffected. Total production under poor nutrient conditionswas low, except for A. niger, for which nosignificant difference was found between the poor andrich control. Maximum exudation rates were 20 μmoloxalic acid g^−1 biomass h^−1 (A. niger) and 20 μmolcitric acid g^−1 biomass h^−1 (P. bilaiae), in the presenceof the contaminated soil, but only 5 μmol organic acidsg^−1 biomass h^−1, in total, for the Penicillium sp. Therewas a significant mobilization of metals from the soilsin the carbon rich treatments and maximum release ofPb was 12% from the soils after 5 days. This was notsufficient to bring down the remaining concentration tothe target level 300 mg kg^−1 from initial levels of 3,800,1,600, and 370 mg kg^−1in the three soils. Target levelsfor Ni, Zn, and Cu, were 120, 500, and 200 mg kg^−1,respectively, and were prior to the bioremediationalready below these concentrations (except for Cu Soil1). However, maximum release of Ni, Zn, and Cu was28%, 35%, and 90%, respectively. The release of metalswas related to the production of chelating acids, but alsoto the pH-decrease. This illustrates the potential to usefungi exudates in bioremediation of contaminated soil.Nonetheless, the extent of the generation of organicacids is depending on several processes and mechanismsthat need to be further investigated.
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| 17. |
- Augulyte, Lijana, et al.
(författare)
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Chemical and Ecotoxicological Assessment of Selected Biologically Activated Sorbents for Treating Wastewater Polluted with Petroleum Products with Special Emphasis on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- 2008
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 195:1-4, s. 243-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A chemical and ecotoxicological assessment of treatment of wastewater that had been polluted with petroleum products using only Activated Sludge (AS) and four biologically activated sorbents (BASs), consisting of activated sludge plus: coal-based activated carbon (-C1), coconut shell-based activated carbon (-C2), zeolite (-Z), and anthracite (-A) were conducted. The efficiency and robustness of the four wastewater treatment systems were evaluated by calculating the reduced total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contents and the acute ecotoxicity of the effluents. The chemical analysis showed that the combined treatment systems were very effective for reducing the total petroleum hydrocarbon and readily bioavailable PAH contents. The most efficient systems were the BAS-C1 and -C2, which removed 60–88% and 99.5–99.6% of TPH and PAH, respectively. The activated sludge-only treatment was the least effective for purifying the wastewater. Chemical oxygen demand was reduced by >90% by all carbon-based BASs (BAS-C1, BAS-C2 and BAS-A). Shifts in the relative composition of the individual PAHs were identified in samples taken before and after treatment. Algal and bacterial bioassays showed that the toxicities of effluents following treatment by all four systems (except AS for algae) were reduced by more than 80% and 90%, respectively. However, crustacean tests indicated that the carbon-based BASs reduced the toxicity [V tox(50)] only by 19–67%. Our results indicated that the combination of sorption and biodegradation processes have great potential in the treatment of petroleum products polluted wastewater and is less sensitive for inhibitors of the biological process than treatments in which activated sludge alone is used. The assessment of chemical and ecotoxicological endpoints provided valuable information, but contrasting results for one of the assays indicates that further analysis on the capacity of the different treatment systems is warranted.
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| 18. |
- Banerjee, Sanjana, et al.
(författare)
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Invasive or Biomonitoring Species? Use of Pomacea maculata Operculum as a Tool to Determine Metal Pollutants : a Micro-PIXE Investigation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Nature. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 234:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pomacea maculata is a widely distributed agricultural and environmental pest in Asia. It is also causing ecological damage and threatening human health in the Southeastern United States. However, its limited mobility and fast consumption of aquatic vegetation may make it an excellent biomonitor to evaluate the pollution status of freshwater coastal ecosystems. This work investigated the capability of the operculum of this snail to accumulate toxic metals in a laboratory environment. We measured the elemental composition of the nucleus and edge regions on the varnish layer of the operculum by employing a MeV ion microprobe instrument. Iron, copper, and zinc were present in the operculum at trace levels. Copper was present at elevated levels in the operculum of snails exposed to copper for 2 weeks. Additionally, heterogeneity in the distribution of major and trace elements within the gastropod's operculum was revealed by 2D elemental images obtained using microparticle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry. On average, the nucleus of the operculum showed a higher accumulation of copper than did the edge. These results demonstrate that micro-PIXE can be used to look at the within-tissue distribution of toxic metals in hard tissues like a snail's operculum. We propose that the operculum metal concentrations can be used as a bioindicator capable of providing information on the ecosystem's health and potentially reveal temporal changes in this health.
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| 19. |
- Bellas, Juan, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring of organic compounds and trace metals during a dredging episode in the Gota Alv Estuary (SW Sweden) using caged mussels
- 2007
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Ingår i: Water Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 181:1-4, s. 265-279
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of selected trace metals, organotins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in caged blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) during dredging operations in the Gota Alv Estuary (SW Sweden). Maximum values of pollutants in mussel tissues were found after the dredging started. Our results showed that the dredging caused mobilization of organotins from the sediments to the water column during the experimental period. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis were applied to compare and establish relationships between levels of pollutants in mussels and sampling sites during the experimental period. In order to evaluate the biological effects of contaminants, genotoxic damage was measured using the Comet assay, and its potential application for environmental monitoring is discussed.
