| 1. |
- Shev, S, et al.
(författare)
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GBV-C/HGV infection in hepatitis C virus-infected deferred Swedish blood donors
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 54:2, s. 75-79
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sera from 62 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected Swedish blood donors were tested by a nested polymerase chain reaction using primers targeting the 5'-noncoding region of the GB virus-C/hepatitis G (GBV-C/HGV) genome and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that detects antibodies to the envelope protein E2 of GBV-C/HGV (anti-E2). Fourteen (22%) and 21 (34%) of the 62 blood donors were found to be GBV-C/HGV RNA and anti-E2 positive, respectively. None of the blood donors was positive for both GBV-C/HGV RNA and anti-E2. Thus, 35 of 62 (56%) HCV-infected donors had been exposed to GBV-C/HGV infection. At sequencing of the 14 GBV-C/HGV isolates, 12 were identified as subtype 2a and 2 as subtype 2b. One of 7 (14%) donors with mild liver disease such as steatosis and nonspecific reactive hepatitis had been exposed to GBV-C/HGV vs. 34 of 55 (62%) with chronic hepatitis with or without cirrhosis (P = 0.04). All other differences in histology were small between HCV and dual HCV GBV-C/HGV-infected donors. In conclusion, more than half of HCV-infected Swedish blood donors in this study were positive for either GBV-C/HGV RNA or anti-E2. GBV-C/HGV viremia and seropositivity were mutually exclusive.
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| 2. |
- Enbom, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Antibodies to human herpesvirus 8 latent and lytic antigens in blood donors and potential high-risk groups in Sweden : variable frequencies found in a multicenter serological study
- 2000
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 62:4, s. 498-504
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is a herpesvirus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). An immunofluorescence assay was used for detection of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against lytic and latent HHV-8 antigens to analyse samples from KS patients (n = 8), healthy blood donors (n = 162), individuals with a high risk sexual behaviour (n = 114), and bone marrow transplant patients (with high risk for bloodborne infections) (n = 34) in Sweden. Of the KS patients, 88% had IgG antibodies to both lytic and latent antigens by immunofluorescence. In all other groups, antilatent antibodies were rare (0-2.6%). IgG antibodies to the lytic antigens were found, by immunofluorescence, in 20% of the blood donors, 31% of the high risk patients, and in 24 and 29% of the bone marrow transplant patients (pre- and post-transplant samples, respectively). For verification of the specificity of the anti-lytic antibodies, 170 of the samples were also tested blindly at different laboratories world-wide with five other assays shown previously to detect HHV-8 antibodies in most KS patients. By using two recombinant HHV-8 proteins (ORF65/vp17 and K8.1/gp 35-37) in ELISA, a whole-virion ELISA and two immunofluorescence assays confirmation of the reactivity against lytic viral antigens was sought. The comparison of the different methods suggested the K8.1 ELISA to be highly specific and also showed a good agreement between two of the immunofluorescence assays. However, generally there was a poor correlation for positive results, indicating the need of further methodological development.
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| 3. |
- Wang, Z, et al.
(författare)
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Human papillomavirus antibody responses among patients with incident cervical carcinoma.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 52:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as a major cause of cervical cancer precursor lesions. HPV serology is a key method in the continuing elucidation of the importance of HPV exposure for cancer development and in predicting HPV-associated diseases. To extend previous HPV serological studies on cervical cancer, serum samples from a consecutive series of 216 women with incident untreated cervical carcinoma and 243 age- and sex-matched healthy blood donors were evaluated for the presence of antibodies against HPV capsids, a marker of past or present HPV exposure, as well as against several cervical cancer-associated defined HPV epitopes. Among the capsid antibody responses, HPV type 16 seropositivity had the strongest association with cervical cancer (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.8-4.2), but HPV 18 and HPV 33 seropositivities were also significantly associated with cervical cancer (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.5; and OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.2, respectively). The antibody responses against the defined HPV epitopes were confirmed to be associated with cervical cancer, at ORs ranging from 1.4 to 2.0. In conclusion, the study confirms that antibodies against defined HPV epitopes are associated with cervical cancer and provides evidence that seropositivities for HPV types 16, 18, and 33 are associated with cervical cancer risk.
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| 4. |
- Abou Ghayda, Ramy, et al.
(författare)
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The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : WILEY. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 94:6, s. 2402-2413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19s case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high-income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Almroth, Gabriel, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring Hepatitis C Infection in a Major Swedish Nephrology Unit and Molecular Resolution of a New Case of Nosocomial Transmission
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 82:2, s. 249-256
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a frequent problem in hemodialysis units. The prevalence and incidence of HCV infection over a decade were studied in a nephrology unit affected by previous nosocomial HCV transmission. The HCV non-structural 5B protein gene was sequenced to achieve phylogenetic analysis of a new (incident) case of infection. Proportions of patients who were and were not infected with HCV remained similar over the period, as did the inflow and outflow of patients infected previously. In 1997, 12/157 (8%) of patients at the unit (treatment: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and renal transplant recipients) were positive in HCV RNA, whereas in 2007 the overall number was 9/239 (4%). One patient acquired an HCV infection, and the NS5B sequence in that case clustered with genotype 2b sequences found in patients from an earlier outbreak. Comparing the HCV from the incident patient with several stored longitudinal samples and cloned PCR products from the most likely source patient revealed close phylogenetic relationship with an HCV quasispecies member from the possible source. The source patient and the incident newly infected patient were not scheduled on the same dialysis shift, although the records showed that simultaneous treatment occurred on two occasions during the months preceding transmission. In conclusion, over the 10-year period, the proportion of HCV-infected patients at the unit was unchanged. Only one new infection occurred, which originated from a fellow patient's quasispecies. This establishes phylogenetic analysis as a valuable tool for tracing patient sources of HCV transmission. J. Med. Virol. 82:249-256, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 9. |
- Anagandula, Mahesh, et al.
