| 1. |
- Lazuka, Volha, et al.
(författare)
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Fighting infectious disease: Evidence from Sweden 1870-1940
- 2016
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 1728-4457 .- 0098-7921. ; 42:1, s. 27-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Even more than in developing countries today, public health strategies to fight infectious disease in the past focused on the prevention of new infections by stopping their spread. These strategies were motivated by new insights into the causes of disease and the modes of transmission in the mid-nineteenth century. By combining longitudinal individual-level data on 17,000 children in a rural/semi-urban region in southern Sweden with local community data on public health investments, we explore the effects of the establishment of isolation hospitals and improved midwifery on mortality before age 15. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we find that the establishment of isolation hospitals in the mid-1890s was successful in reducing child mortality, while increases in the number of qualified midwives after the 1900s led to a decrease in infant mortality. In both cases, rates fell by more than 50 percent.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Goldscheider, Frances, et al.
(författare)
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The Gender Revolution : A Framework for Understanding Changing Family and Demographic Behavior
- 2015
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 41:2, s. 207-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article argues that the trends normally linked with the second demographic transition (SDT) may be reversed as the gender revolution enters its second half by including men more centrally in the family. We develop a theoretical argument about the emerging consequences of this stage of the gender revolution and review research results that bear on it. The argument compares the determinants and consequences of recent family trends in industrialized societies provided by two narratives: the SDT and the gender revolution in the public and private spheres. Our argument examines differences in theoretical foundations and positive vs. negative implications for the future. We focus primarily on the growing evidence for turnarounds in the relationships between measures of women's human capital and union formation, fertility, and union dissolution, and consider evidence that men's home involvement increases union formation and fertility and decreases union instability. Although the family trends underlying the SDT and the gender revolution narratives are ongoing and a convincing view of the phenomenon has not yet emerged, the wide range of recent research results documenting changing, even reversing relationships suggests that the gender approach is increasingly the more fruitful one.
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| 4. |
- Ruist, Joakim
(författare)
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The fiscal cost of refugee immigration: the example of Sweden
- 2015
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 41:4, s. 567-581
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The world currently has more refugees and internally displaced persons than it has had since World War II. Yet the readiness of many wealthy countries to provide asylum to these refugees is waning, and a major reason for this is the fiscal burden that would result from larger refugee intakes. To evaluate the size of this fiscal burden, this study estimates the net fiscal redistribution to the total refugee population in Sweden, the country with the largest per capita refugee immigration rate in the Western world since the early 1980s. The total redistribution in 2007 corresponds to 1.0 percent of Swedish GDP in that year. Four-fifths of the redistribution is due to lower public per capita revenues from refugees compared with the total population, and one-fifth to higher per capita public costs.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Linus
(författare)
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A Novel Macro Perspective on Family Dynamics: The Contribution of Partnership Contexts of Births to Cohort Fertility Rates
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 49:3, s. 617-649
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Partnering behavior is central to understanding fertility. Influential concepts, including singlehood, serial monogamy, and multiple-partner fertility, are frequently used to analyze partnering and childbearing dynamics. These concepts are evoked to understand individual and population-level patterns but are mainly analyzed at the individual level. We propose a measure for gauging the interplay between partnerships and childbearing at the population level, namely cohort fertility rates (CFR) as the sum of births under various partnership contexts. Surprisingly, demographers rarely measure and do not have a clear picture of the extent to which childbearing in different partnership contexts contributes to completed fertility. We analyze Finnish register data to decompose CFR into births across union status, union order, and reproductive partner order. Contrary to the discourse of partnering in the Nordics, births within first unions to first reproductive partners account for about two-thirds of CFR. Births in higher-order unions to first reproductive partners account for one-fifth. Single births and births with higher-order reproductive partners have a modest impact. This ranking holds across sex and educational level. We argue that the proposed measures offer a novel appraisal of population-level implications of partnerships and childbearing dynamics and provide an opportunity to understand cross-country variation in fertility patterns.