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| 20. |
- Belyazid, Salim, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the Effects of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Soil Properties and Plant Diversity in Northeastern US Hardwood Forests : Model Setup and Evaluation
- 2019
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 230:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The integrated forest ecosystem model ForSAFE-Veg was used to simulate soil processes and understory vegetation composition at threesugar maple, beech, yellow birchhardwood forest sites in the Northeastern United States (one at Hubbard Brook, NH, and two at Bear Brook, ME). Input data were pooled from a variety of sources and proved coherent and consistent. While the biogeochemical component ForSAFE was used with limited calibration, the ground vegetation composition module Veg was calibrated to field releves. Evaluating different simulated ecosystem indicators (soil solution chemistry, tree biomass, ground vegetation composition) showed that the model performed comparably well regardless of the site's soil condition, climate, and amounts of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) deposition, with the exception of failing to capture tree biomass decline at Hubbard Brook. The model performed better when compared with annual observation than monthly data. The results support the assumption that the biogeochemical model ForSAFE can be used with limited calibration and provide reasonable confidence, while the vegetation community composition module Veg requires calibration if the individual plant species are of interest. The study welcomes recent advances in empirically explaining the responses of hardwood forests to nutrient imbalances and points to the need for more research.
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| 21. |
- Belyazid, Salim, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Ground Vegetation Change for Different Deposition Scenarios and Methods for Estimating Critical Loads for Biodiversity Using the ForSAFE-VEG Model in Switzerland and Sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2932 .- 0049-6979. ; 216:1-4, s. 289-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ForSAFE-VEG model was used to investigate the impacts of climate change and air pollution scenarios on soil chemistry and ground vegetations composition. In particular, the model involves a ground vegetation model incorporating plant changes to ambient site conditions in terms of climate and chemistry, but the model also incorporate competition between the different plant groups. The model was validated against observed values and reproduced observations of tree growth, soil chemistry, and ground vegetation compositions to satisfaction. The results show that the ground vegetation reacts strongly to changes in air pollution, in particular nitrogen as well as to climate change with major shifts in plant composition. A procedure for estimating critical loads for nitrogen, using ground vegetation biodiversity as criterion, was tested and the method seems operable. It suggests that if we want to protect the present biodiversity of the ground vegetation, this will face significant difficulties because of permanent climate change that induced changes in the ecosystem. We conclude that the reference state for ground vegetation biodiversity is rather to be sought for in the future, hopefully using models, than in the past or present.
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Bergbäck, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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A reconstruction of emission, flow and accumulation of chromium in Sweden 1920-1980
- 1989
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 48, s. 391-407
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A reconstruction of Cr emissions in Sweden is presented. Estimations of total flows for 1920in 1980 were based on trade statistics, production of goods and life-length of products in society. Asimple model was used to calculate amounts of Cr accumulated in soil and sediment at different times.The importance of production emissions from tanneries and ferrochrome and steel plants is obvious,but, in the future, diffuse emissions of the same magnitude may occur from Cr products within urbanareas.
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| 24. |
- Blecken, Godecke-Tobias, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory study of stormwater biofiltration in low temperatures : total and dissolved metal removal and fates
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 219:1-4, s. 303-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stormwater biofilters, which are recommended for application in both Water-Sensitive Urban Design and Low Impact Development, can remove up to 80% or 90% of total metals found in stormwater. However, their winter operation is a common concern. That was addressed in this study by investigating the metal removal effectiveness of replicate laboratory biofilter mesocosms at 2°C, 8°C and 20°C. As recommended for cold climate bioretention, coarse filter media were implemented and in the top 100 mm layer topsoil was added to increase the sorption capacity. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations measured in the biofilter effluent were far below those in the influent and this significantly improved the treated stormwater quality. Contrary to a common notion that coarse media in the main filter body impair dissolved metal sorption, satisfactory removals of dissolved metals were found in this study with most metal burdens retained in the top layer of the filter in which the sorption capacity was enhanced by topsoil. Some metal uptake by the plants was also detected. Temperature did not affect Cd, Pb and Zn removals in general, but Cu removals increased with decreasing temperatures. This was explained by increased biological activities in the filters at warmer temperatures, which may have led to an increased release of Cu with dissolved organic matter originating from root turnover and decomposition of organic litter and debris. Furthermore, plant uptake and biofilm adsorption may also be influenced by temperature. However, even in the worst case (i.e. at 20°C), Cu was removed effectively from the stormwater. Further research needs were identified including the effects of road salts on stormwater biofiltration during the winter period.
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| 25. |
- Boynukisa, Emre, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in Metal Accumulation from Stormwater by Three Plant Species Growing in Floating Treatment Wetlands in a Cold Climate
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 234:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stormwater is a source of pollutants in urban areas and should be treated to prevent negative environmental effects. A newer technique uses floating rafts with plants, called floating treatment wetlands (FTWs), which are placed in the polluted water. Few earlier studies have examined heavy metal removal by FTWs, and none has examined stormwater in cold climates. This study therefore aimed to determine whether plants growing in FTWs could accumulate heavy metals from stormwater ponds in a cold climate. This study examined the abilities of three native wetland species (i.e., Carex riparia, C. pseudocyperus, and Phalaris arundinacea) to accumulate Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The plants were planted on FTWs, which were placed in two stormwater ponds in Stockholm, Sweden, for 12 weeks. Phalaris arundinacea accumulated more Cd, Cu, and Zn than did the Carex species, and C. pseudocyperus accumulated less Pb than did the other species during the experimental period. In most cases, the roots had higher metal concentrations than did the shoots. Carex pseudocyperus had smaller differences between shoot and root metal contents, whereas P. arundinacea had higher Cd and Cu contents and lower Zn contents in its roots than in its shoots. The metal content in the plants increased with higher biomass. The plants that grew in the stormwater pond with a higher Zn concentration had a higher Zn tissue concentration and total Zn content per plant after treatment. This study shows that wetland plants growing on FTWs can accumulate metals from stormwater ponds in a cold climate. Phalaris arundinacea appears to be a good candidate for metal removal use in FTWs. Furthermore, high plant biomass positively affects the metal uptake, meaning that good growing conditions could be essential for metal removal.