(författare)
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Infection of Human Islets of Langerhans With Two Strains of Coxsackie B Virus Serotype 1 : Assessment of Virus Replication, Degree of Cell Death and Induction of Genes Involved in the Innate Immunity Pathway
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 86:8, s. 1402-1411
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus is believed to be triggered, in part, by one or more environmental factors and human enteroviruses (HEVs) are among the candidates. Therefore, this study has examined whether two strains of HEV may differentially affect the induction of genes involved in pathways leading to the synthesis of islet hormones, chemokines and cytokines in isolated, highly purified, human islets. Isolated, purified human pancreatic islets were infected with strains of Coxsackievirus B1. Viral replication and the degree of CPE/islet dissociation were monitored. The expression of insulin, glucagon, CXCL10, TLR3, IF1H1, CCL5, OAS-1, IFN beta, and DDX58 was analyzed. Both strains replicated in islets but only one of strain caused rapid islet dissociation/CPE. Expression of the insulin gene was reduced during infection of islets with either viral strain but the gene encoding glucagon was unaffected. All genes analyzed which are involved in viral sensing and the development of innate immunity were induced by Coxsackie B viruses, with the notable exception of TLR3. There was no qualitative difference in the expression pattern between each strain but the magnitude of the response varied between donors. The lack of virus induced expression of TLR3, together with the differential regulation of IF1H1, OAS1 and IFN beta, (each of which has polymorphic variants influence the predisposition to type 1 diabetes), that might result in defective clearance of virus from islet cells. The reduced expression of the insulin gene and the unaffected expression of the gene encoding glucagon by Coxsackie B1 infection is consistent with the preferential beta-cell tropism of the virus.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Ayukekbong, James, et al.
(författare)
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Enteric viruses in healthy children in Cameroon: viral load and genotyping of norovirus strains.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 83:12, s. 2135-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data regarding prevalence of noroviruses (NoVs) among asymptomatic persons are scarce. The current study carried out on samples from Cameroon describes the asymptomatic shedding of NoVs and other enteric viruses in healthy children and in adults infected with HIV but lacking symptoms of gastroenteritis. Enteric viruses were common with a prevalence of 53.7% in the children, and 35.5% in the adult participants. Multiple enteric viruses (2-5 agents) were detected in fecal samples from 65% of the children, and co-infection with NoV was demonstrated in almost all cases of multiple infections. NoV viral loads in the healthy children were within disease causing range and significantly higher than those observed in the adults (P<0.01). Sequencing and genotyping of NoV strains by phylogeny showed a marked diversity within two distinct genogroups, GI and GII, and strains clustered with genotypes GI.3, GII.17, GII.8, and GII.4. Genetic similarities to recent outbreak strains from other continents suggest a rapid circulation of NoVs that includes healthy children, who may constitute a reservoir for pathogenic NoVs.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Berg, Anna-Karin, et al.
(författare)
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Enterovirus Markers and Serum CXCL10 in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 82:9, s. 1594-1599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most patients with type 1 diabetes are considered to have a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease. The chemokine CXCL10 promotes the migration of activated T-cells. Virus infections might contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes and enterovirus protein and/or genome have been detected in beta-cells from a majority of tested newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes. The chemokine CXCL10 is induced in human islet cells by enterovirus infections in vivo and in vitro, but is not expressed in islets from normal organ donors. Since CXCL10 is a chemokine known to be induced by virus infections and/or cellular damage, our aim was to study if levels of CXCL10 are elevated in serum from children with type 1 diabetes and whether it correlates to the presence of enterovirus markers. CXCL10, neutralizing antibody titer rises against certain enterovirus, and antibodies against GAD65 were measured in serum, and enterovirus PCR was performed on whole blood from 83 type 1 diabetes patients at onset, 48 siblings and 69 controls. CXCL10 was also measured in serum from 46 patients with proven enterovirus infection and in serum from 46 patients with other proven virus infections. The CXCL10 serum levels were not elevated in children at onset of type 1 diabetes and there was a considerable overlap between the groups with 99(8-498) pg/ml in serum from children with type 1 diabetes, 120 (17-538) pg/ml in serum from controls, and 117 (7-448) pg/ml in siblings of the children with type 1 diabetes. The CXCL10 serum levels in patients with proven enterovirus infection were slightly increased compared to the levels in the other groups, 172 (0-585) pg/ml but there was no statistically significant difference. In contrast, CXCL10 serum levels in patients with other proven virus infections were clearly elevated 418 (34-611) pg/ml. Despite that elevated CXCL10 levels have been demonstrated in some groups of patients with type 1 diabetes, in this study the mean CXCL10 serum levels were not elevated in patients with type 1 diabetes neither in patients with proven enterovirus infection. In contrast, in patients with other virus infections the CXCL10 levels were elevated, presumably reflecting the severity or the site of infection. This suggests that local production of CXCL10 in the affected organ cannot be measured reproducible in serum and that its potential use in clinical practice is limited.