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| 7. |
- Barclay, Kieron, et al.
(författare)
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The Influence of Health in Early Adulthood on Male Fertility
- 2020
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 46:4, s. 757-785
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the large literature examining predictors of fertility, previous research has not offered a population-level perspective on how health in early adulthood is related to male fertility. Using Swedish population and military conscription registers, we study how body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, and height are associated with total fertility and parity transitions by 2012 among 405,427 Swedish men born 1965-1972, meaning we observe fertility up to age 40 or older. Applying linear regression and sibling fixed effects, we find that these anthropometric measures are strong predictors of fertility, even after accounting for education and cumulative income. Men with a normal BMI and in the highest decile of physical fitness have the most children. Men who were obese at ages 17-20 had a relative probability of childlessness almost twice as high as men who had a normal BMI, and men in the bottom decile of physical fitness had a relatively probability of childlessness more than 50 percent higher than men in the top decile. In sibling comparison models the tallest men have the most children and men in the lowest two deciles of height have significantly lower fertility. Further analyses show that the strong associations persist even among men who married.
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| 8. |
- Billingsley, Sunnee, et al.
(författare)
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How Family Dynamics Shape Income Inequality Between Families With Young Children : The Case of Sweden, 1995-2018
- 2024
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased gender equality in the labor market and the home are both cited as stabilizers to income inequality between households, but shifts in the economic organization of families over the life course instead appear to amplify household income inequality. Using the case of Sweden, where men have taken longer parental leave in recent years and the age at parenthood continues to advance, we analyze between-family income inequality for couples with a young child. Based on income data from population registers, we decompose how changes in family dynamics, pre- and postparenthood, contributed to income inequality in families with children between the years 1995 and 2018. Analyses show no evidence that assortative mating has increased and that a minor decline in inequality between couples over this 24-year period resulted from two opposing trends: Dis-equalizing changes related to women's postbirth income advancements were eclipsed by equalizing changes related to the postponement of parenthood. Postbirth income trends reveal how between-family inequality increased through women's income development and decreased through men's. Our findings confirm the importance of family processes to household inequality and show the complex effects of both changes in the timing of parenthood and improved gender equality.
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| 9. |
- Brinton, M. C., et al.
(författare)
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Postindustrial Fertility Ideals, Intentions, and Gender Inequality: A Comparative Qualitative Analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 44:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fertility ideals remain centered on two children per woman in most postindustrial societies, presenting a puzzle for demographers interested in explaining very low fertility. This article explores the conditions producing a gap between fertility ideals and intentions among highly educated young women and men in four postindustrial countries. We employ in-depth interviews to analyze reasoning about fertility ideals and intentions in two countries with very low fertility (Japan and Spain) and two with slightly higher fertility (the United States and Sweden). We find that American and Swedish female interviewees are more likely than those in Japan and Spain to cite work/family conflict as a reason for their ideals/intentions gap. Our results also suggest that gender inequality is more important in generating low fertility intentions among highly educated interviewees in Japan than Spain. Taken together, these findings suggest complexities in how gender inequality affects fertility intentions among the highly educated in postindustrial contexts.
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| 10. |
- Clouston, Sean A. P., et al.
(författare)
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Cohort and Period Effects as Explanations for Declining Dementia Trends and Cognitive Aging
- 2021
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : WILEY. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 47:3, s. 611-637
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have reported that the age-adjusted incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia have decreased over the past two decades. Aging is the predominant risk factor for Alzheimers disease and related dementias and for neurocognitive decline. However, aging alone cannot explain changes in the overall age-adjusted incidence of dementia. The objective of this position paper was to describe the potential for cohort and period effects in cognitive decline and incidence of dementia. Cohort effects have long been reported in demographic literature, but starting in the early 1980s researchers began reporting large historical cohort trends in cognitive function. At the same time, period effects have emerged in the form of economic factors and stressors in early and midlife that may result in reduced cognitive dysfunction. Recognizing that aging individuals today were once children and adolescents and that research has clearly noted that childhood cognitive performance are associated with old-age cognitive performance, this review proposes the need to connect these cohort effects with differences in late-life functioning.