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| 26. |
- Bringmark, Lage, et al.
(författare)
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Trace metal budgets for forested catchments in Europe – Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn
- 2013
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Ingår i: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 224
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Input/output budgets for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the years 1997 monitored and determined for 14 small forest-covered catchments across Europe as part of the Integrated Monitoring program on the effects of long-range pollutants on ecosystems. Metal inputs were considered to derive from bulk deposition, throughfall and litterfall. Outputs were estimated from run-off values. Litterfall plus throughfall was taken as a measure of the total deposition of Pb and Hg (wet+dry) on the basis of evidence suggesting that, for these metals, internal circulation is negligible. The same is not true for Cd. Excluding a few sites with high discharge, between 74 and 94 % of the input Pb was retained within the catchments; significant Cd retention was also observed. High losses of Pb (>1.4 mgm (>0.15 mgm Central European sites with high water discharge. All other sites had outputs below or equal to 0.36 and 0.06 mgm Almost complete retention of Hg, 86 was reported in the Swedish sites. These high levels of metal retention were maintained even in the face of recent dramatic reductions in pollutant loads.–2011 were−2year−1) and Cd−2year−1) were observed in two mountainous−2year−1, respectively, for the two metals.–99 % of input,
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| 27. |
- Bäckström, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Element (Ag, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn), element ratio and lead isotope profiles in a sediment affected by a mining operation episode during the late 19th century
- 2006
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 177:1-4, s. 285-311
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mining operations at Maarsaetter in 1877-81 resulted in increased metal loading to a small lake, notably as sulphidic tailings. The event is taken as an opportunity to study the present environmental impact of a historical single major metal release. Lake water and four sediment cores were sampled and analysed for principal and trace elements in solid and aqueous phases as well as general hydrochemical conditions. Chronologies were determined from super(206)Pb/ super(207)Pb ratios and historical records.Ordinary sedimentation after the event has lead to that the tailings are found as a distinct layer at a depth of 18-22 cm in the sediment. The layer is characterized by elevated metal concentrations in the solid and pore water phases, respectively, circum neutral pH and sulphate concentrations below detection. Geochemical modelling indicated a preference for carbonate equilibrium in the waste while sulphides prevailed above it. It is concluded that the growth of the ordinary sediment on top of the waste has lead to a physicochemical barrier that seals of the waste from the overlying sediment. Chemical or physical rupture of the barrier will release the metals to downstream regions.According to the chronologies at least three sources have contributed to the present elevated levels of metals, in additions to the release of tailings. Copper from a historical blast furnace prior to the event at Maarsaetter, transport from mineralized parts of the watershed and release of contaminated water from present mining operations maintain elevated levels of notably zinc, silver, cadmium and lead. At present less than 10% of the lead content at the sediment/water interface comes from atmospheric deposition. Increased levels of antimony and thallium were not observed prior to ca 1950.
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| 28. |
- Bäckström, Mattias, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Mixing of acid rock drainage with alkaline ash leachates : fate and immobilisation of trace elements
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 222:1-4, s. 377-389
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acid rock drainage (ARD) from mine waste dumps often contains ferrous iron, sulphate and high concentrations of trace elements detrimental to the environment. Future costs will be enormous if the problem is not treated today. Simple, low maintenance, cost-effective methods for remediation of historical mine sites are therefore desired. In this study several mine waters were mixed with an alkaline ash leachtes in order to study the fate of the trace elements from both the mine waters (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni and Co) and the ash leachates (Cr and Mo). It was found that the addition of ash water will precipitate hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) and hydrous aluminium oxides (HAO) and thereby inducing trace element sorption and co precipitation. It is also clear that the composition of the formed HFO/HAO mix determines the efficiency of the sorption for different trace elements. It is apparent that the amount of precipitating iron will determine the effectiveness of the removal of the trace elements. Sorption occurred much earlier (often one pH unit or more) in the system with high iron concentrations compared to the systems with lower iron concentrations. Removal of cadmium and zinc is difficult below pH 8 if the amount of precipitates is low. Using ash for generation of alkaline water may be a problem with regards to chromium and molybdenum. It is, however, possible to avoid problems with molybdenum by keeping the final pH around 7 and chromium(VI) from the ash water will be reduced into chromium(III) and precipitated as the hydroxide in the presence of iron(II) from the mine waters.The results imply that it is possible to also use fly ashes in alkaline leach beds in order to neutralize ARD followed by precipitation and sorption of trace elements.