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| 17. |
- Berggren, Malin, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Alternative EBNA1 expression in organ transplant patients.
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of medical virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 76:3, s. 378-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to identify patients at risk for developing post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), a sensitive nested RT-PCR method for detection of EBNA1 gene expression in peripheral blood cells was used. EBNA1 expression in peripheral blood samples from 60 organ recipients was analyzed and compared with 24 healthy controls in a retrospective study. Overall, EBNA1-positive samples were detected at least once in 43% of the transplant patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, in 18% of the other transplant patients and in none of the healthy controls. The odds ratio for EBNA1 expression in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease was 3.42 (95% CI=1.02-11.54) compared to other transplant recipients. Together with normal EBV Q promoter initiated EBNA1 transcripts, an alternatively spliced form was expressed in peripheral blood cells in the above-mentioned transplant patients. This transcript lacks the U leader exon in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR). We have previously identified and characterized a functional internal ribosome entry site, the EBNA IRES, in the untranslated U leader exon of EBNA1. Transfection experiments with EBNA1 coding plasmids followed by Western blot showed that the EBNA IRES promotes cap-independent translation and increases the EBNA1 protein level. The alternative EBNA1 transcript lacking this function is expressed in the majority of the investigated EBNA1-positive patient samples as well as in some EBV-positive B-cell lines. Alternative splicing in this form gives EBV potential to regulate the translation of EBNA1 by modifying the 5' UTR. These findings indicate a new mechanism for EBNA1 expression in vivo.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Bergroth, T., et al.
(författare)
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Selection of drug-resistant HIV-1 during the early phase of viral decay is uncommon in treatment-naive patients initiated on a three- or four-drug antiretroviral regimen including lamivudine
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 81:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Therapy failure due to drug resistance development is a common phenomenon in HIV-infected patients. However, when the drug pressure leads to the earliest selection of drug-resistant HIV-1 populations is still unclear. In this study, the extent to which selection of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase M184I/V mutations occur during the initial phase of viral decay in treatment-naive HIV-1 infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) was examined. Plasma virus from three cohorts of treatment-naive patients initiating quadruple (n = 43), triple (n = 14) or dual (n = 15) lamivudine-containing ART were analyzed for M184I/V during the first 6 months of therapy using direct sequencing and a sensitive selective real-time PCR method. Among quadruple ART patients, who all were treated at primary HIV-1 infection, only one patient developed M184V after 6 weeks of therapy, having had wild-type virus at baseline. No mutations were found in chronically infected patients on triple ART. In patients on dual therapy, M184I/V mutants were found frequently. Selection of M184I/V mutants was found to be rare during the initial phase of viral decay after initiation of ART in adherent patients given a three or four-drug combination, in contrast to those receiving a less potent regimen. The results suggest that triple and quadruple lamivudine + PI or PI/r containing ART given to treatment-naive adherent patients is potent enough to prevent development of resistance during the first months of therapy.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Bonkoungou, Isidore Juste O., et al.
(författare)
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Rotavirus and norovirus in children with severe diarrhea in Burkina Faso before rotavirus vaccine introduction
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : WILEY. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 90:9, s. 1453-1460
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Burkina Faso introduced rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq) to the national immunization program in November 2013. This study describes the detection rates, clinical profiles, and molecular epidemiology of rotavirus and norovirus (NoV) infections among children amp;lt;5 years hospitalized (n=154) because of acute diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, from December 2012 to November 2013, just before the start of vaccination. Overall, 44% and 23% of fecal samples were positive for rotavirus and NoV, respectively, most of them detected during the cold dry season (December-March). The predominant G/P combinations were G12P[8] (47%) and G6P[6] (30%). G2P[4] (n=3), G12P[6] (n=3), and G6P[8] (n=1) werealso detected. Nearly all (94%) successfully genotyped NoV strains belonged to genotype GII.4. The predominance of rotavirus and NoV was noteworthy in the age group 6 months, with 67% rotavirus and 22% NoV, respectively. Vomiting was significantly more common among rotavirus-infected children. To conclude, this study shows high detection rates of both rotavirus and NoV in children with severe diarrhea in Burkina Faso just before the introduction of rotavirus group A vaccination. The results can be used for estimating the impact of rotavirus group A vaccination, which started in the end of 2013. Furthermore, this study shows that the G6P[6] rotavirus strains emerging in Burkina Faso in 2010 is now established as a regionally important genotype.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Bucardo, Filemon, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic susceptibility to symptomatic norovirus infection in Nicaragua. : norovirus susceptibility in Nicaragua
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 81:4, s. 728-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Host genetic resistance to Norovirus (NoV) has been observed in challenge and outbreak studies in populations from Europe, Asia, and USA. In this study, we have investigated if histo-blood group antigens can predict susceptibility to diarrhea caused by NoV in Nicaragua, Central America, and if this can be reflected in antibody-prevalence and titer to NoV among individuals with different histo-blood group antigen phenotypes. Investigation of 28 individuals infected with NoV and 131 population controls revealed 6% of non-secretors in the population and nil non-secretors among patients infected with NoV, suggesting that non-secretors may be protected against NoV disease in Nicaragua. Surprisingly, 25% of the population was Lewis negative (Le(a-b-)). NoV infections with genogroup I (GI) and GII occurred irrespective of Lewis genotype, but none of the Lewis a positive (Le(a + b-)) were infected. The globally dominating GII.4 virus infected individuals of all blood groups except AB (n = 5), while the GI viruses (n = 4) infected only blood type O individuals. Furthermore, O blood types were susceptible to infections with GI.4, GII.4, GII.7, GII.17, and GII.18-Nica viruses, suggesting that secretors with blood type O are susceptible (OR = 1.52) and non-secretors resistant. The overall antibody-prevalence to NoV GII.3 VLP was 62% with the highest prevalence among blood type B carriers (70%) followed by A (68%) and O (62%). All four investigated individuals carrying blood type AB were antibody-negative. Among secretors, 63% were antibody-positive compared to 33% among non-secretors (P = 0.151). This study extends previous knowledge about the histo-blood group antigens role in NoV disease in a population with different genetic background than North American and European.
