| 1. |
- Andersson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Perception aspects on perspective aircraft displays
- 2003
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 24:1, s. 1-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This report presents two experiments in the area of perspective aircraft displays. The research focus was to explore the possibilities to understand symbolic and symbol relations in the 3D environment. In the first experiment the subjects' ability to distinguish between five different aircraft symbol shapes were investigated together with the perception of their heading in the 3D space. The perspective used in this experiment was egocentric. In the second experiment the judgment of the spatial relation between an own-ship symbol and a target symbol was investigated. Thus, in this case, the perspective was exocentric and two aspect angles were used for the camera position. Both experiments were carried out in non-dynamic scenarios. The display character was topographic with a superposed grid at the ground surface. The overall conclusion from the experiments is that judgment of direction in 3D presentations is very difficult in these static scenarios. Symbol recognition of 3D pictorial symbols is problematic for complicated symbol shapes as well, depending on different appearances for various symbol headings in the 3D space.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Readability of vertically vibrating aircraft displays
- 1999
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 20:1, s. 23-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vibrations pose a problem to the visual system. The vibrations in aircraft are mainly vertical and cause reading errors when the pilots read the instruments. In three experiments, reading capability was tested during vertical vibration of modern military aircraft, using symbols presented on a computer monitor. The results showed that complexity of symbols have a significant effect on the performance. The orientations of symbols were also of importance for their readability. Indexes made up of horizontally oriented lines were found to be especially difficult to read during vertical vibration. Orienting them 45° up or down improved readability in a significant way. The size of the symbols was found to be of importance especially when they were horizontally oriented.
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| 3. |
- Derefeldt, G., et al.
(författare)
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Improvement of tactical situation awareness with colour-coded horizontal-situation displays in combat aircraft
- 1999
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 20:4, s. 171-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the multi-role combat aircraft Gripen, the monochrome head-down displays in the cockpit are to be upgraded in colour. In the present study, the effects of colour-coded displays on visual search and situation awareness (SA) were studied in a real-time simulation of an air-to-air mission with test pilots as subjects. Gripen's monochrome colour scheme was compared to two chromatic (dichrome, polychrome) colour schemes. A 3×2×2 factorial within subjects design was used; the three colour schemes each with two different background conditions (simple and complex) and two different symbol configurations. The pilot had two tasks during the simulation: (1) to track a manoeuvring aircraft within specified limits by using the head-up display (HUD), and (2) to detect the appearance of a priority target on the head-down horizontal-situation display (HSD). Deviations in flight path angle and reaction times for target detection were recorded. After the test runs, the pilot answered questions and ranked the colour schemes in different respects. The pilot also rated them for SA using a subjective rating technique on cognitive compatibility (CC-SART). The results show that colour is advantageous in comparison to the monochrome display: The ranks on situation awareness and preference ratings were higher for the chromatic schemes, and with the complex background, the reaction times were significantly lower for the polychrome colour code. In summary, the results indicate that colour can improve tactical SA in combat aircraft.
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| 4. |
- Sandström, Monica, 1946-, et al.
(författare)
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Power frequency magnetic fields and computer monitor instability
- 1998
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - : Elsevier. - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 19:2, s. 85-90
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Owing to the increased use of electronic loads, the harmonic content of the magnetic field in buildings has increased and it is therefore of interest to study how the harmonics (i.e. 150 Hz magnetic fields) will affect the stability of the picture on the monitor screen. Another frequency of interest to study is 16.7 Hz, the frequency used by the Swedish railway. Ten volunteers were asked to judge the occurrence of jitter on a 15-in. color monitor screen, refresh rate 72.2 Hz, at different amplitudes and frequencies of the vertical applied magnetic field. The tested screen had a highest sensitivity to 150 Hz external magnetic field, followed by 60, 16.7 and 50 Hz. In a static magnetic field the screen had a sensitivity (displacement) of 0.031±0.006 mm per applied microtesla.
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| 5. |
- Shahnavaz, Houshang, et al.
(författare)
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Objective and subjective evaluation of ergonomic aspects of VDU filters
- 1989
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 10:1, s. 29-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A study has been carried out to evaluate the effects of some commercially available filters for VDUs both from an objective and subjective viewpoint. Questionnaires were sent to filter manufacturers to assess their attitudes and opinions. Examination of colour, light absorption, change of contrast between character and background, and electrostatic measures were made in a university laboratory, and case studies were enacted in several offices. Ergonomic evaluations are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Östberg, Olov
(författare)
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Accommodation and visual fatigue in display work
- 1980
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 2:2, s. 81-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments using a laser optometer have shown that visual tasks in VDU work may induce temporary effects in the visual accommodation system; increased refractive power in darkness (`night myopia') and levelling-out of accommodation responses in good lighting (`distance myopia' and `near hyperopia'). It is believed that laser optometry will eventually make possible the formulation of objective criteria of visual fatigue and its prevention
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| 7. |
- Östberg, Olov, et al.
(författare)
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CRT flicker and scan-line direction
- 1987
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 8:2, s. 75-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A brief review of the literature covering the perception of flicker is followed by a description of experiments to investigate flicker mechanisms, using a VDU with a light background and with a minimum refresh rate of 70 Hz. A previous hypothesis that there is a link between scan-line direction and perception of flicker was not upheld, although there was support for the view that 70 Hz may not be a high enough refresh rate to ensure freedom from flicker in large displays.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Hashemi, Atiye Sadat, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Improving adversarial robustness of traffic sign image recognition networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Displays (Guildford). - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0141-9382 .- 1872-7387. ; 74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The robustness of deep neural networks is an increasingly essential issue as they become more and more prevalent in several real-world applications like autonomous vehicles. If traffic signs turn to adversarial examples, an autonomous vehicle will probably be misled and cause fatal accidents. To improve adversarial robustness, a new cost function for training convolutional neural recognition networks is proposed in this paper. Recent works proved that by employing the classifier probabilities on the complement (incorrect) classes as well as the ground-truth class in Softmax Cross Entropy, the model achieves better performance on adversarial inputs. In this paper, we show that in addition to using the information from Softmax layer, the extracted features from convolutional layers also enhance the robustness. In our new cost function, Regularized Guided Complement Entropy (RGCE), by decreasing the output of convolutional layers’ activation functions alongside utilizing Softmax layer output in training phase, we reach better model performance on adversarial attacks. Our proposed algorithm is evaluated on CIFAR-10 and GTSRB datasets. The performances of different convolutional neural networks on clean and adversarial images are reported and compared with other methods. © 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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