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| 29. |
- Bäckström, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Speciation of heavy metals in road runoff and roadside total deposition
- 2003
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 147:1-4, s. 343-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, W and Zn were measured in road runoff and total deposition at two Swedish field sites during one year. It was found that the concentrations of most elements increased significantly during the winter, up to one order of magnitude. For cobalt and tungsten, it was found that around 90% of the total mass transport occurred during the winter, whereas for Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn and Na, the corresponding figures were 70–90, 40–80, 60–90, 50–70 and >99% depending on site specific conditions. The deicing salts (rock salts) did not significantly contribute to the increase in trace element concentrations. Instead, the increased concentrations were due to more intense wearing of the pavement during the winter because of the use of studded tires in combination with the chemical effects caused by the use of deicing salts. New potential elemental markers for roads and traffic are suggested.
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| 30. |
- Cederlund, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Adsorption of Pesticides with Different Chemical Properties to a Wood Biochar Treated with Heat and Iron
- 2016
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Ingår i: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 227
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biochars are known to affect the environmental fate of pesticides when used as soil amendments and have been suggested to be useful as cheap adsorbents of organic contaminants. We studied the ability of a wood based biochar produced by slow pyrolysis from a mixture of about 80 % hardwood (Belida sp.) and 20 % softwood (Picea abies) to adsorb pesticides in order to assess its potential use as a filter material to prevent point source pollution in agriculture. The pesticides bentazone, chlorpyrifos, diuron, glyphosate and (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA) were used as model compounds. Their adsorption and desorption to the biochar were tested before and after it had been subjected to treatments with heat and/or iron intended to enhance its adsorptive properties. The adsorption affinity of the native biochar, as indicated by the Freundlich K-F value, varied greatly and decreased in the order diuron > chlorpyrifos > MCPA > bentazone > glyphosate. Activation with heat (t=450 degrees C) increased the specific surface area and the wettability of the biochar, measured by a water drop penetration time assay, and increased the adsorption of bentazone and MCPA. Treatment with iron salts, which partially coated the biochar with an iron oxide identified as magnetite, decreased the specific surface area but increased the adsorption of glyphosate. Mixing biochar fractions subjected to different treatments was a successful approach for optimising the adsorption of all model compounds and could be a viable path for creating a versatile yet comparably cheap filter material.
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| 31. |
- Cederlund, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Biochar Amendment and Ageing on Adsorption and Degradation of Two Herbicides
- 2017
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Ingår i: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biochar amendment can alter soil properties, for instance, the ability to adsorb and degrade different chemicals. However, ageing of the biochar, due to processes occurring in the soil over time, can influence such biochar-mediated effects. This study examined how biochar affected adsorption and degradation of two herbicides, glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine) and diuron (3-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) in soil and how these effects were modulated by ageing of the biochar. One sandy and one clayey soil that had been freshly amended with a wood-based biochar (0, 1, 10, 20 and 30% w/w) were studied. An ageing experiment, in which the soil-biochar mixtures were aged for 3.5 months in the laboratory, was also performed. Adsorption and degradation were studied in these soil and soil-biochar mixtures, and compared to results from a soil historically enriched with charcoal. Biochar amendment increased the pH in both soils and increased the water- holding capacity of the sandy soil. Adsorption of diuron was enhanced by biochar amendment in both soils, while glyphosate adsorption was decreased in the sandy soil. Ageing of soil-biochar mixtures decreased adsorption of both herbicides in comparison with freshly biochar-amended soil. Herbicide degradation rates were not consistently affected by biochar amendment or ageing in any of the soils. However, glyphosate half-lives correlated with the Freundlich Kf values in the clayey soil, indicating that degradation was limited by availability there.
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| 32. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Classification Maps for TDS Concentrations in the GIS Along Euphrates River, Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 232:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iraq currently undergoing the problem of water shortage, although Iraq has two Rivers (Euphrates and Tigris) pass throughout most of its areas, and they have represented a major source of water supply. In the current research, to evaluate the quality of the Euphrates river in Iraq based on the values of total dissolved salts (TDS), the TDS concentrations were collected from sixteen sections along the river in the three succeeding years (2011, 2012, and 2013). The evaluation of the river was done depending on the classification of (W.H.O. (World Health Organization). (2003). Total Dissolved Salts in Drinking-water: Background document for development of W.H.O. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland). of rivers for drinking uses. Inverse Distance Weighting Technique (IDWT) as a tool in the GIS was employed to establish the maps of the river that using interpolation/prediction for the TDS concentrations to each selected year and the average values of TDS for these 3 years. Based on the five categories of rivers’ classification of the TDS concentrations according to the (W.H.O. (World Health Organization). (2003). Total Dissolved Salts in Drinking-water: Background document for development of W.H.O. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland), the Euphrates river was classified, and the maps of classification for the years 2011, 2012 and 2013 and the average values for 3 years were created. The average values for 3 years of TDS along the Euphrates river indicated that the sections from SC-1 to SC-4 as moderate-water-quality-Category-3, the sections from SC-5 to SC-10 as poor-water-quality-Category-4, while the sections between SC-11 to SC-16 as very poor-water-quality-Category-5. The interpolation maps showed that the Euphrates river in Iraq was ranged from moderate water quality (Category-3) to very poor water quality (Category-5).