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| 25. |
- Bucardo, Filemon, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic susceptibility to symptomatic norovirus infection in Nicaragua
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 81:4, s. 728-735
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Host genetic resistance to Norovirus (NoV) has been observed in challenge and outbreak studies in populations from Europe, Asia, and USA. In this study, we have investigated if histo-blood group antigens can predict susceptibility to diarrhea caused by NoV in Nicaragua, Central America, and if this can be reflected in antibody-prevalence and titer to NoV among individuals with different histo-blood group antigen phenotypes. Investigation of 28 individuals infected with NoV and 131 population controls revealed 6% of non-secretors in the population and nil non-secretors among patients infected with NoV, suggesting that non-secretors may be protected against NoV disease in Nicaragua. Surprisingly, 25% of the population was Lewis negative (Le(a-b-)). NoV infections with genogroup I (GI) and GII occurred irrespective of Lewis genotype, but none of the Lewis a positive (Le(a + b-)) were infected. The globally dominating GII.4 virus infected individuals of all blood groups except AB (n = 5), while the GI viruses (n = 4) infected only blood type O individuals. Furthermore, O blood types were susceptible to infections with GI.4, GII.4, GII.7, GII.17, and GII.18-Nica viruses, suggesting that secretors with blood type O are susceptible (OR = 1.52) and non-secretors resistant. The overall antibody-prevalence to NoV GII.3 VLP was 62% with the highest prevalence among blood type B carriers (70%) followed by A (68%) and O (62%). All four investigated individuals carrying blood type AB were antibody-negative. Among secretors, 63% were antibody-positive compared to 33% among non-secretors (P = 0.151). This study extends previous knowledge about the histo-blood group antigens role in NoV disease in a population with different genetic background than North American and European.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Chatterjee, Koushik, et al.
(författare)
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A Fas Gene Polymorphism Influences Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection in South African Women
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 82:12, s. 2082-2086
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide that causes genital infection. Among several factors responsible, host genetic factors may play an important role in susceptibility to HSV-2 infection. Apoptosis is a vital mechanism in eliminating virus-infected cells and controlling viral infections. Apoptosis can be regulated and triggered by the interaction between Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL). Polymorphisms in genes encoding Fas and FasL might result in altered apoptosis and contribute in susceptibility to viral infections. Two polymorphisms in Fas gene (FasR-1377G > A, FasR-670A > G) and one in FasL gene (FasL-844T > C) have been well studied and associated with different diseases. These polymorphisms were investigated in 407 South African women of black African and mixed-ancestry origin to determine if they were associated with HSV-2 seropositivity. Two hundred sixty-five women were HSV-2 infected and 142 were non-infected. HSV-2 was detected using HerpeSelect ELISA test and genotyping was performed using TaqMan assay. FasR-1377A allele showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.008) with reduced risk of HSV-2 infection. Analyzing the FasR haplotypes also showed a statistically significant association (P = 0.0001) with FasR-1377/FasR-670 AG haplotype and reduced risk of HSV-2 infection. There was no significant association found with FasR-670A > G and FasL-844T > C polymorphisms and risk of HSV-2 infection. This is, to our knowledge, the first time a non-HLA genetic link with HSV-2 infection has been reported.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Cho, Kyuyeon, et al.