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| 11. |
- Cozzani, Marco, et al.
(författare)
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The Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Fertility and Birth Outcomes : Evidence from Spanish Birth Registers
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examine the joint consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for fertility and birth outcomes by drawing on full population administrative data from Spain. We find a surprising improvement in birth outcomes in November and to a less extent in December 2020 (eight to nine months after the first wave of the pandemic) compared with monthly trends in the 10 previous years (2010–2019). The improvement in birth outcomes was shortly followed by a decline in fertility, which concentrated on first births, births to women without a tertiary degree, and births to young and old mothers, respectively. These findings are consistent with the idea that the pandemic selectively affected conception, which showed up first as an improvement in birth outcomes due to the missing conceptions of frail-children-to-be (preterm and low birth weight) and then as a lowered fertility rate due to the missing conception of at-term children.
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| 12. |
- Hogendoorn, Bram, et al.
(författare)
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Single Motherhood and Multigenerational Coresidence in Europe
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 49:1, s. 105-133
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Single motherhood has increased throughout Europe. Single mothers assume the dual role of provider and caregiver and often need external support from public policies or kin to meet their needs. Research has focused primarily on public policies, disregarding the role of kin support—and of multigenerational coresidence in particular. This study provides the first detailed description of single mothers’ multigenerational coresidence in Europe. To do so, we combine census and survey microdata from 31 European countries. The data reveal large geographic variation in single mothers’ coresidence. Whereas coresidence is a rare and temporary living arrangement in Northern and Western Europe, it is common and more permanent in Southern, Central, and especially Eastern Europe. At the same time, coresidence has declined in almost all countries with data from the past half-century. These findings suggest large and persistent variation in kin support for single mothers and thus question the assumption of its marginal role in Europe.
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| 13. |
- John, Ben Malinga, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamics of Union Dissolution in Sub-Saharan Africa
- 2022
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 48:4, s. 1163-1201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Not only whether but also when a union ends and how long individuals remain unpartnered subsequently is consequential for social and demographic outcomes. However, in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), information about the timing of union dissolution and the reproductive time “lost” due to union dissolution is lacking. We close this gap by applying standard indirect demographic techniques in a novel way to Demographic Health Survey data collected in 34 SSA countries to document (i) the level and timing of all-cause union dissolution and (ii) the time women spend outside of marriage due to union dissolution during their reproductive life course. Results revealed that in 28 out of 34 countries, over one-fifth of first unions end within 15 years, and in 14 out of 34 countries, the proportion of first unions ending within 25 years exceeds 40 percent. The average marital duration at first union dissolution varies between 4.8 and 9.4 years. The pace of remarriage is rapid across all countries, with the average duration between first union dissolution and first remarriage ranging between 0.2 and 2.9 years. The overall reproductive years lost to union dissolution vary between 1.3 and 5.3 years, and account for 4.0–16.3 percent of the total reproductive life expectancy. We discuss the implications of these dynamics for fertility outcomes in SSA.
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| 14. |
- Karlsson, Omar
(författare)
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Religion and child health in West and Central Africa
- 2019
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 45:4, s. 707-738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have suggested a causal link between behaviors and attitudes prescribed by religious doctrine and child health. However, religious affiliation can also be a marker of differential access to resources and living standards. Studies have found that children born to Muslims in West Africa have poorer health outcomes than children born to Christians. Despite coexisting within national borders, communities affiliated with these two religions are highly clustered, geographically. This study investigates differences in child health between Christians and Muslims within 13 religiously heterogeneous West and Central African countries and explores the implications of geographic clustering and community-level religious composition for child health. The results of the study reveal substantially worse health for Muslims living within religiously homogenous communities that are explained by measured for region, living standards, fertility, and maternal education. Conversely, Muslims and Christians coexisting within religiously heterogeneous communities showed no differences in child health.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Lebano, Adele, et al.