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| 33. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Creating the Distribution Map of Groundwater for Drinking Uses Using Physio-Chemical Variables; Case Study: Al-Hilla City, Iraq
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 233:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Surface water and groundwater are significant for population and other activities due to the decreasing surface water flow toward Iraq. Therefore, there is a need to analyze groundwater’s quality and classification and its applicability as an alternative in various human activities in the study area. This study utilized the groundwater quality index model for drinking uses (GW.Q.I.) and entered the resulting values in the GIS environment. This model was applied to 56 wells in Al-Hillah city by measuring twelve variables in each well. The measured variables were calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), sulfate (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO3), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO3), and electric conductivity (EC). The prediction map of GW.Q.I. was produced in the GIS. Then, the distributing map was divided into six categories based on the suitability of groundwater for drinking uses. The areas’ values of six categories with their ratings were about 5 km2 (excellent), 122 km2 (good), 610 km2 (poor), 63 km2 (very poor), 36 km2 (contaminated), and 24 km2 (very contaminated). For the entire study area, the average value of the GW.Q.I. was 177, classified as poor for drinking uses.
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| 34. |
- Chapman, E. E. V., et al.
(författare)
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Bioavailability as a Factor in Risk Assessment of Metal-Contaminated Soil
- 2012
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Ingår i: Water Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 223:6, s. 2907-2922
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To accurately assess the risks of metal contaminants in soil, the bioavailability of the metals need to be considered. The bioavailable concentrations determined from homogenized, dried soils are not necessarily representative of in situ conditions of undisturbed field soils. In this study, we investigated the accumulation of metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in undisturbed contaminated (Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd) soil cores, in relation to total soil, leachate, and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT)-labile metal concentrations. Despite the fact that many of the samples contained metal concentrations above guideline values, no significant effects were observed on wheat growth. The bioavailability of metals in the most contaminated samples was estimated to be medium to low, possibly explaining why few effects were observed in the bioassay. For Cu, Zn, and especially for Pb, leachate and DGT-labile concentrations were better predictors of uptake by wheat than total concentrations based on correlations. It is suggested that DGT and leachate concentrations in combination with bioassays in undisturbed soil cores can be used to account for metal bioavailability in soil. These tests could be used during the ecological risk screening stage, in conjunction with total concentrations and guideline values to better estimate receptor exposure.
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| 35. |
- Choudhury, Maidul I., et al.
(författare)
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Application of Floating Beds Constructed with Woodchips for Nitrate Removal and Plant Growth in Wetlands
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 235:8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constructed wetlands and constructed floating wetlands are widely used for nitrogen (N) removal from surface water to combat eutrophication in freshwaters. Two main N removal pathways in freshwaters are plant biomass N uptake and denitrification, i.e. transformation of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrous oxide (N2O) or nitrogen gas (N2) by different microbes possessing nirK, nirS, nosZI, and nosZII genes. In this study, we tested woodchips-based floating beds (WFBs) as a nature-based and environment-friendly method to remove nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) from water. Moreover, we tested whether WFBs could support the growth of three selected plant species and the abundance of microbes on plant roots and woodchips as a proxy for WFBs' denitrification potential. We conducted a greenhouse experiment for 90 days and measured NO3-N removal rates from water in WFBs mesocosms during five sampling occasions. Plant biomass production, biomass N uptake, and plant morphology related to N uptake and abundance of denitrifying organisms were measured at the end of the experiment. NO3-N removal rates were 29.17 +/- 11.07, 28.18 +/- 12.62, 25.28 +/- 9.90, and 22.16 +/- 7.79 mg L-1 d-1 m-2 (mean +/- standard deviation) in Glyceria maxima, Juncus effusus, Filipendula ulmaria, and unplanted WFBs treatments, respectively for whole experimental period. N content in above- and belowground biomass of studied species ranged between 0.98 - 1.15 and 1.09 - 1.28 (% dry weight), respectively. Plant relative biomass production was 215 +/- 61, 67 +/- 18, and 7 +/- 17 (% dry weight) for G. maxima, J. effusus and F. ulmaria, respectively. Denitrifiers were detected both on plant roots and woodchips, indicating WFBs' denitrification potential. Our study highlights that WFBs could be applied to enhance NO3-N removal from surface water through plant biomass uptake and denitrification processes. Future studies should consider the long-term in situ application of WFBs for NO3-N removal from water.
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| 36. |
- Crawford, J., et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of the redox buffer depletion rate in landfills of combustion residue waste materials
- 2001
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 128:04-mar, s. 223-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simulations have been made of the redox buffer depletion rate in landfills of combustion residue wastes. The model is based upon a one-dimensional mass balance where oxygen transport results from a combination of advective and diffusive processes. A simple, generalised representation of redox buffering properties is used where dissolved oxygen reacts in accordance with a first order rate law. Using certain simplifying assumptions, it is possible to obtain an analytical solution for the time required for complete depletion of the redox buffering capacity of landfilled solid wastes. The results indicate the overwhelming importance that the effective diffusivity of oxygen in the landfill has upon the rate of redox buffer depletion. The results also show under which conditions transport effects may be expected to dominate the leaching processes and determine an upper limit for the depletion rate.