(författare)
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Immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with diverse health conditions: A comprehensive systematic review
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : WILEY. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 94:9, s. 4144-4155
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- It remains unclear how effective COVID-19 vaccinations will be in patients with weakened immunity due to diseases, transplantation, and dialysis. We conducted a systematic review comparing the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with solid tumor, hematologic malignancy, autoimmune disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and patients who received transplantation or dialysis. A literature search was conducted twice using the Medline/PubMed database. As a result, 21 papers were included in the review, and seropositivity rate was summarized by specific type of disease, transplantation, and dialysis. When different papers studied the same type of patient group, a study with a higher number of participants was selected. Most of the solid tumor patients showed a seropositivity rate of more than 80% after the second inoculation, but a low seropositivity was found in certain tumors such as breast cancer. Research in patients with certain types of hematological malignancy and autoimmune diseases has also reported low seropositivity, and this may have been affected by the immunosuppressive treatment these patients receive. Research in patients receiving dialysis or transplantation has reported lower seropositivity rates than the general population, while all patients with inflammatory bowel disease have converted to be seropositive. Meta-analysis validating these results will be needed, and studies will also be needed on methods to protect patients with reduced immunity from COVID-19.
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| 33. |
- Davydova, B., et al.
(författare)
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Coxsackievirus immunization delays onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 69:4, s. 510-520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enteroviruses may be involved in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes through different mechanisms including triggering of autoimmunity. The effect of immunization with coxsackievirus B4-E2 on diabetes incidence was studied in the non-obese diabetic mice, an animal model for human autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The immunization delayed the onset of diabetes in the mice, and the effect was mediated at least partially by virus immunization-activated splenocytes as demonstrated by adoptive transfer experiments. Immunization resulted in a strong humoral immune response against the immunizing virus, formalin-inactivated coxsackievirus B4-E2. Cell-mediated immune responseto virus antigen was characterised by interferon gamma and interleukin 10 secretion. The immunization also resulted in increased antibody levels against several beta-cell autoantigens. By using epitope mapping we were able to show that in addition to reactivity with the known epitopes of viral proteins and tyrosine phosphatase A-2 or heat shock protein 60, responses to some other regions of autoantigens were enhanced. In preproinsulin, the response was restricted against an antigenic region earlier identified as DR4-dependent epitope. This reactivity can not be explained by homologous amino acid sequences and it is possible that enterovirus immunization might change the autoantigen specific TH1/TH2 balance in non-obese diabetic mice. In conclusion, our results suggest that coxsackievirus immunization increased humoral immune response to beta cell autoantigens and this was associated with a less destructive pathology for spontaneous diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Dragioti, Elena, Ph.D., et al.
(författare)
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A large-scale meta-analytic atlas of mental health problems prevalence during the COVID-19 early pandemic
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : WILEY. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 94:5, s. 1935-1949
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions can impact mental health. To quantify the mental health burden of COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, searching World Health Organization COVID-19/PsycInfo/PubMed databases (09/29/2020), including observational studies reporting on mental health outcomes in any population affected by COVID-19. Primary outcomes were the prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, sleep problems, posttraumatic symptoms. Sensitivity analyses were conducted on severe mental health problems, in high-quality studies, and in representative samples. Subgroup analyses were conducted stratified by age, sex, country income level, and COVID-19 infection status. One-hundred-seventy-three studies from February to July 2020 were included (n = 502,261, median sample = 948, age = 34.4 years, females = 63%). Ninety-one percent were cross-sectional studies, and 18.5%/57.2% were of high/moderate quality. The highest prevalence emerged for posttraumatic symptoms in COVID-19 infected people (94%), followed by behavioral problems in those with prior mental disorders (77%), fear in healthcare workers (71%), anxiety in caregivers/family members of people with COVID-19 (42%), general health/social contact/passive coping style in the general population (38%), depression in those with prior somatic disorders (37%), and fear in other-than-healthcare workers (29%). Females and people with COVID-19 infection had higher rates of almost all outcomes; college students/young adults of anxiety, depression, sleep problems, suicidal ideation; adults of fear and posttraumatic symptoms. Anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic symptoms were more prevalent in low-/middle-income countries, sleep problems in high-income countries. The COVID-19 pandemic adversely impacts mental health in a unique manner across population subgroups. Our results inform tailored preventive strategies and interventions to mitigate current, future, and transgenerational adverse mental health of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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| 36. |
- Elfaitouri, Amal, et al.
(författare)
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Recent enterovirus infection in type 1 diabetes : evidence with a novel IgM method
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 79:12, s. 1861-1867
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enterovirus (EV) infection has been associated with Type 1 (T1D) diabetes and on a few occasions virus could be isolated at onset of the disease. Using two such isolates as antigens in a quantitative PCR enhanced immunoassay (T1D-EV-QPIA) we have measured IgM antibodies against such potentially diabetogenic viruses in serum from 33 newly diagnosed T1D children, 24 siblings, and 27 healthy children. Sera were also analysed with regard to autoantibodies against GAD65, the cytokine TNF-alpha and the chemokine IP-10. EV-RNA detection was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IgM antibodies against this "new" EV antigen were more frequent in serum from T1D children than in serum from siblings and/or controls (P < 0.001). EV-RNA was detected more frequently in PBMC from T1D children than in healthy control children (P < 0.001) and also compared to the siblings (P < 0.003). The cytokine TNF-alpha was less frequently detected in serum from the T1D children compared with serum from siblings and/controls (P < 0.001). A positive correlation was found between the results obtained with the T1D-EV-QPIA and the EV-PCR (P < 0.001). These findings are in line with earlier findings of an increased frequency of enteroviral infections in newly diagnosed T1D patients. In addition, we found that T1D children at onset of the disease had lower frequencies of the chemokine TNF-alpha in their serum than age- and sex-matched controls had, suggesting an impaired immune response.