(författare)
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Childbearing in Italy and Spain : Postponement Narratives
- 2020
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : WILEY. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 46:1, s. 121-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Italy and Spain are extreme cases of low fertility linked to postponement of childbearing. Demographers continue to debate causes of postponement. This qualitative study was designed to contribute, by purposively selecting Italian and Spanish women in different socio-economic circumstances who are partnered, childless and aged 30 to 35. Most want children but "not now" or are deferring the decision whether to have children. Their different circumstances inflect explanations of postponement in a language of choice, either "taking time" to achieve other goals or "holding on" for conditions to change. They are encouraged to postpone by optimism about their capacity to conceive, flexible norms about "the right age," prolonged dependence on their parents, the normative salience of "total motherhood," and family-unfriendly, gender-unequal workplaces. Elements of competing demographic theories often coexist in interviewees' accounts. The "desires-intentions gap" does not always capture their flow or complexity.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Pailhe, Ariane, et al.
(författare)
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The Great Convergence? Gender and Unpaid Work in Europe and the United States
- 2021
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921 .- 1728-4457. ; 47:1, s. 181-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decades, men's and women's time use in industrialized nations has changed dramatically, suggesting a gender revolution. Women increased their time in paid work and reduced time in unpaid activities, while men increased their time in unpaid work, but not enough to compensate for women's retreat. We investigate developments regarding men's and women's unpaid work across Europe and the United States, using time diary data from the mid‐1980s and onward. We find evidence for gender convergence in unpaid work over time, but different trends for housework and childcare. Gender convergence in housework primarily resulted from women reducing their time, whereas childcare time increased for both sexes, resulting in convergence only where men increased more than did women. Decomposition analyses show that trends in housework and childcare are explained by changes in behavior rather than compositional changes in population characteristics. Though level differences in unpaid work persist, our findings regarding trends support gender convergence in that they are general across country contexts that vary regarding policy and social norms about gender, family, and work.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Esteve, Albert, et al.
(författare)
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Gender Asymmetries in Cross-National Couples
- 2023
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - 1728-4457. ; 49:2, s. 379-396
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use census microdata for Spain and the United States to examine gender differences in cross-national heterosexual couples (marriages and cohabitating unions involving natives and immigrant spouses). We examine whether native men and native women in cross-national couples exhibit similar patterns regarding the country of birth, age, and educational attainment of their international partners. Countries are ranked by their level of the human development index (HDI). In both Spain and the United States, native men are slightly overrepresented in cross-national couples. Native men are more likely to be married to individuals from low HDI countries than native women. On the contrary, native women are predominantly married to men born in countries with similar or higher levels of HDI. Unions of native men are characterized by large spousal age differences, which increase with the HDI gap; this pattern reverses among native women. These gender asymmetries do not extend to education level, with cross-national couples, overall, involving highly educated individuals. These results point to the endurance of certain features of traditional marriage patterns in cross-national couples, but the patterns differ starkly between native men and native women.
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| 24. |
- Molitoris, Joseph
(författare)
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The Effect of Birth Spacing on Child Mortality in Sweden, 1878-1926
- 2017
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Ingår i: Population and Development Review. - : Wiley. - 0098-7921. ; 43:1, s. 61-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A negative association between interval length and infant and child mortality has been consistently identified in modern developing countries. The reasons for this association are unclear, however. Leading hypotheses explain these differences as a result of sibling competition, maternal depletion, infection transmission, or unobserved maternal factors, but none has received overwhelming support. Using data from Stockholm between 1878 and 1926, this study contributes to the body of research by identifying trends in the relationship over time, controlling for unobserved maternal heterogeneity, and exploiting sibling deaths to better understand the mechanisms at work. Results show the association disappeared over time as infectious disease mortality fell and that deaths of previous siblings during the postnatal period disproportionately tended to increase the risk of dying among index children born after short intervals. These findings strongly suggest the relationship is related to the transmission of disease between closely spaced siblings.
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