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| 37. |
- Daga-Quisbert, Jeanett, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing water quality of a hypereutrophic alkaline urban lake and its coagulation-treated water using metagenomic analysis
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Nature. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 235:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study on Lake Alalay, an urban alkaline lake facing increasing pollution, focused on the impact of coagulation treatment on its water quality and microbiome. The findings revealed higher nutrient concentrations, specifically phosphate and ammonium, compared to the 2019 benchmark. The lake was found to be dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Cyanobacteria, with Desulfobacterota thriving in areas with low dissolved oxygen. Arthrospira and Roseobacter, halo-alkali-tolerant photosynthetic bacterial genera, were detected at all sampling points. Local phosphate and oxygen concentration variations led to distinct microbial communities on the lake's surface. Despite these differences, long-term ex-situ studies on water treatment with iron chloride and poly-aluminum chloride reduced the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria, promoting the presence of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota. However, the coagulants required higher quantities than those typically used in small shallow lakes to precipitate phosphate and improve water quality effectively. Furthermore, the large-scale assay of lake water treatment with coagulants failed to eliminate Vibrio and Acinetobacter multidrug-resistant bacteria. In conclusion, the study underscores the need to prevent the inflow of polluted water into Lake Alalay and implement effective measures to deal with the existing chemical and biological contamination.
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| 38. |
- Dalahmeh, Sahar, et al.
(författare)
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Efficiency of Bark, Activated Charcoal, Foam and Sand Filters in Reducing Pollutants from Greywater
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 223:7, s. 3657-3671
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Greywater is a potential resource of water that can be improved to meet the quality needed for irrigation. This study evaluated the performance of bark, activated charcoal, polyurethane foam and sand filters in removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), surfactants, phosphorus, nitrogen and microbial indicators from greywater during start-up and steady state. In column experiments, 0.6 m high filters (diameter 20 cm) were fed for 113 days with artificial greywater at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.032 m(3) m(-2) day(-1) and an organic loading rate of 0.014 kg BOD5 m(-2) day(-1). Bark and activated charcoal efficiently reduced the concentrations of organics (BOD5), surfactants (methylene blue active substances-MBAS), total phosphorus (Tot-P) and total thermotolerant coliform numbers, while sand and foam were less efficient. Bark, activated charcoal, foam and sand reduced influent BOD5 by 98, 97, 37 and 75 %; MBAS by > 99, > 99, 73 and 96 %; Tot-P by 97, 91, 36 and 78 %; and total nitrogen by 19, 98, 13 and 5 %, respectively. BOD5 and MBAS were efficiently reduced directly from start-up by bark and activated charcoal, while foam needed 30 days to achieve about 50 % reduction in BOD5. Bark was the most efficient filter in reducing thermotolerant faecal coliforms (2.4 log(10)), while foam achieved the lowest reduction (0.5 log(10)). Overall, bark and activated charcoal filters appeared to be the most suitable filters for improving greywater quality to reach irrigation quality in terms of organic matter reduction. Performance of these filters under higher and fluctuating loadings and the long-term sustainability of the filter materials need further investigation.
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| 39. |
- Danilov, Roman, et al.
(författare)
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Responses of photosynthetic efficiency, cell shape and motility in Euglena gracilis (Euglenophyceae) to short-term exposure to heavy metals and pentachlorophenol
- 2001
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 132:1-2, s. 61-73
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Euglena gracilis was exposed for 24 hr to concentrations of copper, nickel, lead and zinc ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mg L-1 and to pentachlorophenol ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 mg L-1. Photosynthetic efficiency (PE) was inhibited by increasing concentrations of the heavy metals. Nickel was found to be the least toxic of the metals to E. gracilis, while the other three metals exhibited similar levels of toxicity. Treatment with pentachlorophenol caused unusual responses of the photosynthetic apparatus probably due to the especially high toxicity of this substance. Both cell shape and motility turned out to be insensitive physiological parameters for the toxicity testing of the substances studied.
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| 40. |
- Danish, M., et al.
(författare)
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The Effect of Chelating Agents on Enhancement of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Trichloroethylene Degradation by Z-nZVI-Catalyzed Percarbonate Process
- 2016
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 227:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study primarily focused on the performance of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) and trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation involving redox reactions in zeolite-supported nanozerovalent iron composite (Z-nZVI)-catalyzed sodium percarbonate (SPC) system in aqueous solution with five different chelating agents (CAs) including oxalic acid (OA), citric acid monohydrate (CAM), glutamic acid (GA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and L-ascorbic acid (ASC). The experimental results showed that the addition of OA achieved almost 100 % degradation of 1,1,1-TCA and TCE. The addition of CAM and GA also significantly increased the contaminant degradation, while excessive addition of them inhibited the degradation. In contrast, EDTA and ASC showed negative impacts on 1,1,1-TCA and TCE degradation, which might be due to the strong reactivity with iron and OH● scavenging characteristics. The efficiency with CA addition on 1,1,1-TCA and TCE degradation decreased in the order of OA > CAM > GA > no CAs > EDTA > ASC. The extensive investigations using probe compound tests and scavenger tests revealed that both contaminants degraded primarily by OH● and O2 –● in chelated Z-nZVI-catalyzed SPC system. The significant improvement in 1,1,1-TCA and TCE degradation efficiency was accredited due to the (i) increase in concentration of Fe2+ and (ii) continuous generation of OH● radicals and maintenance of its quantity, ensuring more stability in the aqueous solution. Finally, the complete mineralization of 1,1,1-TCA and TCE in the OA-chelated, Z-nZVI-catalyzed SPC system was confirmed without any chlorinated intermediate by-products detected, demonstrating a great potential of this technique in the application of groundwater remediation.
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| 41. |
- Dibs, Hayder, et al.