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| 37. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of the kinetics of Puumala virus specific IgM and IgG antibody responses in nephropathia epidemica as measured by a recombinant antigen-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an immunofluorescence test.
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 45:2, s. 146-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG) responses were followed up to 6 months in patients with nephropathia epidemica (NE) by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant Puumala virus (PUU) nucleocapsid protein as antigen and an immunofluorescence test (IF) using PUU infected, acetone-treated cells as antigen. The recombinant protein was produced by cloning and expressing the nucleocapsid encoding gene of PUU as a polyhistidine fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The product was purified over a metal chelating ion affinity column. On admission, all 17 patients had an IgM response by both methods. The IgM titers decreased significantly by both methods 3 months after onset (ELISA P < 0.05 and IF P < 0.05). Four of six still had detectable IgM, however at low levels, after 6 months. Presence of specific IgG differed significantly on admission between the two methods: by ELISA 8 of 17 had detectable specific IgG, whereas by IF 15 of 17 had specific IgG (P < 0.02). There were 10 significant titer rises between acute and convalescent serum samples in the same patients by both methods. It is concluded that the IgG antibody response differs in the early phase of NE as measured by a method using a recombinant PUU nucleocapsid protein and a method using PUU infected acetone-treated cells as antigens. Furthermore, the results suggest that it is of importance to rely on specific IgM for serodiagnosis of NE during the acute phase.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Esteves, Aida, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Four Provinces of Angola Before Vaccine Introduction
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : WILEY-BLACKWELL. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 88:9, s. 1511-1520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Angola is a sub-Saharan country in southern Africa highly affected by diarrhoeal disease with limited epidemiological data regarding etiologic agents. This study was performed during 2012-2013, prior to rotavirus vaccine introduction, with the objective to detect and characterize the rotavirus strains circulating in four provinces of the country: Huambo, Luanda, Zaire, and Cabinda. A high rotavirus detection rate (35%, 117/334) was observed. G1 was the most common G-genotype (83.6%), whereas P[8] (50.9%) followed by P[6] (38.8%) were the most common P-types. G1P[8] was identified as the predominant combination (50%), followed by the unusual G1P[6] (29.3%). Strains such G2P[4], G8P[6], G9P[6], and G12P[6] were also found in lower frequencies (5.2-1.7%). The P[6] strains did not cluster in the phylogenetic trees according to their geographic origin or even the corresponding G-genotype, suggesting a limited number of recent introductions and extensive reassortment events. Our results represent the first report on rotavirus genotype profiles in Angola, showing a wide circulation of the unusual genotype G1P[6], and underline the importance of RV surveillance after the vaccine introduction. (C) 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Fay, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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Increased expression of cellular RNA-binding proteins in HPV-induced neoplasia and cervical cancer
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 81:5, s. 897-907
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression profile of a panel of RNA-binding proteins (heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, hnRNP C1/C2, hnRNP H, hnRNP I, ASF/SF2, SR proteins, HuR and U2AF(65)) and markers of differentiation, proliferation and neoplasia (cytokeratin (CK) 13, CK-14, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Syndecan-1 and p16INK4a) were analyzed in 50 formalin fixed paraffin embedded cervical tissues using immunohistochemistry. The samples included histologically normal cervical epithelium, human papillomavirus (HPV) induced low-grade and high-grade pre-malignant lesions and cervical cancers. All samples were tested for HPV DNA using nested PCR. Forty-nine of the 50 tissue samples tested positive for HPV, 27 tissue samples (54%) were HPV-16 positive and 4 samples (8%) were HPV-18 positive. The immunohistochemistry results detected different expression levels of the various proteins in basal epithelial cells in histologically normal epithelium followed by an increase in expression in the intermediate layers, whereas the superficial layers remained negative for all tested RNA-binding proteins. Expression of all RNA-binding proteins increased in neoplastic lesions and highest expression was detected in cervical cancers. p16INK4a had a stronger association with high-grade lesions when compared with the RNA-binding proteins. The expression profile of the RNA-binding proteins is similar to PCNA expression in histologically normal epithelium as well as in lesions (low-grade and high-grade) and cervical cancers. As PCNA expression has been suggested to mimic HPV E6/E7 expression in cervical epithelium, the results suggest the RNA-binding protein analyzed here regulate HPV early gene expression directly and late gene expression indirectly.