(författare)
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An Optimal Approach for Land-Use / Land-Cover Mapping by Integration and Fusion of Multispectral Landsat OLI Images : Case Study in Baghdad, Iraq
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Germany : Springer. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 231:9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using solely an optical remotely sensed dataset to obtain an accurate thematic map of land use and land cover (LU/LC) is a serious challenge. The dataset fusion of multispectral and panchromatic images play a big role and provide an accurate estimation of LU/LC map simply because using a dataset from different spectrum portions with different spatial and spectral characteristics will improve image classification. For this study, the Landsat operational land imager multispectral and panchromatic images were adopted. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using a panchromatic highly spatial resolution to refine the methodology for LU/LC mapping in Baghdad city, Iraq, by performing a comparison of classifications using different algorithms on multispectral and fused images. Different classification algorithms were employed to classify the data set; minimum distance (MD) and the maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). A suitable classification method was proposed to map LU/LC based on the outcome results. The result evaluation was conducted by applying a confusion matrix. An overall accuracy of a fused image using a principal component-based spectral sharpening algorithm and classified by the MLC classifier reveals the highest accurate results with an overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of 98.90% and 0.98, respectively. Results showed that the best methodology for LU/LC mapping of the study area is found from fusion of multispectral with panchromatic images via principal component-based spectral algorithm with MLC approach for classification.
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| 42. |
- Dimberg, Peter H., 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying Water Retention Time in Non-tidal Coastal Waters Using Statistical and Mass Balance Models
- 2014
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 225:2020
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The water retention time (sometimes called residence time) in coastal areas is an indicator of coastal hydrodynamics which can be used to quantify the local transportation of dissolved and suspended pollutants. This study has used dynamic and statistical models to explore what governs the water retention time in non-tidal coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. If freshwater input divided by the cross-section area between the coastal water and the sea was below a certain threshold, freshwater had no notable impact on the retention time. Moreover, statistical models were developed for predicting surface water retention time and total water retention time from coastal water volume, cross-section area and freshwater discharge. This study can be useful for managers who need to determine where abatement measures should be focused in order to be as effective as possibly against coastal water pollution.
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| 43. |
- Earon, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Initial Effects of a New Highway Section on Soil and Groundwater
- 2012
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 223:8, s. 5413-5432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The environmental impacts of 16 different contaminants originating from the E18 Highway (17,510 annual average daily traffic) were studied over the initial months of the highway's operational life. Investigative methods used included electrical resistivity surveying, water chemistry analyses, soil analyses, distribution modeling, and transportation modeling of contaminants. The study conclusively showed a year-round infiltration due to melting of the snowpack from road salt, and a strong preferential, anthropogenic pathway due to increased hydraulic conductivities of road construction materials relative to in situ soils. The resistivity surveys produced values well below the expected values for the highway materials, indicating increased ionic content within the unsaturated zone. Time lapse resistivity modeling showed a clear downwards spreading of contamination from the roadway to subsurface distances greater than 5 m. Elevated concentrations of nearly every studied contaminant relative to baseline values were observed, with many metal concentrations within the snow pack averaging values in excess of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency's groundwater limitations. Distribution modeling demonstrated a potential offset of peak values from the road surface due to plowing and splash transport processes, and indicated different distribution behavior during winter months than during summer months. One-dimensional transport modeling demonstrated the importance of adsorption and other retentive factors to the migration of contaminants to groundwater and provided an estimate for potential long-term contaminant concentrations.
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| 44. |
- Elgh-Dalgren, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Anaerobic bioremediation of a soil with mixed contaminants : Explosives degradation and influence on heavy metal distribution, monitored as changes in concentration and toxicity
- 2009
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 202:1-4, s. 301-313
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two soils with explosives and metals were evaluated for the degradation efficiency of explosives by native microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. The commercially available method Daramend®, amended with zero-valent iron (ZVI), was compared with a horse-manure amended compost and a treatment with ZVI alone. In a moderately contaminated soil, Daramend® and ZVI treatment gave significantly higher removal rates compared to compost and control treatments (Tukey’s test, P<0.05). The largest overall decrease in ecotoxicity, measured with bioluminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri), was achieved with ZVI-treatment. In a more contaminated soil no degradation of contaminants and no decline in soil toxicity could be distinguished after the same time period. Problems with establishment of anaerobic conditions during parts of the remediation process and low microbial activity due to acute toxicity of contaminants are plausible explanations. Redistribution that could potentially lead to mobilization of the co-contaminant Pb was not observed in either of the soils during the biological treatments.
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| 45. |
- Elgh-Dalgren, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Bioremediation of a soil industrially contaminated by wood preservatives : degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and monitoring of coupled arsenic distribution
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 214:1-4, s. 275-285
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two commercially available aerobic bioremediation methods (Daramend® and BioSan) were utilized to study the aerobic biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and the effect of the simultaneously present arsenic. The soil was collected at an old wood preservation site and the initial PAH16-concentration was 46 mg/kg, with mainly high molecular weight congeners. The As-concentration was105 mg/kg with low availability as assessed with sequential extraction. To enahce the availability of PAH, the effect of a non-ionic surfactant was evaluated. Degradation of both low and high molecular weight PAH was observed, however after 30 weeks, the degradation was generally low and no treatment was significantly better than the others. The treatments had, on the other hand, an effect on As-distribution, with increased As-concentration in the available fraction after treatment. This may be due to both the microbial activity and the presence of anoxic micro sites in the soil. The overall efficiency of the biological treatment was further evaluated using the standardized ecotoxicity test utilizing Vibrio fischeri (Microtox®). The toxicity test demonstrated that the bioremediation led to an increase in toxicity, especially in treatments receiving surfactant. The surfactant implied an increase in contaminant availability but also a decrease in surface tension, which might have contributed to the overall toxicity increase.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Farahbakhshazad, Neda
(författare)
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Ammonia removal from oil refinery effluent in vertical upflow macrophyte column systems
- 2002
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 135:1-4, s. 237-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Constructed vertical macrophyte systems, for nitrogen removal from oil refinery wastewater, were investigated. Detailed studies were carried out in laboratory columns (diameter, 0.06 m; depth, 0.5 m; operating volume, 0.6 L) planted with common reed, Phragmites australis. Through a vertical flow format, collected oil refinery wastewater was supplied directly to the columns. Wastewater quality varied through the experimental period with initial ammonia concentrations ranging from 3 to 20 mg N L-1. Effective ammonia removal was obtained for the planted columns with a hydraulic detention time of 5 hr. Removal efficiencies above 90% was obtained for high (above 6 mg N L-1) ammonia inflow concentrations. A satisfactory ammonia removal was obtained at shorter detention times for the low initial concentrations. Longer detention times also provided organic nitrogen removal. Recirculation of the flow, which provides the same total detention time but a higher hydraulic loading, provides the possibility to adjust the flow rate and the inflow ammonia concentration with detention time to achieve a target outflow concentration.
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| 48. |
- Fernández, Isaac, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of Deammonification Process by Response Surface Models
- 2011
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 215:1-4, s. 299-309
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The influence of the operational variables on the Anammox process has been generally researched considering each variable separately. However, the optimization of the process also requires the identification of the more significant variables and their possible interactions. Response surface models were successfully applied to evaluate the performance of the Anammox process in a deammonification system (i.e., one-stage biofilm Anammox process) taking into account the combined effects caused by two sets of three variables. Specific Anammox activity was measured by a manometric method and used as the response variable. The obtained models pointed out that the significant variables were the temperature, the value of pH, and the ratio between the unionized species of the substrates (free ammonia and free nitrous acid (FA/FNA)). There were interactions among them caused by chemical equilibriums. Total nitrogen concentration and ammonium concentration were found to be not significant in the tested range. According to the models, the optimum values of temperature, pH, and free ammonia to free nitrous acid ratio within the test ranges were, respectively, 30A degrees C, 7.0, and 0.3. Further research at higher temperatures and lower values of pH and FA/FNA ratios would be necessary in order to find the absolute optimum conditions for the process. The obtained model can be also useful in order to develop control strategies that take into account the significant variables and their optimum ranges. A strategy to control deammonification reactors has been proposed, according to the results of the modeling.
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| 49. |
- Fransson, Liisa, et al.
(författare)
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A regional perspective on present and future soil chemistry at 16 Swedish forest sites
- 2005
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Ingår i: Water, Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-2932 .- 0049-6979. ; 162:1-4, s. 89-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Assessing the timescales of recovery, by the use of dynamic models, will be used as input to the policy process to abate acidification. In this study the multilayer dynamic soil chemistry model SAFE was applied to 16 forest sites in Sweden, covering a sulfur deposition gradient of 1.2-11 kg S/ha/yr. Soil samples were collected at all sites and the pH and sulfate concentration dependent isotherm, used for modeling sulfate adsorption in SAFE, was parameterized for every site. A new way of implementing the nutrient uptake distribution in SAFE was developed, which allows the uptake distribution between layers in the rooting zone to vary with time, depending on the availability of base cations in the individual layers. Model output was compared to measurements of base cation concentration, total inorganic Al, pH and Bc/Al both site-by-site and cumulatively for all sites, and the usefulness of these comparisons is discussed from a policy viewpoint. Future projections of recovery show that the overall recovery, expressed as minimum Bc/Al ratio > 1 in the rooting zone, is slow. Assuming full implementation of the UNECE LRTAP Gothenburg Protocol and no further emission reductions thereafter, 44% of the modeled sites still have a Bc/Al ratio below 1 in 2100 in some soil layer within the rooting zone.
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| 50. |
- Fritt-Rasmussen, J., et al.
(författare)
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Hydrocarbon and Toxic Metal Contamination from Tank Installations in a Northwest Greenlandic Village
- 2012
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Ingår i: Water Air and Soil Pollution. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0049-6979 .- 1573-2932. ; 223:7, s. 4407-4416
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contamination from tank installations in the Arctic is an important issue, since tanks are a necessary feature of all communities, and may be a source of local pollution. Soil samples from below and around three tank installations and one reference site in the Northwest Greenlandic village of Tasiusaq were analysed for the total content of hydrocarbons (THC), lead, cadmium and organic content in the soil. Concentrations up to 77,000 mg/kg DW THC were found, mainly as weathered oil products. Elevated levels of lead and cadmium were also found in many of the samples, with concentrations up to 300 and 2 mg/kg DW, respectively. The tank installation areas were contaminated by THC, lead and cadmium compared to the reference site, and parts of the areas were highly contaminated, exceeding the Danish environmental quality criteria. The correlation between lead and cadmium concentrations was significant (p < 0.01), while no correlation existed between THC and organic matter. Small spills from daily use of the tank installations are suggested to be the source of the THC contamination, whereas the lead and cadmium contamination is suggested to originate primarily from the plume of smoke from waste incineration.
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