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| 42. |
- Forslund, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Population-based type-specific prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in middle-aged Swedish Women.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 66:4, s. 535-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing can be used to identify women at risk of the development of cervical cancer. The cost-effectiveness of HPV screening is dependent on the type-specific HPV prevalence in the general population. The present study describes the prevalence and spectrum of high-risk HPV types found in a large real-life population-based HPV screening trial undertaken entirely within the cervical screening program offered to middle-aged Swedish women. Cervical brush samples from 6,123 women aged 32-38 years were analyzed using a general HPV primer (GP5(+)/6(+)) polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) combined with reverse dot-blot hybridization for confirmation and HPV typing by a single assay. In this study, 6.8% (95% CI 6.2-7.5) (417/6,123) were confirmed as high-risk HPV positive. Infections with 13 different high-risk HPV types were detected, of which HPV 16 was the most prevalent type (2.1%; 128/6,123), followed by HPV 31 (1.1%; 67/6,123). Any one of the HPV types 18, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, or 66 was detected in 3.6% (223/6,123) of the women. Infection with two, three, and five types simultaneously was identified in 32, 5, and 1 women, respectively. The combination of PCR-EIA as a screening test and reverse dot-blot hybridization as a confirmatory test, was found to be readily applicable to a real-life population-based cervical screening. The type-specific HPV prevalence found support in previous modeling studies suggesting that HPV screening may be a favorable cervical screening strategy.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Gupta, Shipra, et al.
(författare)
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Changing pattern of prevalence, genetic diversity, and mixed infections of viruses associated with acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients in New Delhi, India
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : WILEY. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 90:3, s. 469-476
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There are very few studies that have assessed multiple viral agents causing Acute-Gastroenteritis (AGE) in India. The present study compared the changing pattern of prevalence and genetic diversity of five enteric viruses associated with acute-diarrhea in Delhi children within a gap of 5 years. Fecal samples were collected from diarrheal children (amp;lt;4 years) during two winter seasons: year 2009-2010 (n=59) and year 2014-2015 (n=85). Samples were individually tested for rotavirus-A, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus, and sapovirus using EIA/RT-PCR and genetically characterized by phylogenetic analysis. Rotavirus was the most predominant (54.9%) virus followed by norovirus (25.7%), astrovirus (8.3%), and adenovirus (4.9%) with rare detection of sapovirus (0.7%). While detection rate increased for both rotavirus (49.2-58.8%) and astrovirus (5.1-10.6%), norovirus detection rate decreased (30.5-22.4%) from 2009 to 2015. During the same time period, adenovirus detection remained low (4.7-5.1%). Interestingly, mixed infections increased from 8.5% to 16.5% after 5 years. G1P[8] rotavirus strain was found most predominant (40%). Both type-1 and 8 astroviruses were detected. Single sapovirus detected was of genotype GII.1. Both GI (GI.5, GI.3) and GII (GII.1, GII.4, GII.7, GII.21, GII.13) genogroups of norovirus were detected. Of particular significance was the first detection of other NoV genotypes (besides GII.4 and GI.3) in Delhi. This is also the first report of NoV GI.5 from India. A change in prevalence pattern and increased diversity from 2009 to 2015 emphasizes the need for continued enteric virus surveillance to help measure the impact of new diarrhea vaccine(s) introduced in India.
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| 45. |
- Hamalainen, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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Coxsackievirus B1 Reveals Strain Specific Differences in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Mediated Immunogenicity
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 86:8, s. 1412-1420
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Enterovirus infections are usually mild but can also cause severe illnesses and play a role in chronic diseases, such as cardiomyopathies and type 1 diabetes. Host response to the invading virus can markedly modulate the course of the infection, and this response varies between individuals due to the polymorphism of immune response genes. However, it is currently not known if virus strains also differ in their ability to stimulate the host immune system. Coxsackievirus B1 (CBV1) causes severe epidemics in young infants and it has recently been connected with type 1 diabetes in seroepidemiological studies. This study evaluated the ability of different field isolates of CBV1 to induce innate immune responses in PBMCs. CBV1 strains differed markedly in their capacity to induce innate immune responses. Out of the 18 tested CBV1 strains two induced exceptionally strong alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) response in PBMC cultures. The responding cell type was found to be the plasmacytoid dendritic cell. Such a strong innate immune response was accompanied by an up-regulation of several other immune response genes and secretion of cytokines, which modulate inflammation, and adaptive immune responses. These results suggest that enterovirus-induced immune activation depends on the virus strain. It is possible that the immunotype of the virus modulates the course of the infection and plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic immune-mediated enterovirus diseases.
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| 46. |
- Hammarin, Anna-Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Systematic Screening of BK Virus by Real-Time PCR Prevents BK Virus Associated Nephropathy in Renal Transplant Recipients
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 83:11, s. 1959-1965
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BK virus associated nephropathy occurs in approximately 5% of renal transplant recipients. Quantitation of BKV DNA in serum/plasma early in the course of disease has been suggested to be an important diagnostic tool for polymavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN). The aim of this study was to develop a BKV real-time PCR (qPCR), which could be included in a diagnostic qPCR platform. Additionally, the significance of the assay as a surrogate marker for PVAN was investigated. Quantitation of BKV DNA by qPCR was carried out on 234 serum samples from a retrospective study including 31 renal transplant recipients monitored for at least 6 months post-transplantation. BKV viremia was detected in 9 out of 31 patients. Four patients had a viral load of >10,000 copies/ml at least on one occasion. In two of these patients, PVAN was diagnosed clinically during the study period. In retrospect, these patients were shown to be BKV positive before the clinical diagnosis of PVAN was made. Another two patients had a permanent graft dysfunction, but were never clinically diagnosed with PVAN. None of the remaining five patients with BKV DNA (<10,000 copies/ml) had renal impairment. Based on these results, an algorithm was introduced at the study center in 2006 and to date, August 2011, no cases of PVAN with loss of graft have been observed. The concept of including different PCR protocols in a common qPCR platform allows laboratories with small sample numbers to perform regularly a variety of assays at a reasonable cost. Med. Virol. 83:1959-1965, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Hardestam, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Antiviral effect of human saliva against hantavirus.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 80:12, s. 2122-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome are zoonotic diseases caused by rodent borne hantaviruses. Transmission to humans occurs usually by inhalation of aerozolized virus-contaminated rodent excreta. Although human-to-human transmission of Andes hantavirus has been observed, the mode of transmission is currently not known. Saliva from Puumala hantavirus (PUUV)-infected patients was shown recently to contain viral RNA. To test if human saliva interferes with hantavirus replication, the effect of saliva and salivary proteins on hantavirus replication was studied. It was observed that saliva from healthy individuals reduced Hantaan hantavirus (HTNV) infectivity, although not completely. Furthermore, HTNV was resistant against the antiviral capacity of histatin 5, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and SLPI, but was inhibited by mucin. Inoculation of bank voles (Myodes glareolus) with HFRS-patient saliva, positive for PUUV-RNA, did not induce sero-conversion. In conclusion, no evidence of infectious virus in patient saliva was found. However, the in vitro experiments showed that HTNV, the prototype hantavirus, is insensitive to several antiviral salivary proteins, and is partly resistant to the antiviral effect of saliva. It therefore remains to be shown if human saliva might contain infectious virions early during infection, that is, before seroconversion.
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| 49. |
- Harkonen, T, et al.
(författare)
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Enterovirus infection may induce humoral immune response reacting with islet cell autoantigens in humans
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 69:3, s. 426-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Molecular mimicry is one of the mechanisms by which enterovirus infections have been postulated to have a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Immunogenic epitopes in enterovirus capsid protein VP1 and procapsid protein VP0 have sequence similarities with diabetes-associated epitopes in tyrosine phosphatase IA-2/IAR and heat shock protein 60. In the present study, documented enterovirus infection was shown to induce humoral responses, that in 7% and 1% of patients cross-reacted with the known diabetes-associated epitopes in tyrosine phosphatase IAR and heat shock protein 60, respectively. In contrast, none of the children vaccinated against poliomyelitis had antibodies to the diabetes-associated epitope of tyrosine phosphatases IA-2/IAR. The antibody response studied in serum samples from six patients with coxsackievirus A9 infection was mainly targeted to capsid protein VP1. Coxsackievirus A9 infection induced antibodies cross-reacted with one epitope in heat shock protein 60, but not with epitopes derived from other autoantigens. Most diabetic children had high levels of antibodies to both coxsackievirus and poliovirus derived VP1 peptides but the pattern of reactivity did not differ from that seen in healthy children. The reactivity of linear epitopes derived from autoantigens was low in general and associated with the presence of multiple autoantibodies in the patients. Some linear auto-epitopes derived from tyrosine phosphatase IA-2, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65, preproinsulin, and heat shock protein 60 were recognized by sera from diabetic patients, but not by sera from healthy children. In conclusion, enteroviruses may induce immune responses that react with islet cell autoantigens, which is a concern when a putative inactivated enterovirus vaccine is considered.
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| 50. |
- Hayes, A., et al.
(författare)
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A European multicentre evaluation of detection and typing methods for human enteroviruses and parechoviruses using RNA transcripts
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : Wiley. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 92:8, s. 1065-1074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection has become the gold standard for diagnosis and typing of enterovirus (EV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) infections. Its effectiveness depends critically on using the appropriate sample types and high assay sensitivity as viral loads in cerebrospinal fluid samples from meningitis and sepsis clinical presentation can be extremely low. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of currently used commercial and in-house diagnostic and typing assays. Accurately quantified RNA transcript controls were distributed to 27 diagnostic and 12 reference laboratories in 17 European countries for blinded testing. Transcripts represented the four human EV species (EV-A71, echovirus 30, coxsackie A virus 21, and EV-D68), HPeV3, and specificity controls. Reported results from 48 in-house and 15 commercial assays showed 98% detection frequencies of high copy (1000 RNA copies/5 µL) transcripts. In-house assays showed significantly greater detection frequencies of the low copy (10 copies/5 µL) EV and HPeV transcripts (81% and 86%, respectively) compared with commercial assays (56%, 50%; P = 7 × 10−5). EV-specific PCRs showed low cross-reactivity with human rhinovirus C (3 of 42 tests) and infrequent positivity in the negative control (2 of 63 tests). Most or all high copy EV and HPeV controls were successfully typed (88%, 100%) by reference laboratories, but showed reduced effectiveness for low copy controls (41%, 67%). Stabilized RNA transcripts provide an effective, logistically simple and inexpensive reagent for evaluation of diagnostic assay performance. The study provides reassurance of the performance of the many in-house assay formats used across Europe. However, it identified often substantially reduced sensitivities of commercial assays often used as point-of-care tests.
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